Psychology: Classical and Operant Conditioning

Extinction...

...in Classical Conditioning it's the gradual loss of an association over time ...in Operant conditioning it's when a response is no longer followed by reinforcement

Result of Bandura's Experiment

Children exposed to violent behavior were more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior (both verbal and physical)

Response

A reaction to a stimulus

Stimulus

Anything that elicits a response

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Automatic response to a natural stimulus

Generalization

Behavior that spreads from one stimulus to a similar one

John Watson

Behaviorist Child/Albert experiment(Furry animal)

B.F. Skinner

Believed and studied using the operant conditioning method

Bandura's Experiment

Wanted to see if children would exhibit aggressive behavior after observing an adult act aggressively

Results to Pavlov's Experiment

Dogs began salivating before food was given *For every stimulus there is a response

Result of Watson's Experiment

Person can be conditioned emotionally to neutral objects and a conditioned response can be generalized to other objects with similar characteristics *NOTE: DID NOT TEACH HIM FEAR

Social/Observational Learning

Learning in which something or someone observes and imitates the behavior of others

Discrimination

Learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another *Opposite of generalization

Classical Condition

Method of learning in which associates are made between a naturals stimulus and a neutral stimulus

Operant Conditioning

Method of learning that is based on rewards and punishments

Shaping

Process of gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it

Punishment

Produces a decrease in behavior by punishing behavior (Ex: Spanking)

Omission Training

Produces a decrease in behavior by taking away something important (Ex: Grounding/Time-Out)

Positive Reinforcement (+R)

Produces an increase in behavior (Ex: Praise)

Negative Reinforcement (-R)

Produces an increase in behavior by getting rid of something bad (Ex: Aspirin for a headache)

Conditioned Response (CR)

Response to a stimulus brought by learning (learned response)

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist Noble Prize for physiology of digestion Dog experiment (salivation before food is given)

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Something that automatically creates a response

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Something that was neutral that was paired with a natural stimulus

Basic Model of Operant Conditioning (OC) *Chart

SomethingGiven(+) SomethingTaken(-) Increase behavior: +Reinforcement -Reinforcement Decrease behavior: Punishment Omission Training

Pavlov's Experiment

Studied dog digestions -sight of feeder caused salivation even when food wasn't present -classical conditioning born (for every stimulus there is a response)

Watson's Experiment (Little Albert)

Teach a child to be afraid of furry animals without it ever doing anything directly negative to him US(Noise) -> UR(Fear) | CS(White) -> CR(Fear)

Basic Model of Classical Conditioning (CC)

US(Food) -> UR(Salivation) | (Arrow pointing down) CS(Tone) -> CR(Salivation)