Psychology: Classical and Operant Conditioning
Extinction...
...in Classical Conditioning it's the gradual loss of an association over time ...in Operant conditioning it's when a response is no longer followed by reinforcement
Result of Bandura's Experiment
Children exposed to violent behavior were more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior (both verbal and physical)
Response
A reaction to a stimulus
Stimulus
Anything that elicits a response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Automatic response to a natural stimulus
Generalization
Behavior that spreads from one stimulus to a similar one
John Watson
Behaviorist Child/Albert experiment(Furry animal)
B.F. Skinner
Believed and studied using the operant conditioning method
Bandura's Experiment
Wanted to see if children would exhibit aggressive behavior after observing an adult act aggressively
Results to Pavlov's Experiment
Dogs began salivating before food was given *For every stimulus there is a response
Result of Watson's Experiment
Person can be conditioned emotionally to neutral objects and a conditioned response can be generalized to other objects with similar characteristics *NOTE: DID NOT TEACH HIM FEAR
Social/Observational Learning
Learning in which something or someone observes and imitates the behavior of others
Discrimination
Learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another *Opposite of generalization
Classical Condition
Method of learning in which associates are made between a naturals stimulus and a neutral stimulus
Operant Conditioning
Method of learning that is based on rewards and punishments
Shaping
Process of gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it
Punishment
Produces a decrease in behavior by punishing behavior (Ex: Spanking)
Omission Training
Produces a decrease in behavior by taking away something important (Ex: Grounding/Time-Out)
Positive Reinforcement (+R)
Produces an increase in behavior (Ex: Praise)
Negative Reinforcement (-R)
Produces an increase in behavior by getting rid of something bad (Ex: Aspirin for a headache)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Response to a stimulus brought by learning (learned response)
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist Noble Prize for physiology of digestion Dog experiment (salivation before food is given)
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Something that automatically creates a response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Something that was neutral that was paired with a natural stimulus
Basic Model of Operant Conditioning (OC) *Chart
SomethingGiven(+) SomethingTaken(-) Increase behavior: +Reinforcement -Reinforcement Decrease behavior: Punishment Omission Training
Pavlov's Experiment
Studied dog digestions -sight of feeder caused salivation even when food wasn't present -classical conditioning born (for every stimulus there is a response)
Watson's Experiment (Little Albert)
Teach a child to be afraid of furry animals without it ever doing anything directly negative to him US(Noise) -> UR(Fear) | CS(White) -> CR(Fear)
Basic Model of Classical Conditioning (CC)
US(Food) -> UR(Salivation) | (Arrow pointing down) CS(Tone) -> CR(Salivation)