Napoleon

War Against the Second Coalition

Britain, Austria, and Russia, which were unhappy with French expansion, were the main culprits here. Napoleon was in Egypt for part of this time, winning the Battle of the Pyramids and establishing modern Egyptology, but he hastened back in 1799 and took control of France as First Consul. His campaign in Italy, mostly against the Austrians, was highlighted by the Battle of Marengo (June 14, 1800).

Scourched Earth Policy

a military strategy of burning or destroying buildings, crops, or other resources that might be of use to an invading enemy force.

Battle of Trafalgar

combined French and Spanish fleet was defeated by the British fleet led by Horatio Nelson in this naval battle, Nelson died during the battle and now there is a statue of him in Trafalgar Square

Napoleons Exile to Elba

following the Treated of Fontainebleau, Napoleon was exiled to Elba after a forced abduction, he was there 300 days before leaving, allowed to rule there

Continental System

1806, a blockade of all English goods in French controlled areas. He wanted to collapse the British economy. This doesn't work was many people wanted the British goods anyway. Russia agreed to it and France would take no land, but Russia ends up falling through on its promise.

Napoleonic Code

1. Does away with the old laws and priveleges of the old regime, but had made no progress creating a new body of law. He orders lawyer to complete this in 6months, and personally attends sessions to make sure they finish. 2. Key Principles: -fundamental equality of all men. -uniform system of law for the entire country. -Relgious freedom. -Aloud to choose their own job. -authority of father over his children (wives property is legally his) -head of the family has power to control his estate -right of divorice by mutual consent, or if a mistress lives in the house -women cannot bring up a lawsuit

Rise of Napoleon

1. He was bprn in Corsica, is a successful popular general. 2. Coup'detat, and he is brought to the state to form a three man cousulate, made first counsel. 3. attended military school in France, he was unpopular yet brilliant, made fun of in school for his accent, his upper middle class but not not a noble or aristocracy, short "Little Corporal"

Concordat

1. Napoleon is convinced the religious issues had to be settled. He wanted an agreement with the Pope. 2. But cleregy is divided and have sympathy of the catholics 3. After his armies concquered Napoleon, he began to to negotiate with the Pope, using the threat of military. The pope uses delaying tactics and negotiations go through 21 drafts before compromise is negotiated. Catholicism is recognized as a the majority religion. 4. Priests are aloud to worship in conformity with police regulation which government shall deem necessary for public tranquillity. Which the Pope agreed to recognize as valid titles of all former chirch lands confiscated by the revolution. 5. State agreed to pay salaries of bishops and priests who were required to take an oath of loyalty to the state before assuming office

Congress of Vienna

1. The Congress of Vienna was convened in 1815 by the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers. The second goal was to prevent political revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and maintain the status quo. 2.

The Police State

1. The Declaration of Rights of Man 2. right to vote 3. Freedom of speech and press, but goverment could remove if was harmful. 4. Joseph Fourche who once served the Jacobins but was dismissed for his excessive brutality. He creates a group of spies who watch over thousands suspected to have negative thoughts towards the new government. 5. People who violated the government, were sent to prison or even put into insane asylums. The numbers of prisoners rises to 2,500. 6. Top ranking officers got favors, privleges. Some were even named Duke's and princes, or even giving generous pensions (land, grants)

Public Education

1. The constitution of 1791 called for public education open to all, but the moderates and Jacobins made little progress to the goal 2. Lycees: were under direct control of the central governemnt along with some private and secondary schools. The governemnt chose curriculum, and teaching schedules, appointed to a teacher and set up to inspectors to enforce regulations. School discipline was along military lines, with students wearing uniforms, classes beginning and ending with drum rolls, and students getting military instructions from retired officers.

Finances

1. inflated paper currency 2. Decided there needed to be a better way to collect taxes so he appointed a new group of tax collectors, which improved his tax system 3. Created indirect taxes on consumer goods like liquoor, tabacco, and salt

Economy

1. mercantilist that is he favored governemnt intervention to strengthen france 2. He had to supply the needs of his army and also insured a regular food supply 3. Paris: food was sent to paris where shortages were very high and prices might lead to disorder and unrest 4. encourage industry: boosting the cotton industry, less successful in mining and metal merchants were the least happy with Napolean 5. Foreign Trade was never very good with Napoleon

Peninsular War

1808-1812, Spain and Portugal fight the French rule of Napoleon's brother. This uses lots of troops and takes away the fact that he says he is liberating people. This ends in a French loss.

War Against the First Coalition

Austria, Great Britain, Spain, and Prussia variously were in or out of this coalition against Revolutionary France. The coalition collapsed with General Napoleon Bonaparte's success in Italy that led to the Treaty of Campo Formio. The most important battle was probably the Battle of Lodi (May 10, 1796).

War against third Coalition

Fearful of an expanding France, Britain, Austria, and Russia formed the Third Coalition, but Austria and Russia were soundly beaten at the Battle of Austerlitz (December 2, 1805). The ensuing treaty ended hostilities for only a short time.

Napoleon Crowns himself Emperor

In Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte is crowned Napoleon I, the first Frenchman to hold the title of emperor in a thousand years. Pope Pius VII handed Napoleon the crown that the 35-year-old conqueror of Europe placed on his own head.

Beginning of the One Hundred Days

Napoleon came back from his exile in Elba and made himself emperor again and had battles with the counties who had defeated him to prove his strength, but failed at the Battle of Waterloo so was again exiled

War against the seventh Coalition

Napoleon's return to France in March 1815 for a second reign as emperor (dubbed the Hundred Days to indicate its duration) caused all his old enemies to unite against him, with final defeat coming at Waterloo (June 18, 1815). That was it for Napoleon, who was exiled to the island of St. Helena, where he died on May 5, 1821.

War against the fifth Coalition

Once again, the Austrians and British (these guys just don't give up, do they?) joined forces to try to throw Napoleon out of France. And once again, Napoleon thumped the Austrians, this time at the Battle of Wagram (July 5-6, 1809). But the Brits were getting active in Spain, and the handwriting was on the wall.

War Against the fourth Coalition

Russia and Britain were still at war with France, and Prussia jumped into a new coalition. But the Prussians and Russians were soundly drubbed at the Battle of Friedland (June 14, 1807), effectively ending hostilities.

War against the Sixth Coaliton

Russia betrayed Napoleon, and the resulting hostilities led to Napoleon's invasion of Russia and victory at Borodino (September 7, 1812). But Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia opened the floodgates, and one by one his allies became former allies and members of the Sixth Coalition. Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813) sealed his fate, and in 1814 he was exiled from France (as Emperor of Elba).

Battle of Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo, which took place in Belgium on June 18, 1815, marked the final defeat of French military leader and emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), who conquered much of continental Europe in the early 19th century. Napoleon rose through the ranks of the French army during the French Revolution (1789-1799), seized control of the French government in 1799 and became emperor in 1804. Through a series of wars, he expanded his empire across western and central Europe. However, a disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, coupled with other defeats, led to his abdication and exile in 1814. He returned to France in 1815 and briefly resumed power. The Battle of Waterloo, in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by the British and Prussians, signaled the end of his reign and the end of France's domination in Europe. After Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated and later died in exile.

Napoleon Abdicates

The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement established in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814, between Napoleon I and representatives from the Austrian Empire, Russia, and Prussia. The treaty was signed at Paris on 11 April, by the plenipotentiaries of both sides, and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April.[1] With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of France and sent him into exile on Elba.

Battle of Austerlitz

battle that took place in the heart of Europe, Napoleon defeated a combined force of Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary making him the master of Europe, Napoleon has Pratzen Heights - higher ground, Napoleon faked a retreat and so old military leaders on the other side said do not fall for it but Alexander wanted to get him so they attack and Napoleon troops defeat them and the leaders are forced to surrender