Nationalism and Imperialism Midterm
Simón Bolívar
, a wealthy Venezuelan creole Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in 1811 Bolívar's volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats Twice Bolívar had to go into exile August 1819→ Bolívar led over 2,000 soldiers on a march through the Andes into Colombia Took the Spanish army in Bogotá completely by surprise By 1821→ Bolívar had won Venezuela's independence San Martín left his army for Bolívar to command Bolívar's army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho, Peru, on December 9, 1824 Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia.
Ireland and British Imperial rule
1100s: Henry II of England 'annexed' Ireland, after helping one Irish Warriors defeat another Ireland becomes Britain's FIRST colony Plantations began in 16th and 17th centuries - the 'planting' of Englishmen (mostly Protestant) in Ireland Large parcels of land were taken from the Irish and given to the English; Irish tenant farmers Northern Ireland (Ulster) had the largest Protestant population: Presbyterians from Scotland and Anglicans from England 18th century Discriminatory laws passed against Catholics Gaelic language nearly eliminated Less than 5% of land owned by Catholics 19th Century 1800: Act of Union- Ireland officially made part of the UK; Irish parliament abolished Only Irish Protestants can hold seats in UK parliament 1845: Potato blight struck Ireland; Potatoes were the main food source Many died (1-1.5 Million) or emigrated (2-2.5 Million) 6 month "soup kitchens' set up in 1847: effective but short-lived The export of grain continued for 2 years into famine Import of grain was 3 times export by end of 1840s- there was actually no shortage of food, only a lack of willingness to distribute it West and South areas of Ireland hit hardest by the famine; no obstacles existed in getting food there (no wars, geographic barriers) Families evicted from homes - gov't could have done more to restrain absentee landlords from kicking out tenant farmers Ideology of middle/upper-class English - laissez faire: let the Irish figure it out for themselves; equilibrium will eventually be reached 20th Century: Ireland fights Imperial Rule Violence: Easter Uprising in Dublin - Easter Week of 1916. Declaration of the Irish Republic, along with an armed uprising. Lasted a week, then violently put down by England. Execution of leaders by firing squad Irish Republican Army (IRA) formed, 1919, led by Michael Collins Used guerilla tactics and sabotage to undermine British rule War for Independence 1919-1921: IRA vs. the black and Tans (British mercenary soldiers) War ended with a peace treaty est. home rule, signed by Michael Collins Partition of Ireland into the North (mostly Protestant) that remained with the UK and the rest (mostly Catholic) that became the 'Republic of Ireland' Civil war broke out (IRA nationalists, led by Eamon de Valera, wanted complete independence and unity; Michael Collins' wanted peace w/ Britain)
Fathers Hidalgo & Morales (Mexico)
1810→ Father Miguel Hidalgo, a priest in the small village of Dolores, took the first step toward independence poor but well-educated man believed in Enlightenment ideals September 16, 1810→ he rang the bells of his village church. When the peasants gathered in the church, he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish the grito de Dolores. Hidalgo's Indian and mestizo followers began a march toward Mexico City 80,000 men uprising of the lower classes alarmed the Spanish army and creoles, who feared the loss of their property, control of the land, and their lives army defeated Hidalgo in 1811 Padre José María Morelos → led the revolution for four years 1815→ a creole officer, Agustín de Iturbide defeated him.
The Zulus and Shaka Zulu
1816, a Zulu chief, Shaka, used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. Shaka's successors unable to keep the kingdom together against the superior arms of the British invaders 1879→ after Zulu king Cetshwayo refused to dismiss his army and accept British rule, the British invaded the Zulu nation Zulus used spears and shields against British guns, they nearly defeated the great European army July 1879→ Zulus lost the Battle of Ulundi and their kingdom→ Zulu nation fell to British control in 1887.
Taiping Rebellion
1830s-1860s late 1830s→ Hong Xiuquan-a young man from Guangdong province in southern China- began recruiting followers to help him build a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace." all Chinese people would share China's vast wealth and no one would live in poverty. Hong's movement was called the Taiping Rebellion, meaning great peace By the 1850s, Hong had organized a massive peasant army of some one million people. Over time, the Taiping army took control of large areas of southeastern China 1853, Hong captured the city of Nanjing and declared it his capital soon withdrew from everyday life and left family members and his trusted lieutenants in charge of the government of his kingdom. The leaders of the Taiping government, however, constantly feuded among themselves. Qing imperial troops and British and French forces launched attacks against the Taiping By 1864, this combination of internal fighting and outside assaults had brought down the Taiping government At least 20 million and possibly twice that many people died in the rebellion. Put tremendous pressure on the government
Suez Canal
A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea Muhammad Ali, an Ottoman commander, separates Egypt from the OE in 1805. His dynasty will rule Egypt till 1952. In 1854, a French developer, Ferdinand De Lesseps created the Suez Construction Co, and sold shares to finance the canal. Bought mostly by French businesses and Egyptian gov't (who borrowed money to buy shares) Britain NOT interested in buying shares OR in canal project Construction began in 1859 and took 10 years Many Egyptians were forced to work (corvee labor) Many died of disease, lack of proper conditions First year, dug with hands and buckets Egypt defaulted on loan payments and Britain purchased its debt, thereby owning majority of the canal. 1956: Britain only agreed to withdraw its troops from Egypt in 1956. Suez Crisis→ Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and closed the Straits of Tiran Geopolitics, an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products, played an important role in the fate of the Ottoman Empire Russia wanted passage for its grain exports across the Black Sea and into the Mediterranean Sea→ strongly influenced Russia's relations with the Ottoman Empire. Russia attempted to win Ottoman favor, formed alliances with Ottoman enemies, and finally waged war against the Ottomans
Acting as a dividing force (Ottoman)
At the beginning of 1800s, made up of many ethnic groups: Turks, Egyptians, Greeks, Arabs, Slavs, Armenians, Bulgarians 1830: Greece won independence (supported by... every country!) Sultans lost power throughout 19th century: European countries grab territory (ex. Tripoli in Africa to Italy) Christian Armenian discrimination ongoing - led to genocide in 1915 (under Sultan Mehmed V) Empire Collapses after WWI → Turkey formed
Cecil Rhodes
British Businessman and politician Son of a wealth British businessman; sent to south Africa to work on a cotton farm Instead he found more interest in mining Eventually, founded De Beers Consolidated Mining CO - aka 'De Beers Diamonds" Governor of 5, Africa 1890-1899 Est. the Rhodes Scholarship to pay for education at Oxford for young men living in British colonies, America, and Germany
Boxer rebellion (Spring 1900)
Chinese frustrated with leaders of government wanting to call more and more reforms based off of western ways Poor peasants and workers resented the special privileges granted to foreigners also resented Chinese Christians, who had adopted a foreign faith formed a secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. They soon came to be known as the Boxers campaign against the Dowager Empress's rule and foreigner privilege was called the Boxer Rebellion. In the spring of 1900, the Boxers descended on Beijing. "Death to the foreign devils," the Boxers surrounded the European section of the city. They kept it under siege for several months. expressed support for the Boxers but did not back her words with military aid a multinational force of 19,000 troops marched on Beijing and quickly defeated the Boxers. strong sense of nationalism had emerged in China Chinese people realized that their country must resist more foreign intervention. felt that the government must become responsive to their needs.
Social structure and classes
Creoles - Spanish blood born in America, very wealthy, 23% of population Indian Peoples - lived in Latin America before Spanish arrival, forced to provide labor in Spanish mines and farms, over 50% of population Mestizos - people of mixed Spanish and Indian heritage, small farmers, shopkeepers, artisans, overseers in mines, (in 1800) 7% of total population Mulattos - people of mixed African and Spanish blood, able to buy their freedom, free blacks and mulattos made up 8% of population Peninsulares - born in Spain and migrated to the colonies, held high ranking jobs/some were very wealthy, less than 1% of population Slaves - African descent (born in Africa), considered property and could be bought/sold, 11% of population
Spheres of influence in China, Open Door Policy (1899)
Declared by United States Kept Europe from dividing China and ending all trade with United States
Imperialism in China
Early 1900s, Qing Empire: China was very 'xenophobic' (intense dislike or fear of foreigners), Why? Only 1 port open to foreigners: Conton Britain wanted to gain an advantage in trade; had to find a product the Chinese really wanted→ Opium British merchants smuggled in shipments and distributed the drug Approx. 12 million addiction by 1830s Opium War: 1839-1842 Britain wins due to more advanced, steam-powered gunboats and fire power Treaty of Nanjing (1842): China had to pay for war Forced to open 5 ports to Britain Lower taxes on imported goods Britain received Hong Kong (will be returned in 1997) Another Treaty signed in 1844 gave Westerners extraterritorial rights: foreigners subject to laws of their respective (home) countries, NOT China's
After Independence...
Life did not improve for most people - poverty, prejudice, continued There would be NO "United States of America" WHY? Geography: Natural barriers between countries kept people divided Border disputes led to ward; regional loyalties IN countries Social & Economic Problems: Socal still stratified (sep. social groups) Creoles now at the top of social pyramid; help most of the wealth & land New business/industry was not encouraged under colonial rule→ no experience in entrepreneurship nor the incentive to invest in new enterprises Low literacy rates and education → limited economic progress and democratic participation Political Changes: Generally no experience in self government Military leaders emerged as political leaders (caudillos) → dictators and the rule of a few Very conservative gov'ts, influenced by the catholic church.
Driving Forces behind Imperialism
Economic→ Industrial Revolution/Economic: need for Raw materials and space and a market for finished goods. Political→ Nationalism: competitive race between nations to be the most powerful (partly spurred by Franco-Prussian War and Germany's new place in Europe) Social→ Spread of Western civilization and ideas/Missionary Spirit Military→ Seeking overseas ports
Dom Pedro (Brazil)
In 1807→ Napoleon's armies invaded both Spain and Portugal close the ports of these countries to British shipping Prince John (later King John VI) and the royal family boarded ships to escape capture. They took their court and royal treasury to Portugal's largest colony, Brazil. Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the Portuguese empire 14 years→ the Portuguese ran their empire from Brazil Six years after Nap. defeat. King John and the Portuguese government returned to Portugal Dom Pedro, King John's son, stayed behind in Brazil. King John planned to make Brazil a colony again many Brazilians could not accept a return to colonial status 1822→ creoles demanded Brazil's independence from Portugal Eight thousand Brazilians signed a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule September 7, 1822→ he officially declared Brazil's independence bloodless revolution.
Latin American Independence/Nationalism
Influenced by enlightenment ideas and the American (1776) and French Revolutions (1789) ... Haiti → declared independence from France in 1804; led by Toussaint Louverture Spanish South American → gained independence from Spain in 1824; led by Simon Bolivar (North) and Jose de San Martin (South) Brazil → Gained independence from Portugal in 1822 Bloodless revolution Dom Pedro, son of Portugal's king, asked by the people to rule Brazil as an independent, free nation. Mexico→ Officially free from Spain in 1821 A priest, Miguel Hidalgo, began the independence movement in 1810. Another priest, Jose Morales, took up the fight, but was defeated by a powerful creole general, Iturbide. 1821 → Mexico wins independence when rich creoles (ironically led by Iturbide) declare their independence from Spain. Why? With a new liberal gov't in Spain, creoles feared losing their status/wealth and viewed independence as a better option.
Boer War
Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa. The Dutch came to the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to establish a way station for their ships sailing between the Dutch East Indies and the Netherlands Boers ("farmers") gradually took Africans' land and established large farms. (AKA Afrikaners) In the 1830s→ several thousand Boers began to move north (escape from British)→ Great Trek Diamonds and gold were discovered in southern Africa in the 1860s and 1880s. Adventurers from all parts of the world rushed in to make their fortunes Boers tried to keep these "outsiders" from gaining political rights attempt to start a rebellion against the Boers failed In many ways, the Boer War (AKA the South African War) between the British and the Boers was the first modern "total" war. Boers launched commando raids and used guerrilla tactics against the British British countered by burning Boer farms and imprisoning women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps. Black South Africans were also involved in the war Some fought; others served as scouts, guards, drivers, and workers Over 14,000 died. Britain finally won the war. In 1910→ Boer republics were joined into a self-governing Union of South Africa, controlled by the British. Signaled a change in the way of life of the Africans Europeans made efforts to change the political, social, and economic lives of the peoples they conquered.
David Livingston
Late 1860s→ David Livingstone, a missionary from Scotland who supported the rights and freedom of native peoples suppressed under European imperialism, traveled with a group of Africans deep into central Africa to promote Christianity Several years passed with no word from him or his party, people feared he was dead American newspaper hired reporter Henry Stanley to find Livingstone In 1871, he found Dr. Livingstone on the shores of Lake Tanganyika "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
Impact of French and American Revolutions on Latin America
Napoleon's conquest in 1808 Led to revolts in Spanish colonies, people felt no loyalty to French imposed King Late 1700s→ The success of the American Revolution encouraged people of Latin America to try to gain freedom from their European masters
Social Hierarchy
Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos/Free Africans Indian Peoples Slaves
Acting as a unifying force (Germany)
Prussia was most powerful German State in 1815 Otto Von Bismarck named prime minister by Wilhelm I Realpolitik: politics of reality rather than ideology Ignored parliament/constitution in favor of strategic, decisive action Sometimes used deception to achieve his objectives (Ex. Ems Telegram) 3 events toward unification: Danish War, 1864: Won land from Denmark Austrian-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War), 1866: won several north German states from Austria, notably Schleswig-Holstein Franco-Prussian War, 1870: Southern German states unite with prussia to defeat France (who attacked first). Unification completed German annexes the region of Alsace-Lorraine from France
Chinese nationalism: Sun Yat-sen topples Qing dynasty
Qing court realized that China needed to make profound changes to survive In 1905, the Dowager Empress sent a select group of Chinese officials on a world tour to study the operation of different governments traveled to Japan, the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy spring of 1906, the officials recommended that China restructure its government based their suggestions on the constitutional monarchy of Japan empress accepted this recommendation and began making reforms Sun Yat-sen was the founding father of the Republic of China.
Acting as a dividing force (Russian)
Ruled by absolute Czars for centuries Many ethnic groups: Ukrainians, Poles, people of the Baltic region, Finnis, Georgians (Stalin), Jews, and more! Russification: the state policy of forcing a Russian culture on other ethnic groups. Backfired → Led to stronger nationalist feelings among ethnic minorities Peasants were also upset with feudal-like social structure and wanted reforms Eventually, Romanov Czars lose power Empire collapses early 1900s → a union of republics formed based on ethnic populations (aka USSR)
Perisa (now Iran): a story of oil and tobacco
Russia and Britain competed to exploit Persia commercially and to bring that country under their own spheres of influence Persia lacked the capital to develop its own resources Persian ruler began granting concessions to Western businesses allowed businesses to buy the right to operate in a certain area or develop a certain product Anglo-Persian Oil Company, began to develop Persia's rich oil fields in the early 1900s. Tension arose between the often corrupt rulers, who wanted to sell concessions to Europeans, and the people. people were often backed by religious leaders who feared change or disliked Western influence in their nation 1890→ Persian ruler Nasir al-Din sold a concession to a British company to export Persian tobacco outraged Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, a leader who supported the modernization of Persia. He helped set up a tobacco boycott by the heavy-smoking Persians. The tobacco boycott worked Riots broke out, and the ruler was forced to cancel the concession government was unable to control the situation 1906→ a group of revolutionaries forced the ruler to establish a constitution 1907→ Russia and Britain took over the country and divided it into spheres of influence. economic control over Persia
Factors that supported European dominance: impact of Maxim Gun, steam engine
Several factors contributed to the Europeans' conquest of Africa technological superiority→ The Maxim gun, invented in 1884, was the world's first automatic machine gun European countries also had the means to control their empire invention of the steam engine allowed Europeans to easily travel on rivers to establish bases of control deep in the African continent Modes of transportation such as railroads, cables, and steamships allowed close communications They were highly susceptible to malaria, a disease carried by the dense swarms of mosquitoes in Africa's interior→ The perfection of the drug quinine in 1829 eventually protected Europeans from becoming infected with this disease. Africans' huge variety of languages and cultures discouraged unity among them. Wars fought between ethnic groups over land, water, and trade rights also prevented a unified stand. Europeans soon learned to play rival groups against each other.
Leopold's Congo
Stanley set out to explore Africa himself and trace the course of the Congo River→ sparked the interest of King Leopold II of Belgium Between 1879 and 1882, Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River valley→ gave King Leopold II of Belgium control of these lands. primary motive in establishing the colony was to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity licensed companies that brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants At least 10 million Congolese died due to the abuses inflicted during Leopold's rule humanitarians around the world demanded changes 1908→ the Belgian government took control of the colony away from Leopold Belgian Congo→ 80 times larger than Belgium→ alarmed France 1882→ the French had approved a treaty that gave France the north bank of the Congo River Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain were also claiming parts of Africa.
Acting as a dividing force (Austrian)
The Austrian Empire: Background: 19th century Austrian Empire stemmed from part of the Holy Roman Empire, and Habsburg Empire Many ethnic groups: Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Italians, and more → Led to unrest 1866: Lost northern part of empire to Prussia Franz Joseph (emperor), split his empire in half to accommodate Hungarian nationalistic feelings. New dual nation-state formed: Austria-Hungary (A-H) Other nationalist groups want to break free of A-H too Empire collapses/divides after WWI to several nation-states
Imperialism in India
The Sepoy Mutiny or India's First War for Independence Growing resentment among Indians- both Hindu and Muslim; fear that British would force conversion to Christianity Poor economic conditions: conversion to cash crops (famine), restrictions on Indian-owned business (textile manufacture) How did the Sepoy Mutiny start? What was the outcome? The Raj; Est. in 1858, the British govt took direct control over India and Queen Victoria becomes the 'Empress of India' The head of the British govt in India called the viceroy→ "The Jewel in the Crown" British officials were appointed to run each district with a gov't bureaucracy The Result: Nationalism grew→ 2 main groups formed: Indian National Congress (Gandhi, Nehru) The Muslim League (Mohammed Ali Jinnah)
Acting as a unifying force (Italy)
The Story of Italian Unification: Mazzini: the 'soul' of unification (1830s onward) Founder of Italian nationalist group, Young Italy Wanted to throw out foreign rule of the Italian Peninsula Arrested and forced into exile in the 1830s - continued to write pamphlets and offer direction to Italian nationalists back home Cavour: the 'brain' of unification (1858 - 1860) Prime minister (PM) of Piedmont-Sardinia, the strongest Italian state Very intelligent and good at diplomacy Allied with France to fight Austria and gain territories in N. Italy Garibaldi: the 'sword' of unification (1860 - 1870) Led a group of nationalist rebels in Sicily and Southern Italy Always wore a red shirt in battle, hence his group called the Red Shirts Eventually made it north to the territories held by P. Sardinia Agreed to hand over southern territories to King Emmanuel II Unification complete with addition of Papal states in 1870 Rome becomes the capital of a new Italy, but Vatican City remains autonomous
Nationalism: what is it?
The belief that a person's greatest loyalty should be to a nation (usually between people with a common culture, language, and history), rather than to a king or empire or government. A belief that one's nation is superior to other nations. Slightly different that patriotism, which is a love for the people and ideals of a country.
Social Darwinism: "The White Man's Burden"
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. R. Kipling "...send forth the best ye breed... to serve your captives' need..." Eugenics: term coined by British natural scientist, Francis Galton Refers to the selection of desirable human traits/characteristics to improve future generations Was VERY popular in imperialist countries in late 1800s Failed as a credible science and studies dropped by most countries by 1930s... except in Germany
The Ottoman Empire (the 'sick man of Europe')
The declining Ottoman Empire had difficulties trying to fit into the modern world. Ottomans made attempts to change before they finally were unable to hold back the European imperialist powers. Ottoman Empire (OE) Land: OE in sharp decline by early 1800s; Young Turks, a nationalist group, united people against the ruling sultan to modernize and provide = rights for all Euro powers (particularly Russia) were interested in OE's strategic location on Mediterranean and Red Seas Crimean War: Russia vs. OE (with help from Brit and Fr). Russia looking for a warm water port and access to Mediterranean. OE wins, but seen as weak.
Imperialism: What is it?
The domination of one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural elements of another country or area
Scramble for Africa
The scramble for African territory→ 1880 French began to expand from the West African coast toward western Sudan discoveries of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1886 in South Africa increased European interest in colonizing the continent No European power wanted to be left out of the race. Feared war among themselves 1884-1885→ 14 European nations met at the Berlin Conference to lay down rules for the division of Africa Agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area European nations divided the continent with little thought about how African ethnic or linguistic groups were distributed No African ruler was invited to attend these meetings, yet the conference sealed Africa's fate By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from European control.
Be able to match a country/region with a notable figure or event from that area
Venezuela & Simon Bolivar Germany & Bismarck Suez Canal & de Lesseps China & Sun Yat-sen Mazzini & Italy Cavour & Italy Garibaldi & Italy Franz Joseph & the Austrian Empire Miguel Hidalgo & Mexico San Martin & Argentina Dom Pedro & Brazil Morales (Mexico) David Livingston (Scotland) Cecil Rhodes (Britain) Michael Collins (Ireland) Eamon De Valera (Ireland)
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti unfamiliar with military and diplomatic matters→ became a skilled general and diplomat→ 1801, took control of the entire island and freed all the enslaved Africans→ January 1802, 30,000 French troops to remove Toussaint from power→ In May, Toussaint agreed to halt the revolution if the French would end slavery→ French soon accused him of planning another uprising→ seized him and sent him to a prison in the French Alps, where he died in April 1803.
San Martin (Argentina, Chile, Peru)
an Argentinian San Martín's Argentina had declared its independence in 1816 Spanish forces in Chile and Peru still posed a threat 1817→ San Martín led an army across the Andes to Chile forces led by Bernardo O'Higgins, son of a former viceroy of Peru With O'Higgins' help, San Martín finally freed Chile. In 1821, San Martín planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru. needed a much larger force discussed this problem when they met at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1822. No one knows how the two men reached an agreement San Martín left his army for Bolívar to command
Types of Imperialism
colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, economic imperialism (refer to handout)
Old Imperialism vs. New Imperialism
new imperialism is more about taking over everything rather than little bits old imperialism setting up ports and trying to get people's money without conquering them Old imperialism: 1500-1900; European nations establish new colonies in the Americas, India, and Southeast Asia. Little control over daily lives of people Didn't penetrate deep into territory; coastal control only New Imperialism: 1870-1914; Europe, Japan and the U.S. establish strong empires in Africa and Asia Colonial economy shaped to support imperial county (usually european countries)
