Natural disaster final

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True

Rising levels of carbon dioxide in ocean waters increases its acidity. False True

Changes in tide height

_______ is/are NOT effective in earthquake prediction. High fluid pressure in a fault zone Swarms of very small earthquakes Increased random gas detection Changes in tide height Changes in groundwater level

True

A glacial outburst flood typically originates from the collapse of a glacial ice dam or glacial tunnel. True False

Soil permeability

A high rate of runoff from a stream can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT: urbanization soil permeability deforestation a dry climate

False

A hot rock deep in Earth may melt if it is subjected to an increase in pressure. False True

Lava flows

Basaltic magma eruptions usually take which form? ​pale ash flows ​lahar ​steam-rich explosions ​lava flows ​ash-rich explosions

Sediment load

The volume of sediment a stream can carry is known as its ________. base level discharge capacity sediment load

False

A debris flow can contain less than 40 percent sediment. True False

True

A divergent boundary is responsible for rift zones.​ False True

False

Barriers are not very effective is minimizing damage from debris flows. True False

Prescribed burn

A controlled fire set intentionally is called a(n) ________. back burn surface burn prescribed burn

Spillway

A structure that allows for controlled release of water from a levee is known as a(n) dam flood fringe spillway levee

Watch

A tornado ______ is issued when thunderstorms seem capable of producing tornadoes. warning watch

Cap and trade plan

A(n) _____ is a government controlled mechanism to reduce emission of pollutants during energy generation by providing economic incentives and penalties. cap and trade plan emissions reduction plan carbon tax

Decreases

Adding water to a surface __________ the slope strength. decreases increases

False

Aerosols increase the amount of light reaching the Earth. False True

Accumulation of fine particles

All of the following are evidence of former debris flows EXCEPT: Accumulation of fine particles Boulders too large for current stream to move Fan-shaped deposits with coarser material around edges Drainage basin with large, actively eroding areas

Groin

An engineered structure that is built into the surface to trap sand from migrating down shore is known as a breakwater groin jetty seawall

Late 1700s

Approximately when did the Earth's average surface temperature begin rising? early 2000s early 1900s late 1900s late 1700s mid 1500s

False

Climate is the temperature pattern in a given city taken over a week. False True

Low atmospheric pressure

Coastal areas experience storm surges as a hurricane approaches due to ________. both high winds and high atmospheric pressure. high winds. low atmospheric pressure. high atmospheric pressure. both high winds and low atmospheric pressure.

True

Construction activities can lead to sinkholes. False True

True

Damages from swelling soils occur when the soils swell at different rates. False True

True

Debris flows are most common in mountainous areas or along active faults. True False

Tied to overgrazing and over cultivation

Desertification is ____. only a problem in areas near existing deserts not a significant problem in the United States tied to overgrazing and overcultivation a slow natural process that does not cause large economic losses occurring mostly in regions near the equator

Exposed igneous rock

Distinctive features at and around the site of a major impact include all of the following EXCEPT: exposed igneous rock quartz grains showing shock features shatter cone of rock radiating downward and outward droplets of molten glass

Can cause wind shear

Downbursts from a thunderstorm ____. can cause wind shear are a hazard to air traffic but dissipate before reaching the ground can only form from pockets of cold, dry air are most common on the trailing edge of a thundercloud are a wind effect that is not linked to rainfall

True

Drought conditions occur when there is a prolonged dry climate that dramatically lowers the available water below that normally used. True False

4

Earthquakes above magitude _____ can cause landslides on sloped surfaces. 4 5 3 6

False

Earthquakes always occur at plate boundaries. False True

True

Evidence of past landslides is a good indicator of future landslide risk. False True

True

Extreme weather events such as torrential rainfall are expected to become more frequent with climate change. True False

Slope material, topography, moisture content

Factors that influence slides include: topography, moisture content, slope steepness slope material, material weight, topography slope material, topography, moisture content

True

Flood damages could be reduced by restricting development on floodplains. False True

Debris avalanche

Fluidization would be a hazard in a(n) ____. rockfall snow avalanche rotational slump lateral slump debris avalanche

Permeability

Forest fires remove soil protection and decrease the ____ of the soil. grain size permeability porosity

Stalagmites

Formations that are found in caverns that grow from the floor are known as hummock karst stalactites stalagmites

Increased

Global climate change has _______ the depth of permafrost thaw in some areas. decreased increased not effected

False

Greenhouse gases are only produced by the products of human activities. False True

Higher

Groundwater under a hill normally stands _________ than a stream. lower higher

Sediment type

Hazard potential of flooding caused by failure of man-made dams depends on everything EXCEPT: sediment type valley topography distance downstream volume of water released

True

Heating and expansion of sea water is one factor that would lead to a rise in sea level. False True

False

Heavy or prolonged rainfall will not cause a surface to be prone to sliding. True False

Tree rings are thicker when growing conditions are better

How are tree rings used as proxy data to provide an indirect record of past climate conditions? Because of variable moisture levels, tree rings cannot be used as proxy data. Tree rings are thicker and the wood is lighter when growing conditions are better. Tree rings are thinner and the wood is lighter when growing conditions are better. Tree rings are thicker when growing conditions are better. Tree rings are thinner and the wood is denser when growing conditions are better.

Both answers are correct

How could reductions in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere be accomplished? improved efficiency of power production and use both answers are correct increased conservation

In surges or waves, with the largest pieces moved to edges and front of flow

How do debris flows tend to move? fast initially, then slower before stopping in surges or waves, with the largest pieces moved to edges and front of flow at a constant speed slow initially, then faster before stopping in surges or waves, leading with fine sediment particles

The water velocity increases, due to restricted flow over the flood plain

How does a bridge promote erosion in a channel? ​The channel height decreases, and large particles fall out, creating more surfaces for erosion to occur. ​The water velocity decreases, due to restricted flow over the floodplain. ​The bridge pilings interfere with the water flow, causing additional sediments to be deposited. ​A bridge does not promote erosion. ​The water velocity increases, due to restricted flow over the floodplain.

Four

How many mass extinctions do scientists believe have occurred on Earth? four one two three

A warm air mass moves up over a cold air mass

In a warm front, ______. a warm air mass moves up over a cold air mass a warm air mass collides with a cold air mass two warm air masses moving a similar rates collide a warm air mass collides with a cold air mass, slipping under it

False

In areas where water is being discharged to the surface there is a high probability of sinkhole formation. False True

Gaining

In humid regions most stream are gaining shallow. losing deep.

Wetter

In terms of precipitation, as a result of global warming one will see areas closer to the poles and the equator become wetter. unchanged. drier.

Acoustic Doppler current profilers

Instruments called _____ measures local water velocity based on sound frequency shift of moving particles. discharge meters acoustic doppler current profilers velocity meters

False

Land subsidence occurs when the ground settles as a result of changes in bedrock. False True

True

Landslides are closely related to other hazards. False True

Reduce; raise

Levees ______ the width of the flood flow part of a river and _____ the water level during flooding. raise; raise raise; lower reduce; lower reduce; raise

That builds up between the top and bottom parts of a cumulonimbus cloud

Lightning results from electrical charge differences ____. that builds up between the top and bottom parts of a cumulonimbus cloud between the leading and trailing edge of a thundercloud carried from the lower thundercloud to the ground by rain carried from the center to the edge of the lower thundercloud by wind carried through the thundercloud by hail nuclei

Karst

Limestone landscape with uneven, lumpy, or jagged edges is known as karst stalagmites stalactites hummock

True

Long term records of global temperatures are established through climate data. True False

True

Low-pressure zones circulate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. True False

Shells

Marine organisms preserve the current 18O:16O ratio in their ____. soft parts shells

False

Monsoon rains in India form when high pressure over China pulls air southwestward over the peninsula. False True

Acidic

Most rain is _________. basic neutral acidic

Ass is added at the toe

One engineering method to keep a slope stable is ____________. water is removed at the head mass is added at the toe mass is added at the head mass is removed from the toe

True

Orbital changes are known as the Milankovitch Cycles. False True

False

Peat exposed to oxygen will become acidic and increase limestone dissolution. True False

Short

Radiant energy from sun reaches Earth as _____wave radiation short long

Keeling curve

Recent increases in carbon dioxide levels are plotted on a graph called the _______. Keeling curve Greenhouse gas curve Radiative curve

False

Reduction in evapotranspiration from vegetation after a fire can decrease the amount of water in the ground and thereby promote debris flows and landslides. False True

False

Sand can be gained on a beach by erosion. True False

False

Slopes can only be changed due to external factors. True False

True

Soil creep can be accelerated by freezing and thawing. False True

Soil expansion and contraction

Soil creep is most likely to result from ____. ​vibrational disruption of a slope ​a desaturated soil with less cohesion ​soil expansion and contraction ​a higher angle of repose for the material than the slope angle ​removal of mass at the head of the slope

Increase

Storm drains and leaking water mains in urban areas _______ potential for sinkholes. increase decrease

True

Subsidence in much greater in the southern United States due to groundwater pumpage than in the northern United States. True False

Smectite clay expanding when wet

Swelling soils are typically due to ____. freezing water, which expands, increasing the volume of clay layers heat, which increases the volume of water bound in clay layers kaolinite clay expelling, water which increases the volume of sand layers smectite clay expanding when wet landslides removing pressure from clay layers, allowing them to increase in volume

True

Temperatures on the Earth are influenced by the angle of the Sun's rays. False True

Increasing

The Earth's atmospheric temperature has been ______ since the industrial revolution. increasing decreasing

True

The U.S. Forest Service was formed in response to a catastrophic wildfire in Idaho and Montana in 1910. False True

Swelling clay

The appearance of popcorn clay is a telltale sign of permafrost limestone swelling clay

Can impose severe hardship, financial stress, and even famine

The effects of drought in the United States ____. do not affect the eastern U.S. are unpredictable, and strong damage occurs typically once every twenty years can impose severe hardship, financial stress, and even famine. do not affect the northern U.S. are mostly due to short-term events

Permanent and irreversible

The effects of land subsidence due to groundwater extraction are generally ____. ​in effect for several years, until major storms irrigate the area ​reversible by returning water to the aquifer ​permanent and irreversible ​unpredictable and impossible to plan for effectively ​problems for a period of months, until more groundwater seeps in to deep clays

Slope angle and load only

The frictional resistance depends on the ____. ​slope angle only ​load, slope angle, and area of contact ​slope angle only ​slope angle and load only ​load and area of contact only

True

The greenhouse effect occurs when long wave radiation heat radiates outward from the Earth's surface False True

False

The highest flash flood danger is in the southern states. False True

Narrow, ribbon of high velocity winds blowing from west to east at altitude near 12 km

The jet stream is ____. narrow, ribbon of high velocity winds blowing from west to east at altitudes near 12 km a "river of air" flowing from east to west across the northern part of America located in the stratosphere and does not affect frontal systems an eastward flowing "river of air" located near the arctic circle bordered by low pressure areas to the north and south

Flood plain

The land adjacent to a meandering river is known as the flood plain oxbow lake. low lands.

Groundwater

The level to which _________ rises in a well is the location of the water table. surface water saturated water groundwater

True

The most direct way to slow increase in GHGs is slow population growth. True False

Polar regions

The most dramatic global warming is occurring which region? all regions are warming about equally equatorial regions mid-latitudes in the southern hemisphere polar regions mid-latitudes in the north hemisphere

Flood fringe

The national flood insurance program formally separates the flood plain into the floodway and the _______. marsh area swamp area spillway flood fringe

June 21

The northern hemisphere receives the most radiation on ______. December 21 September 22 June 21 March 20

Recurrence interval

The probability that a certain discharge or flow will be exceeded in any single year is equal to the inverse of the _______ flow interval recurrence interval discharge interval

Slope angle; load

The relationship between _______ and _____ are the key factors in slope failure. resisting force; slope angle driving force; resisting force slope angle;load load; angle of repose

True

The resisting force prevents materials from moving. False True

Shore profile

The slope of a beach is called its ______. shore profile shore gradient

The angle of repose

The steepest angle at which any loose material is stable is known as the angle of deposition the angle of slope failure the angle of movement the angle of repose

Meteor

The streak of light that is seen as objects pass through the Earth's atmosphere is known as a meteorite meteor meteoroid

Headscarp

The vertical part of a slip surface is the ________. toe vertical slip headscarp

Meandering streams

These streams are the most common. braided streams meandering streams bedrock streams

Hailstorms

This is formed when warm and humid air in thunderstorms rise rapidly into the upper atmosphere and freezes. ice balls snowballs hailstones

Meandering

This type of stream is common in wet climates. bedrock braided meandering

Ground

This type of water fills open cracks and pore spaces between grains of sand, gravel, or clay. surface ground permafrost

True

Thunderstorms are most common in latitudes near the equator. False True

Midwest

Tornadoes are the most significant natural hazard in the American ____. ​Northwest ​South ​Northeast ​Midwest ​Southwest

True

Tornadoes form near the trailing edge of thunderstorms. False True

True

Volcanic materials give rich, fertile soil for agriculture. True False

True

Warmer oceans lead to greater evaporation and more rainfall. True False

Stronger

Warmer seas will cause ______ more frequent storms. weaker the temperature of the water is to related to storm frequency ​ stronger

Dissolution

Water and soil percolating through karst fissures can create a small depression through the process of __________. groundwater pumping. cover subsidence. dissolution.

Circular

Water in a wave moves in a(n) _______ motion. circular elliptical

True

Water is a key factor in slope stability. True False

Pacific decadal oscillation

Water temperatures in the northern Pacific Ocean vary from warm to cool due to the ____. ​El Niño ​Arctic oscillation ​La Niña ​Pacific decadal oscillation ​North Atlantic oscillation

Lateral-spreading slide

Water-rich sand or quick clay is likely to cause a ____. ​deviational slide ​lateral-spreading slide ​divergent slide ​translational slide ​rotational slump

Wavelength

Wave energy is proportional to the _____ multiplied by wave height squared. wavelength period fetch

False

Waves approach parallel to the shore and create longshore drift. True False

Headlands

Waves approaching a steep coast encounter rocky points called ______. jetties groins headlands

Less than half the wavelength

Waves approaching the shore begin to "feel bottom" where water depth is equal to the wavelength four times the wavelength less than half the wavelength

Glacier ice; keeps earth cool

What are an example and an effect of a high-albedo surface? ​glacial ice; warms Earth ​glacial ice; keeps Earth cool ​oceans; warms Earth ​oceans; keeps Earth cool ​asphalt; warms Earth

Acidic rainwater dissolves limestone rock, leaving empty caverns

What creates caverns in limestone rock? ​Limestone is deposited as a sediment, and caverns exist where organic material was trapped and decomposed. ​Earthquakes create gaps at weak boundaries in the limestone. ​Underground streams erode the walls of the channels they flow through. ​Acidic rainwater dissolves limestone rock, leaving empty caverns. ​Limestone dissolves in the presence of salt, and creates caverns when located under the sea.

Coal energy

What is NOT a cleaner energy solution? coal energy wind energy solar energy nuclear energy

Fossils fuels

What is a major contributor to global warming? carbon dioxide hydrogen methane fossil fuels

Coarse gravel or face with rip rap

What is the best material(s) for building a levee? crushed rock and mud sand, mud and rip rap clay and coarse gravel coarse gravel or face with rip rap locally available material from the floodplain

Tropical wet regions will get wetter and mid-latitude dry regions drier

What is the expected outcome on regional precipitation as a result of global warming? ​Both tropical and mid-latitude regions will get drier. ​Both tropical and mid-latitude regions will get wetter. ​Tropical wet regions will get drier and mid-latitude dry regions will get wetter. ​Tropical wet regions will get wetter and mid-latitude dry regions will get drier. ​Both tropical and mid-latitude regions should stay the same.

A surge moving into a bay

What local conditions will raise the height of a storm surge at the beach? ​a fast-moving hurricane low sand dunes a slow-moving hurricane coastal vegetation, such as thick groves of mangroves ​a surge moving into a bay

Soak up

When glaciers melt they expose surrounding dark rocks that will ____ more heat. give off soak up

Compaction

When groundwater or petroleum is removed from loose porous sediments __________ can occur. faulting compaction cementation

Groundwater mining

When the amount of water pumped from an aquifer exceeds the recharge from precipitation _________ is occurring. groundwater replenishment groundwater contamination groundwater mining

Increased

Where the surface water percolates into the ground there is a(n) _________potential for sinkholes. increased decreased

Bangladesh

Which country would lose 17% of its land if the sea level were to rise by one meter? ​Tokyo ​New York ​Bangladesh ​Mexico ​China

Interweaving

Which is NOT a common method of levee failure? slumps into the channel interweaving piping bank erosion

Dihydrogen oxide

Which is NOT a potentially harmful air pollutant created by wildfires? ​nitrogen oxides ​carbon monoxide ​dihydrogen oxide ​hydrocarbons ​ozone

Alluvial fan monitors

Which is NOT a type of early warning system for debris flows? weather alerts for increased hazard conditions trip wires alluvial fan monitors acoustic flow monitors

Landslide, debris flow, rockfall

Which list is correctly ordered from the least rapid to the most rapid type of landslide? landslide, rockfall, debris flow landslide, debris flow, rockfall debris flow, landslide, rockfall debris flow, rockfall, landslide rockfall, debris flow, landslide

Allosphere

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the Earth's atmosphere? Troposphere Ionosphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Allosphere

The steam has too little water to carry the total sediment supplied

Why do braided streams form in a dry climate instead of meandering streams? ​There are so many channels that they can't help but cross one another to form a braided pattern. ​The stream has too little water to carry the total sediment supplied. ​The stream flows on a broad, flat surface, so it spreads out and braids. ​The stream channel is so shallow that the stream flows easily over its banks. ​Water soaks down to the water table, so it doesn't ever flow downslope.

The suns rays shine more directly on the northern hemisphere in the summer than in the winter

Why is it warmer in the northern hemisphere in July than it is in December? ​Earth is closer to the sun in the summer than the winter. ​The sun's rays shine more directly on the northern hemisphere in the summer than in the winter. ​The sun's energy output is greater in the summer than it is in the winter. ​There are more greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere in the summer than in the winter. ​The size and shape of Earth's elliptical orbit changes from nearly circular in the summer to highly elliptical in the winter.

True

Wing dams are used to constrict river channels to increase river depth for barge traffic during low flow. False True

True

You should never go to the shore to watch a tsunami. True False

Marine bays, estuaries, old saline lakebeds

You would expect to find quick clays in ____. headscarps of rotational slumps the interior of a talus old freshwater stream beds exposed subsurface material from translational slumps marine bays, estuaries, old saline lakebeds

Fetch

____ is the length of the water surface over which the wind blows. Wave Height Wavelength Period Fetch

Coarse sand and pebbles

_____ can only be moved if the beach has a steep slope. Fine sand only Coarse sand and pebbles Fine sand and pebbles Pebbles only

Cover collapse

_____ occurs where the overlying sediments contain clay. Cover subsidence Cover collapse Dissolution

A hydrograph

_______ depicts flood intensity graphically. A Discharge graph A flood pattern study A Hydrograph

Cohesion

_______ is an important force holding soil grains together through static attraction, surface tension, or chemical bonds. Runout Cohesion Frictional attraction Static force

Permafrost

_______ is soil containing frozen groundwater. Swelling soil Ice soil Permafrost

The coriolis effect

_______ occurs due to the west and east rotation of the Earth which causes air and water masses on its surface to lag a bit behind. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation The Coriolis effect The North Atlantic Oscillation

Avulsion

_______ occurs when a beach flow does not return to the river but follows a new path down a valley, flooding cities in its way. Divergence Swamping Avulsion

The flood intensity

________ is a measure of stream discharge over time. The knickpoint The flood intensity The flood frequency

Rockfall

________ occurs in areas with steep cliffs when rocks are broken loose by freezing or ground shaking. Soil creep Debris avalanches Rockfall Rotational slumps

A rockfall

__________ develops in steep, mountainous regions on cliffs with near vertical fractures or weaknesses. A slump A debris avalanche A slide A rockfall

The channel scour

__________ is the depth of sediment eroded during floods. The flood scour The thalweg The base level The channel scour

The rain shadow

___________ effect creates deserts on the downward side of mountains ranges. The Rain Shadow The Adiabatic The Coriolis The Orographic

False

​Hummocky landscapes and wavy roads are indications of landslides due to earthquakes only. False True

There is no change in heat content

​In an adiabatic process, ____. ​temperature always increases ​there is no change in temperature ​there is no change in heat content ​there is no change in pressure ​temperature always decreases

True

​Landslides can be caused by adding soil moisture. True False

True

​Pahoehoe lava has a ropy, smooth, or billowy surface. False True

Move very fast, and extend a long distance

​Pyroclastic flows are dangerous because they ____. ​move very fast over a short distance ​move very fast, and extend a long distance ​move at unpredictable speeds ​cause magma chamber collapse ​contain poisonous sulfur compounds

True

​Sinkholes are formed as a result of the collapse of a limestone cavern. False True

P and s

​The distance to an earthquake is found by comparing the arrival time of ____ waves. ​P and S ​S and shear ​P and shear ​S and surface ​P and surface

Remain where you are and lie next to a heavy and sturdy object

In a city, the best strategy for avoiding injury in an earthquake that arrives suddenly is to ____. ​remain where you are during the shaking from P-waves, but attempt to leave the city before S-waves arrive make your way to open ground as fast as possible ​remain where you are and lie next to a heavy and sturdy object ​seek cover in the basement of the building or home you are in ​seek cover in the attic or top floor of the building you are in

Shield volcanoes

Rift zones where a volcano spreads in different wedge-shaped sections are characteristic of ____. ​shield volcanoes ​resurgent caldera ​cinder cones ​lava domes ​stratovolcanoes

Foreshocks, an earthquake and aftershocks

Rock layers that are very susceptible to brittle failure would be expected to produce ____. ​foreshocks and aftershocks but not a typical earthquake ​an earthquake with aftershocks but no foreshocks ​an earthquake without foreshocks or aftershocks ​foreshocks, an earthquake, and aftershocks ​foreshocks and an earthquake but no aftershocks

False

Seismic gaps mark places where earthquakes are unlikely to occur. False True

Lava domes

Small to moderate sized volcanoes formed of rhyolite are ____. stratovolcanoes resurgent caldera cinder cones shield volcanoes lava domes

False

Stratovolcanoes are generally the smallest category of volcanoes. True False

Generate Earth's largest earthquakes

Subduction zones ____.​ ​occur when plates collide instead of sink dissipate heat from Earth's interior ​are rarely associated with volcanoes ​generate Earth's largest earthquakes ​produce high mountain ranges

True

The Earth's crust is thinner than its mantle. True False

True

The Mercalli scale uses both subjective and objective measurements of intensity. False True

False

All earthquakes will be preceded by foreshocks. True False

False

All faults exhibit a regular pattern of activity. Fault True

Flooding

All of the following are hazards of earthquakes EXCEPT: flooding buckled streets fires contaminated water

False

Despite the knowledge and ability we have to monitor volcanic activity the opportunities for volcanic catastrophes today are less than ever. True False

Sedimentary layer sequence

Direct evidence of giant tsunami is found in ____. sedimentary layer sequence reverse faults along subduction zones beach erosion on Pacific islands volcanic slump zones around Hawaiian volcanoes magnetic field patterns in sedimentary rock

Weak earthquakes that precede an eruption

Harmonic tremors are ____. ​the effect of large gas emissions ​weak earthquakes that precede an eruption ​strong aftershocks generated after an eruption ​strong earthquakes generated by an eruption ​the effect of magma dome collapse

Pahoehoe

​The ropy, basalt-rich, and steam-charged lava flows found in volcanoes like Kilauea are called ____ lava. ​maar ​lahar ​aa ​pumice ​pahoehoe

Ryolite has the highest viscosity

​When comparing the characteristics of common magmas or lavas, ____. ​rhyolite has the highest viscosity ​basalt has the lowest temperature ​andesite has the lowest viscosity ​basalt has the highest silicate content ​rhyolite has the lowest water content

Surge

A high speed ____ contains a high proportion of steam and advances in front of a pyroclastic flow. tuff surge flow

Blind thrust

A previously undiscovered fault may be detected in a ______ event. blind thrust reverse thrust liquefaction normal thrust strike-slip

False

A pyroclastic flow cannot cross bodies of water. True False

There is a high water content in the rock of the subducting slab

A subduction zone provides an environment that affects the types of volcanoes that develop there because ____. ​the subducting slab is subjected to high pressure ​the subducting crust is high in silicates ​there is a high water content in the rock of the subducting slab ​the continental slab is composed of denser material than the subducting slab ​the magma will reach the surface more quickly

Wave of steam associated with pyroclastic flows

A surge is a(n) ____. ​increase in volcanic activity in a geographic area ​emission of poisonous gas ​upthrust in a lava dome ​increase in pressure on a magma chamber ​wave of steam associated with pyroclastic flows

Lahar

A volcanic mudflow is known a a(n)________. pyroclastic flow flood basalt lahar

False

A volcano that has not erupted for over 10,000 years is not considered to be an active threat. True False

Continental collisions raised mountains continuously higher

Areas of Earth's sea floor can create new crust because ____.​ ​continental collisions raise mountains continuously higher ​continental plates rise higher through isostacy ​crust is consumed in subduction zones ​earthquakes consume new sea floor at transform zones ​hot spots cause crustal material to sink into the mantle

Increase because the wave is forced into narrow space

As a tsunami enters a bay or fjord, wave height _______. decreases because the water depth decreases near the shore increases because the water is warmer increases because the wave is forced into a narrower space. increases because the water depth deepens decreases only if the bay water is shallower, and increases if it is deeper

Rift zones

Basalt lava flows primarily erupt in ________. continental collision zones. rift zones. convergence zones. volcanic hotspots. subduction zones.

Is a danger in a volcanic area even when no eruption is imminent

Carbon dioxide ____. ​is only a danger during periods of volcanic activity ​tends to collect in the attic of houses when no eruption is imminent ​is a particular danger to climbers and hikers since it is emitted at the summit of a volcano ​is not dangerous due to its strong odor ​is a danger in a volcanic area even when no eruption is imminent

Low-viscosity basalt encounters groundwater near the surface

Cinder cones are formed when ____. ​high-viscosity rhyolite interacts with surface soil Correct! ​low-viscosity basalt encounters groundwater near the surface ​seawater leaches into the magma plume of a stratovolcano ​a magma chamber collapses, building magma pressure ​a volcanic eruption creates large amounts of ash

Has lower viscosity and lower silicate content

Compared to other types of magma, basalt ____. ​has lower viscosity and higher silicate content ​has lower viscosity, but equivalent silica content ​has lower viscosity and lower silicate content ​has higher viscosity and lower silicate content ​has higher viscosity and higher silicate content

Hotter and more plastic

Compared to the lithosphere, the asthenosphere is ____. ​cooler and more plastic ​hotter and more rigid ​cooler and more rigid ​the same temperature and rigidity

False

Early warning systems provide about 10 minutes warning for populations near the epicenter of an earthquake. True False

False

Earthquakes are too unpredictable for the time and location of previous earthquakes to help predict future earthquakes. True False

Can crumble and fail if it is not sheathed in steel

In an earthquake, reinforced concrete ________. is affected by lateral, but not vertical motion prevents lateral motion of building foundations. is responsible for most collapses involving a single floor in a building can crumble and fail if it is not sheathed in steel is affected by vertical, but not lateral motion.

Normal fault

In this type of fault, the rocks above the steeply inclined fault surface slip down and over rocks beneath the fault surface. Reverse fault Transform fault Normal fault

P waves, then S waves, then surface waves

In which order would you expect different types of earthquake waves to arrive at a site a distance away from the epicenter? Surface waves, then P waves, then S waves S waves, then surface waves, then P waves P waves, then S waves, then surface waves S waves, then P waves, then surface waves P waves, then surface waves, then S waves

True

Major tsunamis from the Pacific subduction zones can occur as often as every few hundred years, False True

True

Most hazardous volcanoes occur near subduction zones. False True

False

Most volcanoes are found in the interior of plates. True False

Stratovolcanoes

Mudflows are a particular danger of ____. ​lava domes ​cinder cone volcanoes ​stratovolcanoes ​resurgent calderas ​shield volcanoes

False

Mudflows move slowly enough that they present a danger to property but not to human life. False True

Oceanic crust is rich in iron and magnesium containing minerals

Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust because ____. ​oceanic crust is rich in silica ​water pressure from the oceans makes oceanic crust thinner ​oceanic crust is rich in iron- and magnesium-containing minerals ​continental crust stands at a higher altitude ​oceanic crust is compressed at convergent boundaries

True

One of greatest threats from an explosion of Mount Rainier is mudflows in populated areas. True False

Increasing volume of escaping gases near the volcanoe

One warning of an impending eruption is more granite being formed increasing volume of escaping gases near the volcano more rainfall happening

Basaltic

Pahoehoe and aa form from which type of lava? andesitic basaltic rhyolitic

Improves prediction of earthquakes by extending knowledge before written records.

Paleoseismology __________. studies ancient earthquakes but does not help predict earthquakes in modern times improves prediction of earthquakes by extending knowledge before written records. relies on old marine sediments, and cannot be used where they are not found. relies on the study of fossils of animals killed in major earthquakes. is effective in the prediction of the largest earthquakes only

True

The Richter magnitude is determined by measuring the amplitude of wave motion on a seismograph. True False

True

The San Francisco Bay Area is at risk for a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake in the next 30 years. True False

Flank

The ______ of volcano can collapse and slump, triggering a tsunami as a debris avalanche distributes material along the seafloor. flank summit top

Sea floor spreading

The alternating stripes of magnetic field patterns are used to explain ____.​ ​seafloor spreading ​stratovolcanoes ​oceanic trenches ​island chains ​transform faults

Formed as the top of the Mt. Mazama collapsed into the magma chamber after a major eruption

The caldera now filled by Crater Lake was formed in a titanic eruption that destroyed Mt. Mazama and blasted pieces of it over hundreds of square kilometers. ​formed as the top of the Mt. Mazama collapsed into the magma chamber after a major eruption ​is the center of the Mazama resurgent caldera ​is the cooled vent formed when Mt. Mazama became an extinct volcano ​prevents future eruptions by providing a way to cool rising magma

Continental crust stands higher than oceanic crust

The concept of isostasy explains why _______. magma plumes are created. continental crust stands higher than oceanic crust. convection moves magma under the lithosphere. lithospheric plates move in response to convection. magnetic differences exist in stripes along the seafloor.

Magma is found beneath the surface, whereas lava is found at the surface

The difference between magma and lava is _____________. magma is found beneath the surface, whereas lava is found at the surface there is no difference; the two terms mean the same thing magma cools more rapidly than lava magma is found at the surface, whereas lava is found below the surface

True

The effects of tsunami are amplified in bays and river mouths. False True

True

The first earthquake waves received by a seismograph near the epicenter are P waves. False True

True

The hazard posed by a volcano depends on both the population nearby and the eruption product. True False

15

The largest displacement of water from an undersea earthquake would have an amplitude of about _____ meters. 10 3 5 1 15

Near the vent

The largest volcanic ash particles fall ______. near the vent far from the vent

Seismic gap

The length of __________ indicates length of possible future fault breaks. seismic gap displacement shaking

Pressure and availability of water

The melting temperature of magma depends on pressure and viscosity pressure and amount of volatiles pressure and availability of water

Can mix with moisture to make dangerous aerosols

The most dangerous poisonous gas(ses) associated with volcanic activity ____.​ ​must be breathed to cause damage ​can weaken buildings by reacting to form sulfuric acid ​is hydrogen sulfide ​are invisible but detectable by smell ​can mix with moisture to make dangerous aerosols

Carbon dioxide

The odorless, invisible gas that can be the most dangerous product of a volcano is ____. ​sulfur dioxide ​carbon sulfide ​carbon dioxide ​hydrogen dioxide ​hydrogen sulfide

True

The plates involved in plate tectonics are part of the Earth's lithosphere. True False

True

The prediction of volcanic danger based on volcanic activity during the prehistoric period relies on paleo-volcanology. False True

Makes mudflows the most serious concern in eruptions

The predominant weather in the Pacific Northwest ____. ​is likely to carry vog over major metropolitan areas ​makes mudflows the most serious concern in eruptions ​is not expected to increase the danger of volcanic damage ​may interfere with evacuation and put more people at risk ​is likely to increase the chance of pyroclastic flows

Hours

The series of tsunami generated in a single offshore event will impact the coastline for a period of several ____. ​hours ​seconds ​weeks ​days ​minutes

True

The stratovolcanoes of Cascade Range lie over active subduction zone. False True

False

The tallest mountain ranges are created at transform boundaries. False True

Is next to an active bulging one of the Three Sister Volcanoes

The town of Bend, Oregon ____. ​was nearly destroyed by pyroclastic flows from Mt. St. Helens ​is built on land from previous landslides from Mt. Shasta ​is in the path of a mudflow from Mt. Rainier ​is in danger of flooding if Mt. Mazama becomes active and ruptures the wall of Crater Lake ​is next to an active bulging beside one of the Three Sisters volcanoes

False

The volcanic explosivity index quantifies size, volume and viscosity of an eruption. True False

False

The wave velocity of a tsunami is constant with depth, and remains the same in deep ocean and shallow water. False True

Vulcanian

This type of eruption is characterized by dark eruption clouds which blow out blocks of volcanic rocks. Vulcanian Pelean Strombolian Plinian

Cinder cone

This type of volcano is characterized by its small size. shield volcano cinder cone stratovolcano

False

Transform boundaries are most closely associated with reverse faults. False True

True

Tsunamis are caused by any large, rapid displacement of water, False True

Hurricanes

Tsunamis cannot be caused by _______. earthquakes hurricanes asteroids landslides volcanoes

Much too fast for a person to outrun

Upon landfall, a tsunami will move _________. taste than it traveled in the open ocean. at the speed of a commercial jet. at the speed of a helicopter or small airplane. much too fast for a person to outrun. at walking speed.

Trees become uprooted and become dangerous projectiles

Vegetation mitigates tsunami effects except when ____. ​it is the form of trees, not grasses and shrubs ​the vegetation is too close to the shore ​trees become uprooted and become dangerous projectiles ​it is in the form of grasses, not trees and shrubs ​trees are not present

Phreatic eruptions

Violent steam-driven eruptions generated by vaporization of shallow groundwater are characteristic of Phreatic eruptions Plinian eruptions Phreatomagmatic eruption Pelean eruptions

Is a major disruption to transportation and evacuation

Volcanic ash ____. ​is carried so high into the atmosphere that it does not have much effect on the area near an eruption ​has a large effect near an eruption, but little effect further away ​is composed of aerosols formed from the reaction of gasses and water vapor ​is so small that it does no damage if inhaled ​is a major disruption to transportation and evacuation

False

Volcanic ash is always injected into the upper atmosphere and therefore, does not immediately affect the area around the eruption. True False

High viscosity and a high amount of volatiles

Volcanic eruptions are likely to be more explosive for magmas that have ____. ​low viscosity and a low amount of volatiles ​high viscosity and a low amount of volatiles ​any viscosity with a high amount of volatiles ​low viscosity and a high amount of volatiles ​high viscosity and a high amount of volatiles

We're magma is generated beneath the surface can rise to the surface

Volcanoes can only erupt in settings where magma is generated in the asthenosphere where magma is generated beneath the surface in the mesosphere where magma is generated beneath the surface can rise to the surface

Geographical and geological information to form the theory of continental drift

Wegener used ___________. only geological information from rock composition in forming the theory of continental drift. only geographic information from maps in forming the theory of continental drift. geographic and geological information to form the theory of continental drift. geographic and geological information to disprove the theory of plate tectonics. geographic and geological information to form the theory of plate tectonics.

False

When you observe a black basalt lava flow it indicates it is cool and can be walked on. True False

Naples

Which Italian city is dangerously located between two recently active volcanoes? ​Naples ​Rome ​Venice ​Milan ​Sardinia

Wet sand

Which ground material would you expect to produce the most damage as a result of liquefaction? exposed bedrock rocky soil dry sand wet sand dry clay

Crustal plates move over stationary magma plume

Which process creates island chains with active volcanoes at one end?​ ​Divergent boundaries move plates away from a stationary magma plume. ​Magma plumes form on the Earth's outer core and rotate under a stationary plate. ​Crustal plates move over a stationary magma plume. ​Asthenospheric convection moves a magma plume under a stationary plate. ​Convergent boundaries move the location of melting crust under a stationary plate.

Mount Shasta

_____ is the second highest of the Cascade Range volcanoes Mount Mazama Mount Hood Mount St. Helens Mount Shasta

Shake

______ maps that are computer generated show the maximum acceleration for potential earthquakes. Shake Movement Destruction Acceleration


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