Natural disaster final
True
Rising levels of carbon dioxide in ocean waters increases its acidity. False True
Changes in tide height
_______ is/are NOT effective in earthquake prediction. High fluid pressure in a fault zone Swarms of very small earthquakes Increased random gas detection Changes in tide height Changes in groundwater level
True
A glacial outburst flood typically originates from the collapse of a glacial ice dam or glacial tunnel. True False
Soil permeability
A high rate of runoff from a stream can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT: urbanization soil permeability deforestation a dry climate
False
A hot rock deep in Earth may melt if it is subjected to an increase in pressure. False True
Lava flows
Basaltic magma eruptions usually take which form? pale ash flows lahar steam-rich explosions lava flows ash-rich explosions
Sediment load
The volume of sediment a stream can carry is known as its ________. base level discharge capacity sediment load
False
A debris flow can contain less than 40 percent sediment. True False
True
A divergent boundary is responsible for rift zones. False True
False
Barriers are not very effective is minimizing damage from debris flows. True False
Prescribed burn
A controlled fire set intentionally is called a(n) ________. back burn surface burn prescribed burn
Spillway
A structure that allows for controlled release of water from a levee is known as a(n) dam flood fringe spillway levee
Watch
A tornado ______ is issued when thunderstorms seem capable of producing tornadoes. warning watch
Cap and trade plan
A(n) _____ is a government controlled mechanism to reduce emission of pollutants during energy generation by providing economic incentives and penalties. cap and trade plan emissions reduction plan carbon tax
Decreases
Adding water to a surface __________ the slope strength. decreases increases
False
Aerosols increase the amount of light reaching the Earth. False True
Accumulation of fine particles
All of the following are evidence of former debris flows EXCEPT: Accumulation of fine particles Boulders too large for current stream to move Fan-shaped deposits with coarser material around edges Drainage basin with large, actively eroding areas
Groin
An engineered structure that is built into the surface to trap sand from migrating down shore is known as a breakwater groin jetty seawall
Late 1700s
Approximately when did the Earth's average surface temperature begin rising? early 2000s early 1900s late 1900s late 1700s mid 1500s
False
Climate is the temperature pattern in a given city taken over a week. False True
Low atmospheric pressure
Coastal areas experience storm surges as a hurricane approaches due to ________. both high winds and high atmospheric pressure. high winds. low atmospheric pressure. high atmospheric pressure. both high winds and low atmospheric pressure.
True
Construction activities can lead to sinkholes. False True
True
Damages from swelling soils occur when the soils swell at different rates. False True
True
Debris flows are most common in mountainous areas or along active faults. True False
Tied to overgrazing and over cultivation
Desertification is ____. only a problem in areas near existing deserts not a significant problem in the United States tied to overgrazing and overcultivation a slow natural process that does not cause large economic losses occurring mostly in regions near the equator
Exposed igneous rock
Distinctive features at and around the site of a major impact include all of the following EXCEPT: exposed igneous rock quartz grains showing shock features shatter cone of rock radiating downward and outward droplets of molten glass
Can cause wind shear
Downbursts from a thunderstorm ____. can cause wind shear are a hazard to air traffic but dissipate before reaching the ground can only form from pockets of cold, dry air are most common on the trailing edge of a thundercloud are a wind effect that is not linked to rainfall
True
Drought conditions occur when there is a prolonged dry climate that dramatically lowers the available water below that normally used. True False
4
Earthquakes above magitude _____ can cause landslides on sloped surfaces. 4 5 3 6
False
Earthquakes always occur at plate boundaries. False True
True
Evidence of past landslides is a good indicator of future landslide risk. False True
True
Extreme weather events such as torrential rainfall are expected to become more frequent with climate change. True False
Slope material, topography, moisture content
Factors that influence slides include: topography, moisture content, slope steepness slope material, material weight, topography slope material, topography, moisture content
True
Flood damages could be reduced by restricting development on floodplains. False True
Debris avalanche
Fluidization would be a hazard in a(n) ____. rockfall snow avalanche rotational slump lateral slump debris avalanche
Permeability
Forest fires remove soil protection and decrease the ____ of the soil. grain size permeability porosity
Stalagmites
Formations that are found in caverns that grow from the floor are known as hummock karst stalactites stalagmites
Increased
Global climate change has _______ the depth of permafrost thaw in some areas. decreased increased not effected
False
Greenhouse gases are only produced by the products of human activities. False True
Higher
Groundwater under a hill normally stands _________ than a stream. lower higher
Sediment type
Hazard potential of flooding caused by failure of man-made dams depends on everything EXCEPT: sediment type valley topography distance downstream volume of water released
True
Heating and expansion of sea water is one factor that would lead to a rise in sea level. False True
False
Heavy or prolonged rainfall will not cause a surface to be prone to sliding. True False
Tree rings are thicker when growing conditions are better
How are tree rings used as proxy data to provide an indirect record of past climate conditions? Because of variable moisture levels, tree rings cannot be used as proxy data. Tree rings are thicker and the wood is lighter when growing conditions are better. Tree rings are thinner and the wood is lighter when growing conditions are better. Tree rings are thicker when growing conditions are better. Tree rings are thinner and the wood is denser when growing conditions are better.
Both answers are correct
How could reductions in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere be accomplished? improved efficiency of power production and use both answers are correct increased conservation
In surges or waves, with the largest pieces moved to edges and front of flow
How do debris flows tend to move? fast initially, then slower before stopping in surges or waves, with the largest pieces moved to edges and front of flow at a constant speed slow initially, then faster before stopping in surges or waves, leading with fine sediment particles
The water velocity increases, due to restricted flow over the flood plain
How does a bridge promote erosion in a channel? The channel height decreases, and large particles fall out, creating more surfaces for erosion to occur. The water velocity decreases, due to restricted flow over the floodplain. The bridge pilings interfere with the water flow, causing additional sediments to be deposited. A bridge does not promote erosion. The water velocity increases, due to restricted flow over the floodplain.
Four
How many mass extinctions do scientists believe have occurred on Earth? four one two three
A warm air mass moves up over a cold air mass
In a warm front, ______. a warm air mass moves up over a cold air mass a warm air mass collides with a cold air mass two warm air masses moving a similar rates collide a warm air mass collides with a cold air mass, slipping under it
False
In areas where water is being discharged to the surface there is a high probability of sinkhole formation. False True
Gaining
In humid regions most stream are gaining shallow. losing deep.
Wetter
In terms of precipitation, as a result of global warming one will see areas closer to the poles and the equator become wetter. unchanged. drier.
Acoustic Doppler current profilers
Instruments called _____ measures local water velocity based on sound frequency shift of moving particles. discharge meters acoustic doppler current profilers velocity meters
False
Land subsidence occurs when the ground settles as a result of changes in bedrock. False True
True
Landslides are closely related to other hazards. False True
Reduce; raise
Levees ______ the width of the flood flow part of a river and _____ the water level during flooding. raise; raise raise; lower reduce; lower reduce; raise
That builds up between the top and bottom parts of a cumulonimbus cloud
Lightning results from electrical charge differences ____. that builds up between the top and bottom parts of a cumulonimbus cloud between the leading and trailing edge of a thundercloud carried from the lower thundercloud to the ground by rain carried from the center to the edge of the lower thundercloud by wind carried through the thundercloud by hail nuclei
Karst
Limestone landscape with uneven, lumpy, or jagged edges is known as karst stalagmites stalactites hummock
True
Long term records of global temperatures are established through climate data. True False
True
Low-pressure zones circulate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. True False
Shells
Marine organisms preserve the current 18O:16O ratio in their ____. soft parts shells
False
Monsoon rains in India form when high pressure over China pulls air southwestward over the peninsula. False True
Acidic
Most rain is _________. basic neutral acidic
Ass is added at the toe
One engineering method to keep a slope stable is ____________. water is removed at the head mass is added at the toe mass is added at the head mass is removed from the toe
True
Orbital changes are known as the Milankovitch Cycles. False True
False
Peat exposed to oxygen will become acidic and increase limestone dissolution. True False
Short
Radiant energy from sun reaches Earth as _____wave radiation short long
Keeling curve
Recent increases in carbon dioxide levels are plotted on a graph called the _______. Keeling curve Greenhouse gas curve Radiative curve
False
Reduction in evapotranspiration from vegetation after a fire can decrease the amount of water in the ground and thereby promote debris flows and landslides. False True
False
Sand can be gained on a beach by erosion. True False
False
Slopes can only be changed due to external factors. True False
True
Soil creep can be accelerated by freezing and thawing. False True
Soil expansion and contraction
Soil creep is most likely to result from ____. vibrational disruption of a slope a desaturated soil with less cohesion soil expansion and contraction a higher angle of repose for the material than the slope angle removal of mass at the head of the slope
Increase
Storm drains and leaking water mains in urban areas _______ potential for sinkholes. increase decrease
True
Subsidence in much greater in the southern United States due to groundwater pumpage than in the northern United States. True False
Smectite clay expanding when wet
Swelling soils are typically due to ____. freezing water, which expands, increasing the volume of clay layers heat, which increases the volume of water bound in clay layers kaolinite clay expelling, water which increases the volume of sand layers smectite clay expanding when wet landslides removing pressure from clay layers, allowing them to increase in volume
True
Temperatures on the Earth are influenced by the angle of the Sun's rays. False True
Increasing
The Earth's atmospheric temperature has been ______ since the industrial revolution. increasing decreasing
True
The U.S. Forest Service was formed in response to a catastrophic wildfire in Idaho and Montana in 1910. False True
Swelling clay
The appearance of popcorn clay is a telltale sign of permafrost limestone swelling clay
Can impose severe hardship, financial stress, and even famine
The effects of drought in the United States ____. do not affect the eastern U.S. are unpredictable, and strong damage occurs typically once every twenty years can impose severe hardship, financial stress, and even famine. do not affect the northern U.S. are mostly due to short-term events
Permanent and irreversible
The effects of land subsidence due to groundwater extraction are generally ____. in effect for several years, until major storms irrigate the area reversible by returning water to the aquifer permanent and irreversible unpredictable and impossible to plan for effectively problems for a period of months, until more groundwater seeps in to deep clays
Slope angle and load only
The frictional resistance depends on the ____. slope angle only load, slope angle, and area of contact slope angle only slope angle and load only load and area of contact only
True
The greenhouse effect occurs when long wave radiation heat radiates outward from the Earth's surface False True
False
The highest flash flood danger is in the southern states. False True
Narrow, ribbon of high velocity winds blowing from west to east at altitude near 12 km
The jet stream is ____. narrow, ribbon of high velocity winds blowing from west to east at altitudes near 12 km a "river of air" flowing from east to west across the northern part of America located in the stratosphere and does not affect frontal systems an eastward flowing "river of air" located near the arctic circle bordered by low pressure areas to the north and south
Flood plain
The land adjacent to a meandering river is known as the flood plain oxbow lake. low lands.
Groundwater
The level to which _________ rises in a well is the location of the water table. surface water saturated water groundwater
True
The most direct way to slow increase in GHGs is slow population growth. True False
Polar regions
The most dramatic global warming is occurring which region? all regions are warming about equally equatorial regions mid-latitudes in the southern hemisphere polar regions mid-latitudes in the north hemisphere
Flood fringe
The national flood insurance program formally separates the flood plain into the floodway and the _______. marsh area swamp area spillway flood fringe
June 21
The northern hemisphere receives the most radiation on ______. December 21 September 22 June 21 March 20
Recurrence interval
The probability that a certain discharge or flow will be exceeded in any single year is equal to the inverse of the _______ flow interval recurrence interval discharge interval
Slope angle; load
The relationship between _______ and _____ are the key factors in slope failure. resisting force; slope angle driving force; resisting force slope angle;load load; angle of repose
True
The resisting force prevents materials from moving. False True
Shore profile
The slope of a beach is called its ______. shore profile shore gradient
The angle of repose
The steepest angle at which any loose material is stable is known as the angle of deposition the angle of slope failure the angle of movement the angle of repose
Meteor
The streak of light that is seen as objects pass through the Earth's atmosphere is known as a meteorite meteor meteoroid
Headscarp
The vertical part of a slip surface is the ________. toe vertical slip headscarp
Meandering streams
These streams are the most common. braided streams meandering streams bedrock streams
Hailstorms
This is formed when warm and humid air in thunderstorms rise rapidly into the upper atmosphere and freezes. ice balls snowballs hailstones
Meandering
This type of stream is common in wet climates. bedrock braided meandering
Ground
This type of water fills open cracks and pore spaces between grains of sand, gravel, or clay. surface ground permafrost
True
Thunderstorms are most common in latitudes near the equator. False True
Midwest
Tornadoes are the most significant natural hazard in the American ____. Northwest South Northeast Midwest Southwest
True
Tornadoes form near the trailing edge of thunderstorms. False True
True
Volcanic materials give rich, fertile soil for agriculture. True False
True
Warmer oceans lead to greater evaporation and more rainfall. True False
Stronger
Warmer seas will cause ______ more frequent storms. weaker the temperature of the water is to related to storm frequency stronger
Dissolution
Water and soil percolating through karst fissures can create a small depression through the process of __________. groundwater pumping. cover subsidence. dissolution.
Circular
Water in a wave moves in a(n) _______ motion. circular elliptical
True
Water is a key factor in slope stability. True False
Pacific decadal oscillation
Water temperatures in the northern Pacific Ocean vary from warm to cool due to the ____. El Niño Arctic oscillation La Niña Pacific decadal oscillation North Atlantic oscillation
Lateral-spreading slide
Water-rich sand or quick clay is likely to cause a ____. deviational slide lateral-spreading slide divergent slide translational slide rotational slump
Wavelength
Wave energy is proportional to the _____ multiplied by wave height squared. wavelength period fetch
False
Waves approach parallel to the shore and create longshore drift. True False
Headlands
Waves approaching a steep coast encounter rocky points called ______. jetties groins headlands
Less than half the wavelength
Waves approaching the shore begin to "feel bottom" where water depth is equal to the wavelength four times the wavelength less than half the wavelength
Glacier ice; keeps earth cool
What are an example and an effect of a high-albedo surface? glacial ice; warms Earth glacial ice; keeps Earth cool oceans; warms Earth oceans; keeps Earth cool asphalt; warms Earth
Acidic rainwater dissolves limestone rock, leaving empty caverns
What creates caverns in limestone rock? Limestone is deposited as a sediment, and caverns exist where organic material was trapped and decomposed. Earthquakes create gaps at weak boundaries in the limestone. Underground streams erode the walls of the channels they flow through. Acidic rainwater dissolves limestone rock, leaving empty caverns. Limestone dissolves in the presence of salt, and creates caverns when located under the sea.
Coal energy
What is NOT a cleaner energy solution? coal energy wind energy solar energy nuclear energy
Fossils fuels
What is a major contributor to global warming? carbon dioxide hydrogen methane fossil fuels
Coarse gravel or face with rip rap
What is the best material(s) for building a levee? crushed rock and mud sand, mud and rip rap clay and coarse gravel coarse gravel or face with rip rap locally available material from the floodplain
Tropical wet regions will get wetter and mid-latitude dry regions drier
What is the expected outcome on regional precipitation as a result of global warming? Both tropical and mid-latitude regions will get drier. Both tropical and mid-latitude regions will get wetter. Tropical wet regions will get drier and mid-latitude dry regions will get wetter. Tropical wet regions will get wetter and mid-latitude dry regions will get drier. Both tropical and mid-latitude regions should stay the same.
A surge moving into a bay
What local conditions will raise the height of a storm surge at the beach? a fast-moving hurricane low sand dunes a slow-moving hurricane coastal vegetation, such as thick groves of mangroves a surge moving into a bay
Soak up
When glaciers melt they expose surrounding dark rocks that will ____ more heat. give off soak up
Compaction
When groundwater or petroleum is removed from loose porous sediments __________ can occur. faulting compaction cementation
Groundwater mining
When the amount of water pumped from an aquifer exceeds the recharge from precipitation _________ is occurring. groundwater replenishment groundwater contamination groundwater mining
Increased
Where the surface water percolates into the ground there is a(n) _________potential for sinkholes. increased decreased
Bangladesh
Which country would lose 17% of its land if the sea level were to rise by one meter? Tokyo New York Bangladesh Mexico China
Interweaving
Which is NOT a common method of levee failure? slumps into the channel interweaving piping bank erosion
Dihydrogen oxide
Which is NOT a potentially harmful air pollutant created by wildfires? nitrogen oxides carbon monoxide dihydrogen oxide hydrocarbons ozone
Alluvial fan monitors
Which is NOT a type of early warning system for debris flows? weather alerts for increased hazard conditions trip wires alluvial fan monitors acoustic flow monitors
Landslide, debris flow, rockfall
Which list is correctly ordered from the least rapid to the most rapid type of landslide? landslide, rockfall, debris flow landslide, debris flow, rockfall debris flow, landslide, rockfall debris flow, rockfall, landslide rockfall, debris flow, landslide
Allosphere
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the Earth's atmosphere? Troposphere Ionosphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Allosphere
The steam has too little water to carry the total sediment supplied
Why do braided streams form in a dry climate instead of meandering streams? There are so many channels that they can't help but cross one another to form a braided pattern. The stream has too little water to carry the total sediment supplied. The stream flows on a broad, flat surface, so it spreads out and braids. The stream channel is so shallow that the stream flows easily over its banks. Water soaks down to the water table, so it doesn't ever flow downslope.
The suns rays shine more directly on the northern hemisphere in the summer than in the winter
Why is it warmer in the northern hemisphere in July than it is in December? Earth is closer to the sun in the summer than the winter. The sun's rays shine more directly on the northern hemisphere in the summer than in the winter. The sun's energy output is greater in the summer than it is in the winter. There are more greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere in the summer than in the winter. The size and shape of Earth's elliptical orbit changes from nearly circular in the summer to highly elliptical in the winter.
True
Wing dams are used to constrict river channels to increase river depth for barge traffic during low flow. False True
True
You should never go to the shore to watch a tsunami. True False
Marine bays, estuaries, old saline lakebeds
You would expect to find quick clays in ____. headscarps of rotational slumps the interior of a talus old freshwater stream beds exposed subsurface material from translational slumps marine bays, estuaries, old saline lakebeds
Fetch
____ is the length of the water surface over which the wind blows. Wave Height Wavelength Period Fetch
Coarse sand and pebbles
_____ can only be moved if the beach has a steep slope. Fine sand only Coarse sand and pebbles Fine sand and pebbles Pebbles only
Cover collapse
_____ occurs where the overlying sediments contain clay. Cover subsidence Cover collapse Dissolution
A hydrograph
_______ depicts flood intensity graphically. A Discharge graph A flood pattern study A Hydrograph
Cohesion
_______ is an important force holding soil grains together through static attraction, surface tension, or chemical bonds. Runout Cohesion Frictional attraction Static force
Permafrost
_______ is soil containing frozen groundwater. Swelling soil Ice soil Permafrost
The coriolis effect
_______ occurs due to the west and east rotation of the Earth which causes air and water masses on its surface to lag a bit behind. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation The Coriolis effect The North Atlantic Oscillation
Avulsion
_______ occurs when a beach flow does not return to the river but follows a new path down a valley, flooding cities in its way. Divergence Swamping Avulsion
The flood intensity
________ is a measure of stream discharge over time. The knickpoint The flood intensity The flood frequency
Rockfall
________ occurs in areas with steep cliffs when rocks are broken loose by freezing or ground shaking. Soil creep Debris avalanches Rockfall Rotational slumps
A rockfall
__________ develops in steep, mountainous regions on cliffs with near vertical fractures or weaknesses. A slump A debris avalanche A slide A rockfall
The channel scour
__________ is the depth of sediment eroded during floods. The flood scour The thalweg The base level The channel scour
The rain shadow
___________ effect creates deserts on the downward side of mountains ranges. The Rain Shadow The Adiabatic The Coriolis The Orographic
False
Hummocky landscapes and wavy roads are indications of landslides due to earthquakes only. False True
There is no change in heat content
In an adiabatic process, ____. temperature always increases there is no change in temperature there is no change in heat content there is no change in pressure temperature always decreases
True
Landslides can be caused by adding soil moisture. True False
True
Pahoehoe lava has a ropy, smooth, or billowy surface. False True
Move very fast, and extend a long distance
Pyroclastic flows are dangerous because they ____. move very fast over a short distance move very fast, and extend a long distance move at unpredictable speeds cause magma chamber collapse contain poisonous sulfur compounds
True
Sinkholes are formed as a result of the collapse of a limestone cavern. False True
P and s
The distance to an earthquake is found by comparing the arrival time of ____ waves. P and S S and shear P and shear S and surface P and surface
Remain where you are and lie next to a heavy and sturdy object
In a city, the best strategy for avoiding injury in an earthquake that arrives suddenly is to ____. remain where you are during the shaking from P-waves, but attempt to leave the city before S-waves arrive make your way to open ground as fast as possible remain where you are and lie next to a heavy and sturdy object seek cover in the basement of the building or home you are in seek cover in the attic or top floor of the building you are in
Shield volcanoes
Rift zones where a volcano spreads in different wedge-shaped sections are characteristic of ____. shield volcanoes resurgent caldera cinder cones lava domes stratovolcanoes
Foreshocks, an earthquake and aftershocks
Rock layers that are very susceptible to brittle failure would be expected to produce ____. foreshocks and aftershocks but not a typical earthquake an earthquake with aftershocks but no foreshocks an earthquake without foreshocks or aftershocks foreshocks, an earthquake, and aftershocks foreshocks and an earthquake but no aftershocks
False
Seismic gaps mark places where earthquakes are unlikely to occur. False True
Lava domes
Small to moderate sized volcanoes formed of rhyolite are ____. stratovolcanoes resurgent caldera cinder cones shield volcanoes lava domes
False
Stratovolcanoes are generally the smallest category of volcanoes. True False
Generate Earth's largest earthquakes
Subduction zones ____. occur when plates collide instead of sink dissipate heat from Earth's interior are rarely associated with volcanoes generate Earth's largest earthquakes produce high mountain ranges
True
The Earth's crust is thinner than its mantle. True False
True
The Mercalli scale uses both subjective and objective measurements of intensity. False True
False
All earthquakes will be preceded by foreshocks. True False
False
All faults exhibit a regular pattern of activity. Fault True
Flooding
All of the following are hazards of earthquakes EXCEPT: flooding buckled streets fires contaminated water
False
Despite the knowledge and ability we have to monitor volcanic activity the opportunities for volcanic catastrophes today are less than ever. True False
Sedimentary layer sequence
Direct evidence of giant tsunami is found in ____. sedimentary layer sequence reverse faults along subduction zones beach erosion on Pacific islands volcanic slump zones around Hawaiian volcanoes magnetic field patterns in sedimentary rock
Weak earthquakes that precede an eruption
Harmonic tremors are ____. the effect of large gas emissions weak earthquakes that precede an eruption strong aftershocks generated after an eruption strong earthquakes generated by an eruption the effect of magma dome collapse
Pahoehoe
The ropy, basalt-rich, and steam-charged lava flows found in volcanoes like Kilauea are called ____ lava. maar lahar aa pumice pahoehoe
Ryolite has the highest viscosity
When comparing the characteristics of common magmas or lavas, ____. rhyolite has the highest viscosity basalt has the lowest temperature andesite has the lowest viscosity basalt has the highest silicate content rhyolite has the lowest water content
Surge
A high speed ____ contains a high proportion of steam and advances in front of a pyroclastic flow. tuff surge flow
Blind thrust
A previously undiscovered fault may be detected in a ______ event. blind thrust reverse thrust liquefaction normal thrust strike-slip
False
A pyroclastic flow cannot cross bodies of water. True False
There is a high water content in the rock of the subducting slab
A subduction zone provides an environment that affects the types of volcanoes that develop there because ____. the subducting slab is subjected to high pressure the subducting crust is high in silicates there is a high water content in the rock of the subducting slab the continental slab is composed of denser material than the subducting slab the magma will reach the surface more quickly
Wave of steam associated with pyroclastic flows
A surge is a(n) ____. increase in volcanic activity in a geographic area emission of poisonous gas upthrust in a lava dome increase in pressure on a magma chamber wave of steam associated with pyroclastic flows
Lahar
A volcanic mudflow is known a a(n)________. pyroclastic flow flood basalt lahar
False
A volcano that has not erupted for over 10,000 years is not considered to be an active threat. True False
Continental collisions raised mountains continuously higher
Areas of Earth's sea floor can create new crust because ____. continental collisions raise mountains continuously higher continental plates rise higher through isostacy crust is consumed in subduction zones earthquakes consume new sea floor at transform zones hot spots cause crustal material to sink into the mantle
Increase because the wave is forced into narrow space
As a tsunami enters a bay or fjord, wave height _______. decreases because the water depth decreases near the shore increases because the water is warmer increases because the wave is forced into a narrower space. increases because the water depth deepens decreases only if the bay water is shallower, and increases if it is deeper
Rift zones
Basalt lava flows primarily erupt in ________. continental collision zones. rift zones. convergence zones. volcanic hotspots. subduction zones.
Is a danger in a volcanic area even when no eruption is imminent
Carbon dioxide ____. is only a danger during periods of volcanic activity tends to collect in the attic of houses when no eruption is imminent is a particular danger to climbers and hikers since it is emitted at the summit of a volcano is not dangerous due to its strong odor is a danger in a volcanic area even when no eruption is imminent
Low-viscosity basalt encounters groundwater near the surface
Cinder cones are formed when ____. high-viscosity rhyolite interacts with surface soil Correct! low-viscosity basalt encounters groundwater near the surface seawater leaches into the magma plume of a stratovolcano a magma chamber collapses, building magma pressure a volcanic eruption creates large amounts of ash
Has lower viscosity and lower silicate content
Compared to other types of magma, basalt ____. has lower viscosity and higher silicate content has lower viscosity, but equivalent silica content has lower viscosity and lower silicate content has higher viscosity and lower silicate content has higher viscosity and higher silicate content
Hotter and more plastic
Compared to the lithosphere, the asthenosphere is ____. cooler and more plastic hotter and more rigid cooler and more rigid the same temperature and rigidity
False
Early warning systems provide about 10 minutes warning for populations near the epicenter of an earthquake. True False
False
Earthquakes are too unpredictable for the time and location of previous earthquakes to help predict future earthquakes. True False
Can crumble and fail if it is not sheathed in steel
In an earthquake, reinforced concrete ________. is affected by lateral, but not vertical motion prevents lateral motion of building foundations. is responsible for most collapses involving a single floor in a building can crumble and fail if it is not sheathed in steel is affected by vertical, but not lateral motion.
Normal fault
In this type of fault, the rocks above the steeply inclined fault surface slip down and over rocks beneath the fault surface. Reverse fault Transform fault Normal fault
P waves, then S waves, then surface waves
In which order would you expect different types of earthquake waves to arrive at a site a distance away from the epicenter? Surface waves, then P waves, then S waves S waves, then surface waves, then P waves P waves, then S waves, then surface waves S waves, then P waves, then surface waves P waves, then surface waves, then S waves
True
Major tsunamis from the Pacific subduction zones can occur as often as every few hundred years, False True
True
Most hazardous volcanoes occur near subduction zones. False True
False
Most volcanoes are found in the interior of plates. True False
Stratovolcanoes
Mudflows are a particular danger of ____. lava domes cinder cone volcanoes stratovolcanoes resurgent calderas shield volcanoes
False
Mudflows move slowly enough that they present a danger to property but not to human life. False True
Oceanic crust is rich in iron and magnesium containing minerals
Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust because ____. oceanic crust is rich in silica water pressure from the oceans makes oceanic crust thinner oceanic crust is rich in iron- and magnesium-containing minerals continental crust stands at a higher altitude oceanic crust is compressed at convergent boundaries
True
One of greatest threats from an explosion of Mount Rainier is mudflows in populated areas. True False
Increasing volume of escaping gases near the volcanoe
One warning of an impending eruption is more granite being formed increasing volume of escaping gases near the volcano more rainfall happening
Basaltic
Pahoehoe and aa form from which type of lava? andesitic basaltic rhyolitic
Improves prediction of earthquakes by extending knowledge before written records.
Paleoseismology __________. studies ancient earthquakes but does not help predict earthquakes in modern times improves prediction of earthquakes by extending knowledge before written records. relies on old marine sediments, and cannot be used where they are not found. relies on the study of fossils of animals killed in major earthquakes. is effective in the prediction of the largest earthquakes only
True
The Richter magnitude is determined by measuring the amplitude of wave motion on a seismograph. True False
True
The San Francisco Bay Area is at risk for a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake in the next 30 years. True False
Flank
The ______ of volcano can collapse and slump, triggering a tsunami as a debris avalanche distributes material along the seafloor. flank summit top
Sea floor spreading
The alternating stripes of magnetic field patterns are used to explain ____. seafloor spreading stratovolcanoes oceanic trenches island chains transform faults
Formed as the top of the Mt. Mazama collapsed into the magma chamber after a major eruption
The caldera now filled by Crater Lake was formed in a titanic eruption that destroyed Mt. Mazama and blasted pieces of it over hundreds of square kilometers. formed as the top of the Mt. Mazama collapsed into the magma chamber after a major eruption is the center of the Mazama resurgent caldera is the cooled vent formed when Mt. Mazama became an extinct volcano prevents future eruptions by providing a way to cool rising magma
Continental crust stands higher than oceanic crust
The concept of isostasy explains why _______. magma plumes are created. continental crust stands higher than oceanic crust. convection moves magma under the lithosphere. lithospheric plates move in response to convection. magnetic differences exist in stripes along the seafloor.
Magma is found beneath the surface, whereas lava is found at the surface
The difference between magma and lava is _____________. magma is found beneath the surface, whereas lava is found at the surface there is no difference; the two terms mean the same thing magma cools more rapidly than lava magma is found at the surface, whereas lava is found below the surface
True
The effects of tsunami are amplified in bays and river mouths. False True
True
The first earthquake waves received by a seismograph near the epicenter are P waves. False True
True
The hazard posed by a volcano depends on both the population nearby and the eruption product. True False
15
The largest displacement of water from an undersea earthquake would have an amplitude of about _____ meters. 10 3 5 1 15
Near the vent
The largest volcanic ash particles fall ______. near the vent far from the vent
Seismic gap
The length of __________ indicates length of possible future fault breaks. seismic gap displacement shaking
Pressure and availability of water
The melting temperature of magma depends on pressure and viscosity pressure and amount of volatiles pressure and availability of water
Can mix with moisture to make dangerous aerosols
The most dangerous poisonous gas(ses) associated with volcanic activity ____. must be breathed to cause damage can weaken buildings by reacting to form sulfuric acid is hydrogen sulfide are invisible but detectable by smell can mix with moisture to make dangerous aerosols
Carbon dioxide
The odorless, invisible gas that can be the most dangerous product of a volcano is ____. sulfur dioxide carbon sulfide carbon dioxide hydrogen dioxide hydrogen sulfide
True
The plates involved in plate tectonics are part of the Earth's lithosphere. True False
True
The prediction of volcanic danger based on volcanic activity during the prehistoric period relies on paleo-volcanology. False True
Makes mudflows the most serious concern in eruptions
The predominant weather in the Pacific Northwest ____. is likely to carry vog over major metropolitan areas makes mudflows the most serious concern in eruptions is not expected to increase the danger of volcanic damage may interfere with evacuation and put more people at risk is likely to increase the chance of pyroclastic flows
Hours
The series of tsunami generated in a single offshore event will impact the coastline for a period of several ____. hours seconds weeks days minutes
True
The stratovolcanoes of Cascade Range lie over active subduction zone. False True
False
The tallest mountain ranges are created at transform boundaries. False True
Is next to an active bulging one of the Three Sister Volcanoes
The town of Bend, Oregon ____. was nearly destroyed by pyroclastic flows from Mt. St. Helens is built on land from previous landslides from Mt. Shasta is in the path of a mudflow from Mt. Rainier is in danger of flooding if Mt. Mazama becomes active and ruptures the wall of Crater Lake is next to an active bulging beside one of the Three Sisters volcanoes
False
The volcanic explosivity index quantifies size, volume and viscosity of an eruption. True False
False
The wave velocity of a tsunami is constant with depth, and remains the same in deep ocean and shallow water. False True
Vulcanian
This type of eruption is characterized by dark eruption clouds which blow out blocks of volcanic rocks. Vulcanian Pelean Strombolian Plinian
Cinder cone
This type of volcano is characterized by its small size. shield volcano cinder cone stratovolcano
False
Transform boundaries are most closely associated with reverse faults. False True
True
Tsunamis are caused by any large, rapid displacement of water, False True
Hurricanes
Tsunamis cannot be caused by _______. earthquakes hurricanes asteroids landslides volcanoes
Much too fast for a person to outrun
Upon landfall, a tsunami will move _________. taste than it traveled in the open ocean. at the speed of a commercial jet. at the speed of a helicopter or small airplane. much too fast for a person to outrun. at walking speed.
Trees become uprooted and become dangerous projectiles
Vegetation mitigates tsunami effects except when ____. it is the form of trees, not grasses and shrubs the vegetation is too close to the shore trees become uprooted and become dangerous projectiles it is in the form of grasses, not trees and shrubs trees are not present
Phreatic eruptions
Violent steam-driven eruptions generated by vaporization of shallow groundwater are characteristic of Phreatic eruptions Plinian eruptions Phreatomagmatic eruption Pelean eruptions
Is a major disruption to transportation and evacuation
Volcanic ash ____. is carried so high into the atmosphere that it does not have much effect on the area near an eruption has a large effect near an eruption, but little effect further away is composed of aerosols formed from the reaction of gasses and water vapor is so small that it does no damage if inhaled is a major disruption to transportation and evacuation
False
Volcanic ash is always injected into the upper atmosphere and therefore, does not immediately affect the area around the eruption. True False
High viscosity and a high amount of volatiles
Volcanic eruptions are likely to be more explosive for magmas that have ____. low viscosity and a low amount of volatiles high viscosity and a low amount of volatiles any viscosity with a high amount of volatiles low viscosity and a high amount of volatiles high viscosity and a high amount of volatiles
We're magma is generated beneath the surface can rise to the surface
Volcanoes can only erupt in settings where magma is generated in the asthenosphere where magma is generated beneath the surface in the mesosphere where magma is generated beneath the surface can rise to the surface
Geographical and geological information to form the theory of continental drift
Wegener used ___________. only geological information from rock composition in forming the theory of continental drift. only geographic information from maps in forming the theory of continental drift. geographic and geological information to form the theory of continental drift. geographic and geological information to disprove the theory of plate tectonics. geographic and geological information to form the theory of plate tectonics.
False
When you observe a black basalt lava flow it indicates it is cool and can be walked on. True False
Naples
Which Italian city is dangerously located between two recently active volcanoes? Naples Rome Venice Milan Sardinia
Wet sand
Which ground material would you expect to produce the most damage as a result of liquefaction? exposed bedrock rocky soil dry sand wet sand dry clay
Crustal plates move over stationary magma plume
Which process creates island chains with active volcanoes at one end? Divergent boundaries move plates away from a stationary magma plume. Magma plumes form on the Earth's outer core and rotate under a stationary plate. Crustal plates move over a stationary magma plume. Asthenospheric convection moves a magma plume under a stationary plate. Convergent boundaries move the location of melting crust under a stationary plate.
Mount Shasta
_____ is the second highest of the Cascade Range volcanoes Mount Mazama Mount Hood Mount St. Helens Mount Shasta
Shake
______ maps that are computer generated show the maximum acceleration for potential earthquakes. Shake Movement Destruction Acceleration
