NCTI Service Technician: Think About it

What are 90° or 180° adapters used for?

90° and 180° adapters change the direction of the interface in confined areas.

How many cable faults can a digital TDR indicate at one time?

A digital TDR can indicate only one cable fault at one time.

What device must be in a line extender before it is capable of passing a return signal?

A diplex filter must be installed in order for a line extender to pass the return signal. It can be installed at component level on line extender's printed circuit board or a plug-in module.

How does a fully charged capacitor affect current flow in a capacitive DC circuit?

A fully charged capacitor blocks current flow in a capacitive DC circuit.

What is an air-core transformer?

An air-core transformer is a transformer that uses air or a non-magnetic material as the core material.

What is the alternate recommended strategy for systematic leakage detection in the drop system?

An alternate recommended strategy for systematic leakage detection, especially in an aerial plant, is to divide the drop system in half, and start at the ground block. If the signal leakage disappears when the ground block output is disconnected, systematically check the forward route toward the customer's TV set. If the signal leakage still appears when the ground block output is disconnected, systematically check the backward route towards the customer's tap.

Explain what to do if distribution amplifier forward input signal levels are correct and the output levels are incorrect?

If distribution amplifier forward input signal levels are correct and the output levels are incorrect make adjustments by changing attenuator pads and equalizers in the proper locations for the particular amplifier and system design criteria.

How can the digital signal analyzer's constellation display be used?

The pattern of the constellation display and the clouds around the data symbols can be used to interpret and diagnose modulation errors.

At what modulation error ratio (MER) does the reception of a 64-QAM and 256-QAM carrier begin to degrade?

The reception of a 64-QAM carrier begins to degrade around 22 dB MER, and a 256-QAM carrier begins to degrade around 28 dB MER, but a 4 dB margin in MER is recommended to assure error-free reception.

Describe the reflective star coupler.

The reflective star coupler is a multiport device in which any port can serve as either input or output. A light signal injected into any port is equally divided among all other ports.

If a leak is 20 μv/m measured 20 feet from the cable, what is it likely to be at the FCC required distance of measurement?

The required FCC distance is 10 feet, therefore, the leak measured at 20 feet is ½ the value it would be at 10 feet. It is 40 μv/m.

Define "flux lines."

"Flux lines" are magnetic lines of force running longitudinally from the north pole to the south pole of a magnet.

What are five important components of an amplifier station?

Five important amplifier station components are: (1) input and output diplex filters that separate and combine the forward and return paths within the amplifier; (2) forward and return plug-in pads and equalizers for controlling the input signal levels; (3) an RF amplifier module; (4) an integrated or stand-alone DC power supply with DC current fusing; and (5) AC power direction control.

What are technicians warned never to do regarding looking into the end of a piece of optical fiber?

Technicians are warned never to look directly into the end of a piece of optical fiber.

What is the role of test equipment in PM?

Test equipment used to record signal levels serves as the common denominator for PM. Without properly calibrated meters, maintenance and record keeping become an exercise in futility.

Describe the "Harrisburg incident" involving signal leakage.

The "Harrisburg incident" was a case of broadband cable signal leakage disrupting a communications receiver aboard an airplane flying over Harrisburg, Pa., in 1976. The FCC and the FAA then studied potential problems broadband cable signal leakage could pose to aircraft communications and navigation. The FCC advised operators to offset (or move away from) the frequencies used by airplanes.

What is determined by the AC characteristics of a hardline RF splitter?

The AC characteristics of a hardline RF splitter determine the maximum amount of current the splitter can pass and how much hum is introduced to the RF signal by the splitter.

List three uses of hardline RF passive devices.

Hardline RF passives: (1) split the broadband signals on the trunk and feeder cable; (2) tap off a small portion of the signal for a customer; or (3) insert AC power to a trunk/bridger amplifier or other active devices.

What are the two basic types of shrink tubing?

Heat shrink and cold shrink are the two basic types of shrink tubing.

Why should heat shrink tubing end cuts be straight and clean?

Heat shrink tubing end cuts should be straight and clean because jagged edges might split the tubing when it is heated.

Does a cable system leak at the same level at all frequencies?

No, the leakage varies with frequency in an unpredictable manner.

List three types of nonbroadband communications cables or lines that a TDR can test.

Nonbroadband communications cables or lines that a TDR can test include telephone communication lines, SONET, Ethernet, and other types of computer/LAN systems.

What are varactor diodes used for?

Varactor diodes exhibit significant change in capacitance with reverse voltage. They are useful for electronically-tuned oscillators and filters.

Define velocity of propagation (VOP).

Velocity of propagation (VOP) is the speed of RF signals traveling in a coaxial cable, or any other transmission medium, relative to the speed of light.

What type of relationship exists between wavelength and frequency?

Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency.

What is a capacitor?

A capacitor has the capacity to oppose a change in the circuit voltage by storing energy in the form of an electrical field and then releasing it back into the circuit in the form of electric current.

What types of antenna systems can be checked by a TDR?

A TDR can check broadband cable, paging, broadcast, cellular, and two-way communications antenna systems.

How can a TDR help confirm cable signal theft?

A TDR can help confirm cable signal theft by identifying the distinct display signatures of unauthorized, customer-installed drop cable connections.

Can a TDR measure through passive devices and unpowered active devices installed on a cable?

A TDR can measure through passive devices but cannot measure through unpowered active devices installed on a cable.

What is the function of a bandpass filter?

A bandpass filter removes all of the frequencies on either side of the desired frequency.

What is a basic difference in the design of input and output levels of forward and return distribution amplifiers?

A basic difference in the design of input and output levels of forward and return distribution amplifiers is that in forward amplifiers, the input levels vary from amplifier to amplifier but the output levels of all the amplifiers should be the same. All the reverse amplifiers in a cable system will have the same input levels, but the output levels will vary from amplifier to amplifier.

Describe the function of a basic feed-through tap.

A basic feed-through tap passes both the RF signals and the AC powering voltage from the input port to the output port while directing a small portion of the input RF signal to each tap port.

Does a capacitor charge at a linear rate or at an exponential rate?

A capacitor charges at an exponential rate.

When does a capacitor in a DC circuit block current flow?

A capacitor in a DC circuit blocks current flow when the capacitor is fully charged; that is, when the energy in the electrical field between the capacitor plates is equal to the amount of energy in the source charging the capacitor.

Why does a capacitor in an AC circuit not block current flow?

A capacitor in an AC circuit does not block current flow because the current is always changing directions and, therefore, the AC source is constantly charging the capacitor in different directions.

How is a capacitor charged?

A capacitor is charged by connecting a voltage source to the two capacitor plates, so that electrons from the plate connected to the positive terminal of the source are drawn to the positive terminal of the source, and electrons from the negative terminal of the source are forced towards the plate connected to the negative terminal of the source.

How is a capacitor discharged?

A capacitor is discharged by providing a path between the two plates so the excess electrons on the negative plate are drawn back to the positive plate until the charge on both plates is zero, or neutral.

What does a capacitor do to circuit voltage?

A capacitor opposes or affects changes in circuit voltage.

What is the difference between the way energy is stored in a capacitor versus an inductor?

A capacitor stores energy in the form of an electric field between its positive and negative plates, whereas an inductor stores energy in a magnetic field that surrounds the inductor.

What should be used to clean the foam dielectric and adhesive residue from the cable center conductor?

A center conductor cleaner or a small plastic scraper block should be used to clean the foam dielectric and adhesive residue from the center conductor.

Does a coaxial cable fault that reflects most of the signal have a small or large dBRL value?

A coaxial cable fault that reflects most of the signal has a small dBRL value.

What is a common forward NTSC channel loading for 1 GHz distribution amplifiers?

A common forward NTSC channel loading for 1 GHz distribution amplifiers is 78 analog channels from 54 - 550 MHz. The remaining spectrum is designed for digital QAM carriers running 6 dB down in amplitude from analog video carriers for 256-QAM and 10 dB down for 64-QAM carriers.

What two amplitudes are compared in the decibel return loss (dBRL) measurement of a TDR?

A decibel return loss (dBRL) measurement compares the amplitude of the transmitted signal pulse when it leaves the TDR to the amplitude of any reflected signal pulse when it arrives back at the TDR

What does a diplex filtering network separate and distribute in an amplifier?

A diplex filtering network in an amplifier separates and distributes the forward and return frequencies and the 60 Hz, 60 VAC.

What is usually the first active device after an optical node in optical fiber topologies?

A distribution amplifier is usually the first active device after an optical node in optical fiber topologies.

Why does a distribution amplifier require AC voltage?

A distribution amplifier requires AC voltage to provide power to the amplifier's DC power supply and to any additional downstream active devices.

What are the two common locations for DC power supplies inside distribution amplifier housings?

A distribution amplifier's DC power supply can be: (1) a circuit board built onto the RF amplifier module in the housing base; or (2) a separate power supply module mounted on the housing cover.

What is a farad?

A farad is the amount of capacitance that enables a capacitor to attain a charge of 1 coulomb when a potential difference of 1 volt is applied to the capacitor plates.

What is a fixed capacitor?

A fixed capacitor has only one value of capacitance.

How does a fully charged capacitor affect current flow in a capacitive AC circuit?

A fully charged capacitor allows current to keep on flowing, but in the opposite direction, in a capacitive AC circuit.

What is the purpose of gain control in a distribution amplifier?

A gain control changes the distribution amplifier's RF output signal levels to compensate for slight variations in the RF input signal levels.

What is a henry (h)?

A henry is the amount of inductance a conductor or inductor has if the current flowing through it changes at the rate of 1 ampere per second and generates a cemf of 1 volt.

Why is a line extender used in an MDU?

A line extender is used in an MDU to overcome the signal losses that result from the MDU splitters.

When is a low-pass filter used?

A low-pass filter is used when upper frequencies are not required in the circuit.

How does a parallel resonant circuit act like an open circuit?

A parallel resonant circuit acts like an open circuit because it has maximum impedance, which causes minimum current flow in a circuit.

How are a radar transmitter and a TDR similar?

A radar transmitter and a TDR are similar in that they both transmit a signal pulse (through their respective transmission mediums) and detect and measure the reflected pulse to determine the distance to an object.

When testing DC voltage, which is a more valuable measurement, regulated or RAW DC?

A regulated DC voltage measurement provides more useful information than a RAW DC voltage measurement. The RAW DC voltage range is too broad to be of much use for the technician's purpose.

Contrast what is opposed in a circuit by a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor.

A resistor opposes all current flow, an inductor opposes any change in current flow, and a capacitor opposes changes in voltage.

How does a series resonant circuit act like a short?

A series resonant circuit acts like a short because it has minimum impedance, which causes maximum current flow in a circuit.

What does a signal leakage detector measure?

A signal leakage detector is an RF receiver with an installed input antenna that measures broadband cable signals leaking from the system within FCC assigned aeronautical frequency bands.

What does a simple capacitor consist of?

A simple capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric.

What does a simple diode consist of?

A simple diode consists of an N-type and a P-type material in contact with each other, conducting current in one direction but not the other.

Explain the function of a slope control in a distribution amplifier.

A slope control in a distribution amplifier adjusts the amplitude of the RF output signals to compensate for the attenuation effects (tilt) caused by the downstream coaxial cable.

Does a smaller signal pulse width increase or decrease the signal pulse's potential travel distance?

A smaller signal pulse width decreases the signal pulse's potential travel distance.

What are the advantages of a solid copper center conductor?

A solid copper center conductor is stronger, more durable, and has a lower DC resistance than a copper-clad aluminum center conductor.

Why does the terminating tap faceplate not have an output port interconnect pin?

A terminating tap faceplate does not have an output port interconnect pin because it does not pass any signals to the output port.

Does a terminating tap have an output port signal?

A terminating tap has no need for an output port signal and, therefore, does not pass any RF signals or AC voltage to its output port.

What is a transformer?

A transformer is two circuits combined using inductors in close proximity to each other for the express purpose of energy transfer.

What is the purpose of a trim gauge on the exterior of a passive device housing?

A trim gauge on the exterior of a passive device housing is for measuring the proper length of a connector pin for that piece of equipment.

Describe a typical power inserter's ports.

A typical power inserter has three ports: one port for the input AC voltage from the power supply and two ports for the combined AC voltage and RF signals.

Which type of TDR generates a cable signature display?

A waveform TDR generates a cable signature display.

What controls temperature-induced attenuation?

AGC/ASC modules in trunk amplifiers typically control temperature-induced attenuation changes.

How should the tip of the cable center conductor be cut and why?

Always prepare the center conductor tip with a pyramid-shaped cut to prevent it from getting hung up when installing the connector.

What personal protective gear should you use when preparing cable for connectorization?

Always wear leather work gloves and ANSI-approved safety glasses when preparing cables for connectorization, and wear protective footwear and a hard hat when there is a risk of foot or head injury.

What can be done to enable semiconductors to conduct electricity?

Adding certain impurities to semiconductors (doping) can turn them into electrical conductors.

What is the function of addressable taps?

Addressable taps can control cable service activation and the level of authorized services from a central office location, often eliminating many costly truck rolls.

Explain aerial bonding and why it is necessary.

Aerial bonding is the connection or bonding of the aerial coaxial cable's strand to the existing power company ground or telephone company strand. Bonding can prevent damage caused by differences in voltage potential between the coaxial cable and other plant. This can result from sheath currents (unwanted surges of voltage) or a nearby lightning strike.

Where are air-core transformers typically used?

Air-core transformers are typically used in radio-frequency electronic applications.

List and describe the purposes of the two types of gaskets found in all common power inserters.

All common brands of power inserters have an aluminum-screen RFI gasket to prevent undesired RF signal ingress and egress and a silicone rubber environmental gasket to keep out moisture and contaminants.

What component in the line extender prevents RF from following the AC signal path through the line extender?

An RF choke blocks high frequency RF signals, but offers little resistance to low frequency AC signals of less than 180 Hz and DC voltages.

What information should be documented as part of any safety training?

All safety training should include; date of training, name of instructor, list of attendees, and training topic.

How can light from a laser cause irreversible damage to the eye?

Although the light from a laser is invisible to the eye, its intensity (about 10 milliwatts) can cause irreversible damage. The cornea can amplify a beam of light 100,000 times to try to identify its brightness. Even though one generally feels no pain, the light burns the retina tissue, resulting in permanent blind spots.

What procedures should always be followed when performing power supply preventive maintenance?

Always follow manufacturer and cable company procedures, as well as any applicable local electrical codes, when performing power supply preventive maintenance.

Why are the input signal levels not flat between the lowest and highest forward frequencies in many installed RF line splitters?

Amplifier output tilt and/or coaxial cable loss may cause input signal levels not to be flat between the lowest and highest forward frequencies in many installed RF line splitters.

What does an AC generator produce using magnetism and mechanical motion?

An AC generator produces AC voltage using magnetism and mechanical motion.

What are two ways to connect a coaxial jumper to the RF output port on a TDR?

An F-81 barrel connector is used to connect a coaxial jumper to a flush-mount male F-connector RF output port, and a male BNC-to-F female adapter is used to connect a coaxial jumper to the female BNC output connector on a TDR.

Where are attenuator pads typically located in the reverse amplification path of a distribution amplifier?

An attenuator pad is typically located after the reverse amplifier, and sometimes at the reverse input before the reverse amplifier, in the reverse amplification path of a distribution amplifier.

Where are attenuator pads typically located in the forward amplification path of a distribution amplifier?

An attenuator pad is usually located before the input stage and, in some cases, before or after the output stage in the forward amplification path of a distribution amplifier.

What is an echo on a waveform TDR display?

An echo on a waveform TDR display is a false reading caused by a double reflection of the signal pulse between a coaxial cable fault or event and the end of the coaxial cable.

How does an incorrect RF output impedance setting affect the accuracy of the dBRL and distance measurements of a TDR?

An incorrect RF output impedance setting on a TDR can cause inaccurate dBRL measurements but does not affect the accuracy of distance measurements.

How does incorrectly setting the VOP affect distance measurements of a TDR?

An incorrect VOP results in inaccurate TDR distance measurements.

What usually causes hardline RF splitter insertion loss to increase?

An increase in frequency usually causes a hardline RF splitter's insertion loss to increase.

Does an increase in signal pulse width increase or decrease the size of the blind spot?

An increase in signal pulse width increases the size of the blind spot.

How far should an installed connector pin extend beyond the seizure device in an active device?

An installed connector pin in an active device should extend 1⁄8" to 1⁄4" beyond the seizure device.

What is an iron-core transformer?

An iron-core transformer is a transformer that uses high permeability material such as iron or ferrite as the core material.

Describe the two types of three-way hardline RF splitters.

An unbalanced three-way hardline RF splitter has two "low-level" output ports with more signal loss and the one "high-level" output port with less signal loss. A balanced three-way splitter has three output ports all with the same signal loss.

What will a short on the output of the secondary winding cause the ferroresonant transformer to do?

An unexpected short on the output of the secondary winding of a ferroresonant transformer will cause the ferroresonant transformer to fold-back or limit the amount of current passed through the transformer.

Are w, ƒ, and L directly or indirectly proportional to XL?

Angular velocity (w), frequency (ƒ), and inductance (L) are directly proportional to inductive reactance (XL).

What should be done if a cable modem analyzer experiences an interruption during provisioning with the cable modem termination system (CMTS)?

Any interruption to a provisioning step can be diagnosed using information from the cable modem analyzer's status field.

When is armored coaxial cable used?

Armored coaxial cable is used in direct burial applications to minimize the damage caused by rocky soil and rodent chews.

What happens as a conductor is passed through a magnetic field?

As a conductor is passed through a magnetic field, the magnetic field around each free electron interacts with the flux lines of the large magnetic field as the conductor cuts through them, and electromotive force (emf) is exerted on each electron.

What may happen to the cable if you use a coring/stripping tool with a dull or misaligned blade?

As a result of using a coring/stripping tool with a dull or misaligned blade, the aluminum sheath may be expanded, flared, or scored.

What is the value in substituting the cable modem analyzer for a cable modem?

As a substitute modem, the analyzer can help determine whether a modem is defective or if the problem is with the computer without going through the process of provisioning another modem.

What is the relationship between cable temperature, cable attenuation, and signal level when the temperature increases?

As the cable temperature increases, cable attenuation increases, and the signal level conversely decreases.

Why are taps with lower tap values installed as the distance from the amplifier increases?

As the distance from the amplifier increases, taps with lower values are installed to ensure each customer receives an adequate signal level.

What happens to the coaxial cable's attenuation when the velocity of propagation increases?

As the velocity of propagation increases, the cable attenuation decreases.

What happens when light encounters a medium with a different index of refraction?

At a steep angle (greater than the critical angle), the light is bent or refracted as it passes from one medium into another. Light that strikes the new medium at a shallow angle (at or less than the critical angle) is reflected back to the original medium.

What happens to electrons at very low temperatures?

At very low temperatures (approaching absolute zero), electrons are in a stable orbit, and a voltage impressed from one side of the crystal lattice to the other would not result in current.

What is the proper troubleshooting technique?

Begin at a location common to all known outage sites, divide the area of unknown signal status in half, verify the signal condition, and repeat (if necessary) until the source of the problem is found.

Explain how broadband cable signals leak and interfere with other transmissions.

Broadband cable signals can leak if the coaxial cable is damaged or a connector is loosened. These unauthorized signal leaks then propagate in all directions. Atmospheric conditions can affect the range and direction of signal propagation. Broadband cable signal egress can interfere with over-the-air signal transmissions operating at the same frequencies. The resulting interference could be noise or even the audio or video carrier cable signals.

How does an AC-to-DC rectifier work?

By conducting in one direction and not the other, a rectifier diode converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).

What is cable attenuation?

Cable attenuation is the electrical property of coaxial cable that gradually reduces the amplitude of transmitted signals and is a function of the cable's center conductor material resistance, size, dielectric losses, RF signal frequency, and cable temperature.

What tools can be used to safely cut cable?

Cable cutters or a saw can be used to safely cut cable.

What factors define the extent of a power realm?

Cable resistance, combined amplifier load requirements, individual amplifier voltage minimums, and limits on AC current define the extent of power realms.

How is the current flow different in cable sections that are closer to the power feed point than those that are farther away?

Cable sections closer to the power feed point carry more current than those sections farther away.

Where are cable and housing terminators used?

Cable terminators are used at the end of a cable run, while housing terminators are installed on unused equipment ports.

What is used to convert a trunk/feeder cable to an "F" series interface and for what purposes?

Cable-to-F series adapters convert a trunk/feeder cable to an F-interface to allow temporary field repairs using a drop cable, to make an end-of-line test point, to make bulkhead connectors in headends, and to feed MDUs via a drop cable.

What is the definition of capacitance?

Capacitance is defined as the property of a system of conductors and insulators allowing storage of an electric charge and opposition to any change in that charge when a difference of potential exists between the conductors.

What formula is used to calculate the capacitive reactance in a circuit?

Capacitive reactance is calculated using the following formula: XC = 1⁄2πƒC.

What is capacitive reactance?

Capacitive reactance is the opposition to current flow in an AC circuit caused a capacitor.

How is capacitive reactance related to the operating frequency of the AC source and to the amount of the capacitor capacitance?

Capacitive reactance, XC, is inversely proportional to the frequency of the AC source and to the amount of the capacitor capacitance.

When does cemf determine or limit the current flow in an inductive AC circuit?

Cemf continually determines or limits the current flow in an inductive AC circuit.

When does cemf determine or limit the current flow in an inductive DC circuit?

Cemf determines or limits the current flow in an inductive DC circuit only while the current is rising to its maximum value and while the current is decreasing to zero.

What level of working voltage can be withstood by ceramic capacitors?

Ceramic capacitors can withstand working voltages up to 30,000 volts.

What should be done if the unregulated DC voltage measurement on a line extender is outside of its specified range?

Change the input voltage tap or switch to another position if the unregulated DC voltage measurement on a line extender is outside of its specified range.

What are two other names for inductor?

Coil and choke are two other names for inductor.

Which tap port configurations are available in common brands of feed-through and terminating taps?

Common brands of feed-through and terminating taps are available with two-, four-, and eight-port configurations.

What are decibels used for?

Decibels are used to compare power levels. The two powers do not have to be measured in the same impedance because power is power, regardless of the impedance in which it is measured.

Which two types of programs can help reduce and eliminate signal leakage?

Demand and preventive maintenance programs can help reduce and eliminate signal leakage.

What are the functions of devices created by combining individual inductive and capacitive reactances?

Devices created by combining individual inductive and capacitive reactances can split high and low frequencies, separate AC power from RF signals, and selectively process individual frequencies.

How do ordinary diodes detect AM signals?

Diodes detect AM signals by rectifying the alternating current (AC) carrier signal, whose amplitude depends on the modulation. Thus, what remains after rectification is the modulation.

What is the purpose of diplex filters in distribution amplifiers?

Diplex filters separate the higher forward frequencies from the lower reverse frequencies (when a reverse path is used) in distribution amplifiers.

What does direct amplifier powering allow the amplifier to receive?

Direct amplifier powering allows the amplifier to receive power (60 or 90 VAC) directly from the ferroresonant power supply's coaxial output cable without the use of a power inserter.

What is distributed capacitance?

Distributed, or stray, capacitance is the capacitance that can exist between two wires situated close to each other and separated by an air dielectric, when a potential difference exists between the two wires.

When should shrink tubing be slid over the coaxial cable during a pin connector installation?

During a pin connector installation, slide the shrink tubing over the coaxial cable before any part of the connector is installed on the cable.

What is the approximate length of each extended dipole element expressed in terms of wavelength?

Each dipole element is approximately one-quarter wavelength.

Why do splitters have silicone rubber and aluminum-screen gaskets?

Each splitter has a silicone rubber gasket that keeps moisture, water, dirt, salt spray, and pollutants from entering the housing, and an aluminum-screen RF isolation gasket that prevents undesired ingress and egress of RF signals.

What does eliminating a discovered signal leak accomplish?

Eliminating a discovered leak averts a potential outage or trouble call.

What are the three typical applications for extension adapters?

Extension adapters are typically used: (1) where old equipment is replaced by new equipment with a smaller footprint or when re-preparation of the cable is required; (2) in pedestal applications to extend the cable reach and avoid additional splicing; and (3) with other adapters to extend distances.

At what bandwidth are feed-thru connectors not recommended?

Feed-thru connectors are not recommended for use in systems operating above 550 MHz.

What are the two glass sections of which fiber is composed?

Fiber is composed of two glass sections, the core and the cladding.

What must be followed to avoid damaging the coaxial cable or changing its optimum electrical characteristics?

Following each coaxial cable manufacturer's recommended minimum bending radius helps to avoid kinking the cable or changing its optimum electrical characteristics.

What is the recommended sequence as a strategy for systematic leakage detection in the drop system?

For systematic leakage detection, especially in an underground plant: (1) isolate leakage at the ground block and splitter; (2) isolate leakage on the service drop at the tap location; (3) isolate leakage at individual drop outlets; and (4) isolate leakage at wall plates, jumpers, and customer premises equipment.

How does a receiver know the bit error rate (BER) of a digital modulation carrier?

Forward error correction (FEC) data is added to the original data stream during modulation so that the receiver can detect and repair bit errors.

Where can the AC voltage be directed from the AC bypass circuit in a distribution amplifier?

From the AC bypass circuit in an RF amplifier module, the AC voltage can be directed to the DC power supply and to one or more of the other AC bypass circuits.

What are three advantages of SMPS uses in a line extender versus a linear power supply?

Four advantages of using an SMPS over a linear power supply are: (1) the power transformer and filter capacitor have been replaced by switching components (usually a switching transistor, switching transformer and support circuitry), which is smaller and lighter and at lower cost; (2) the SMPS can operate within a wide AC input voltage range; (3) the SMPS output voltage is tightly regulated; and (4) the SMPS operating efficiency ranges from 50% to 80%.

Describe the purpose of fuses in a distribution amplifier.

Fuses in distribution amplifiers: (1) protect the amplifier circuitry against damage caused by an excessive amount of current; and (2) pass or block AC to and from different housing ports.

What is one of the basic principles of resistance reflected in the familiar practices of grounding and bonding?

Grounding and bonding practices reflect the basic principle that electricity always follows the path of least resistance.

What do housing-to-housing adapters eliminate when connecting two pieces of equipment together?

Housing-to-housing adapters eliminate the need for jumper cables to connect two pieces of equipment together.

How does hum modulation display itself in an analog TV picture?

Hum modulation shows up as one or two horizontal bars moving vertically through an analog TV picture.

What could result from improper grounding of a customer drop?

If a drop is not properly grounded, the drop plant, and customer premises equipment (CPE) could burn out or explode from a lightning strike.

Why should the flooding compound be removed immediately from a cable?

If the flooding compound is not removed immediately, it can harden, become difficult to remove, and hinder assembly/disassembly of the cable to the connector.

If the primary and secondary coil voltages are equal in an ideal transformer, what is the relationship of the primary and secondary coil currents?

If the primary and secondary coil voltages are equal in an ideal transformer, the primary and secondary coil currents must be equal also.

Why is it useful to have the ability to simultaneously display a stored waveform and a live or real-time waveform on the TDR screen?

If the stored waveform and the real-time waveform are of the same cable, simultaneously displaying the waveforms on the TDR screen lets the operator compare the two waveforms and look for any changes between the two.

How should the test signals, reported by the HCU to the field device, compare to the stored reference trace?

If the test signals are injected at the correct level, the test signals at the field device should be comparable in level and frequency response to the reference trace.

Why does a conductor with no flowing current have no magnetic field around it?

In a conductor with no flowing current, free electrons move randomly and their magnetic fields cancel each other, resulting in a total magnetic field value of zero around the conductor.

How do the two types of pin connectors differ?

In a two-piece pin connector, the coaxial cable center conductor and aluminum sheath are both gripped by tightening the back nut, while in a three-piece pin connector, the center conductor is gripped by tightening the center nut and the aluminum sheath is gripped by tightening the back nut.

How do the output port signal power levels compare to input signal power levels in a two-way RF line splitter?

In a two-way RF line splitter, the output port signal power level is less than 50% of the input signal power level.

Describe the two loss components that combine to make up the total tap loss of an eight-way feed-through tap.

In an eight-way feed-through tap, total tap loss is a combination of the loss: (1) on the tap leg of the directional coupler portion of the tap; and (2) at each of the three levels of signal divisions within the splitter network portion of the tap.

In an electrical circuit, how is the ground point typically connected?

In an electrical circuit, the ground point is connected to earth ground, usually through the building electrical system, and then to a ground rod or a system of conductors connecting to earth ground (a ground system).

How is the maximum number of channels in a WDM system determined?

In general, the number of channels in a WDM system may be calculated by dividing the channel spacing into the spectral width of the entire communications system.

How do signals travel in long-haul networks?

In long-haul networks of more than a few dozen miles, a signal must be regenerated or repeated after a certain distance. In one approach, an optical receiver changes a light signal to RF, amplifies it, and then converts the RF signal back to light before it continues on its path.

What unit of frequency replaced cps in the 1960s?

In the 1960s, cps was replaced by hertz (Hz), which is equal to one cycle per second.

In a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system, what is crosstalk?

In the WDM system, crosstalk is any fraction of input power on one wavelength that reaches the output of another wavelength.

What is calculated in the link loss budget?

In the design of a fiber-optic plant, the attenuation created by all the passive components is calculated in a link loss budget.

What is the function of an optical receiver in the downstream path?

In the downstream path, the optical receiver converts light back to RF signals and the signals are then amplified for distribution over coax to customer premises equipment (CPE).

In the drop system, at what locations can signal leakage be isolated?

In the drop system, signal leakage can be isolated at the ground block and splitter, service drop and tap, individual drop outlets, and at wall plates, jumpers, and CPE.

What equipment is used instead of optical repeaters in long-distance undersea fiber applications?

In the long-distance undersea application, instead of placing optical repeaters after a certain distance, operators boosted the light signal using an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA).

How will increasing the frequency four times affect the coaxial cable's attenuation?

Increasing the frequency four times results in an approximate doubling of the cable attenuation.

How does increasing the number of turns of the winding around the core of the inductor affect the inductance?

Increasing the number of turns of the winding around the core of the inductor increases the inductance.

What two properties of an AC circuit must be negligible compared to the resistance of the circuit for the circuit to be considered completely resistive?

Inductance and capacitance in an AC circuit must be negligible compared to the resistance of the circuit to consider the circuit completely resistive.

What is inductance

Inductance is the property of an electrical circuit or conductor that tends to resist changes in the current flowing through the circuit or conductor.

Define induction.

Induction, otherwise known as electromagnetic induction, is the production of an electromotive force, or emf, in a conductor by changes in the magnetic field surrounding the conductor.

What is inductive reactance?

Inductive reactance is opposition to a change in the flow of current from the AC source, caused by the cemf of a component, such as an inductor.

Define insertion loss for a hardline RF splitter.

Insertion loss is the attenuation between the input port and an output port of a hardline RF splitter.

What is a tap's insertion loss, and how does it vary with frequency?

Insertion loss is the signal attenuation between the tap's input port and output port. Generally, as the RF signal frequency increases, the insertion loss increases.

What is the effect of installing or removing a power inserter fuse?

Installing or removing a power inserter fuse passes or blocks AC voltage from the AC input port to an RF/AC port.

Why are insulating-core inductors also called air-core inductors?

Insulating-core inductors also called air-core inductors because the insulating core is only for supporting the coiled conductor, and the insulating core has no magnetic properties.

Define internal isolation for a hardline RF splitter.

Internal isolation of a hardline RF splitter is the port-to-port attenuation between two output ports at a specific frequency, with the input port terminated.

Where are iron-core transformers typically used?

Iron-core transformers are typically used in electric power distribution systems.

Why is it useful to use a TDR to measure the lengths of partial reels of cable?

It is useful to use a TDR to measure the lengths of partial reels of cable because the reels are used more efficiently to replace damaged cable, or for short cable placement when the exact length of each partial reel is known.

How many time constants does it take for the capacitor voltage to charge to within 1% of being fully charged?

It takes 5 time constants for the capacitor voltage to charge to within 1% of being fully charged.

List at least seven items for determining proper amplifier installation.

Items for determining proper amplifier installation include properly attached housing, properly bonded housing, properly connectorized cables, connectors properly installed in the housing, seizure screws snug, all internal hardware securely tightened, 75-ohm terminators installed where necessary.

How are light emitting diodes made and what are they used for?

LEDs are made from selected semiconductors and dopants that cause electron-hole pairs to emit light energy when they cancel out each other. They are used for indicator lights in panels, and for sources in opto-isolators used to completely disconnect two circuits from each other electrically, while passing signals back and forth. More recently, LEDs have been developed for lighting applications.

What kinds of information are contained in a leakage log?

Leakage logs should contain: (1) the date, location, and level of each leak identified; (2) the probable cause of the leakage; and (3) the date the leak was repaired.

Besides frequency, what are four differences between light and RF?

Light carries more information over fiber than RF can over coax. Light is unaffected by interference from lightning or other electrical sources, whereas RF is highly susceptible to these factors. In addition, light does not interfere with any other signals or cause electrical sparks. RF can interfere with other signals within the cable and, in the case of signal leakage, interfere externally. Signals that travel over light are not easily intercepted and decoded illegally.

What active devices on a feeder cable receive AC power passed by taps?

Line extender amplifiers receive AC power that is passed by taps on a feeder cable.

What can be used to reshape a cable end after cutting?

Lineman's pliers can be used to reshape a cable end after cutting.

What tasks are involved in maintaining physical plant integrity within the distribution system?

Maintaining physical plant integrity involves: (1) checking and tightening loose connectors, housing enclosures, and tap face plates; (2) lubricating pedestal and power supply padlocks periodically during normal access; and (3) securing and documenting any broken lashing wire to prevent further deterioration.

How are sheath and center conductor resistances represented on coaxial cable specification sheets?

Many coaxial cable specification sheets sum the resistance of the center conductor and the resistance of the sheath into a combined value called the DC loop resistance.

Which types of amplifiers are included in the category of distribution amplifiers?

Mini-bridger, network amplifier, mini-trunk, line amplifier, terminating trunk amplifier, and distribution amplifiers are all included in the category of distribution amplifiers.

What type of current do cable amplifiers draw?

Most cable amplifiers draw an almost constant AC at a specific AC operating voltage.

How is the bit error rate (BER) of a digital modulation carrier displayed on most digital signal analyzers?

Most digital signal analyzers display the BER in scientific notation. BER is the number of bits in error received, divided by the total number of bits received. For example, 1.0E-6 equals one error per million bits received and 1.0E-9 equals one error per billion bits received.

What are the two types of housing gaskets found in most distribution amplifiers?

Most distribution amplifiers have a silicone rubber environmental gasket and a metal mesh RFI gasket.

What is the advantage of using the cable modem analyzer to measure modem performance parameters instead of using a computer connected to a modem?

Most modem analyzers provide detailed information that is not available when running comparable measurements from a computer, plus, the modem analyzer is portable and battery powered, which is relatively easy to carry into the backyard and connect to a tap or other location in the network.

What is the difference between multimode and single-mode fiber?

Multimode fiber provides more than one path through the core at the same time, while single-mode fiber passes light through a single path. Single-mode fiber has less attenuation or signal loss caused by light colliding with the fiber cladding or dispersing as it spreads through the fiber.

What are some advantages of multiple amplifier cable powering?

Multiple amplifier cable powering saves the cost of additional circuit breakers, power meters, step-down transformers, etc, and permits greater flexibility in system layout.

What is done to reduce skin-effect losses in AC power conductors?

Multiple-strand conductors, instead of large, single-strand conductors, are used in AC power cables to reduce the skin losses.

What is mutual inductance?

Mutual inductance is the property possessed by two inductors so positioned that the changing magnetic field lines around one of the inductors encircle, or link, the turns of the other inductor and induce an emf, or voltage, in that inductor.

What are some benefits of new architectures that bring fiber nodes closer to the home?

New architectures that bring fiber nodes closer to the home and reduce households passed on each fiber node segment improve and lower the number of signals on the 5 to 42 MHz upstream path.

List some violations that OSHA may cite against a cable operator.

OSHA violations include: (1) failure to complete and maintain all records of accidents and illnesses; (2) failure to keep records of safety training; (3) failure to identify and properly label hazardous materials; (4) failure to maintain records of hazardous materials or to not make them available to employees; (5) failure to notify OSHA within 48 hours of an employee's death (or the hospitalization of five or more workers); and (6) failure to correct problems discovered during inspection.

What is the mathematical expression of Ohm's law for an inductive AC circuit?

Ohm's Law for an inductive AC circuit is expressed as: I = E/XL, where I is the effective current in amperes, E is the effective voltage of the AC source in volts, and XL is the inductive reactance in ohms.

How many amps combined with 1,000 volts equal the power produced by 10 amps combined with 100 volts?

One amp combined with 1,000 volts equal the power produced by 10 amps combined with 100 volts.

How many microfarads equal one farad?

One million, or 106, microfarads equal 1 farad.

How many picofarads equal one farad?

One trillion, or 1012, picofarads equal 1 farad.

What are the four common directional coupler electrical characteristics?

Output loss is the loss the signal experiences as it goes from the input to the output of the directional coupler; tap loss is the reduction in the input power desired to go to the tap port of the directional coupler; isolation is a measure of the amount of signal entering the tap port that reaches the output port; and return loss is the worst-case measurement at any port and is a measure of how much signal entering a port is "turned around" and sent in the direction it just came from.

What are the advantages of PIN diodes over conventional diodes?

PIN diodes exhibit an RF resistance that is a function of direct current (DC) current. They are useful for gain and level control.

What insulating materials are used in the most common kinds of fixed capacitors?

Paper, mica, ceramics, oil, and electrolytes are the insulating materials used in the most common kinds of fixed capacitors.

How does passive piracy occur?

Passive piracy occurs when assigned tasks such as downgrades and disconnects are not executed, yet documented as complete.

Define the term period.

Period is the amount of time it takes to complete one cycle of an AC waveform.

Define phase difference.

Phase difference is the amount of time in degrees separating two waveforms.

What are photodiodes and how are they used?

Photodiodes receive light energy and convert it into an electrical current. They can be used for light detectors and in photo-isolators.

What applications require the use of pin connectors?

Pin connectors are required to attach hardline coaxial cable to active and passive broadband communications equipment.

Which adapters are used for permanent or temporary jumper installation on equipment?

Pin-to-F female adapters are used for permanent or temporary jumper installation on equipment.

What happens if there is poor return loss in a cable network?

Poor (low) return loss in a cable network can produce ghosting in analog systems, and can produce echoes and suck-outs in digital signals, making the desired signal harder to demodulate and turn into useful bits.

What causes positive tilt on the input to a line extender and what device can be used to compensate for positive tilt on its input when aligning a line extender?

Positive tilt occurs on the input of a line extender when the cable loss is insufficient to attenuate the sloped output from the preceding device causing the input to be higher on high frequencies than low frequencies. Installing a cable simulator of the proper value in the input equalizer's position will provide a flat input to the line extender pre-amplifier stage.

What RF and/or AC electrical specifications are significantly different for power inserters compared to RF line splitters and directional couplers from the same manufacturer?

Power inserter specifications for power passing, isolation, and insertion loss are significantly different from those specifications for RF line splitters and directional couplers from the same manufacturer.

Describe the practice of PM.

Preventive maintenance (PM) refers to regular monitoring of all system components by installers, technicians, and engineers as part of their normal routine. The plant can be maintained on a set schedule (daily, weekly, monthly, or annually), depending on the sophistication of the equipment. More reliable equipment can be checked less often. PM requires detailed, permanent records of operating levels for each area of the cable system. This establishes a history of reliability. Such logs become necessary in deciding when to buy new equipment, replace components, or make adjustments, based on fluctuations in equipment performance.

How should the housing gaskets be inspected prior to closing a distribution amplifier housing cover?

Prior to closing a distribution amplifier housing cover, confirm the housing gaskets are in place, inspect the gaskets for wear or damage (and replace, if necessary), and confirm the gaskets are dry and free of contaminants.

Name at least four procedures that will prevent signal leakage.

Procedures that will prevent signal leakage include: 1. Wrench-tightening all F-connectors (except on customer's equipment) 2. Replacing defective F-connectors 3. Replacing poorly shielded or damaged drop cable 4. Replacing retail outlet jumpers and slip-on F-connectors 5. Weatherproofing exterior F-connectors 6. Tightening or removing locking terminators at taps 7. Installing set-top terminals 8. Adjusting work loads to compensate for additional time to perform preventive maintenance procedures

How and why does pulling the iron core out of the windings affect the inductance of a variable iron-core inductor?

Pulling the iron core out of the windings reduces the inductance of a variable iron-core inductor, because fewer of the inductor windings have their flux lines concentrated by the focusing effect of the magnetic iron core.

How are directional couplers built?

RF directional couplers are built using multiple RF transformers, with the windings on suitable ferrite coil forms, which allow selected amounts of the signal to be removed.

Describe how the routing of RF signals in a terminating tap differs to that in a feed-through tap.

RF signals in a terminating tap are routed directly to the splitter network in the tap, while in a feed-through tap the RF signals are routed first to the directional coupler portion and then to the splitter network portion of the tap.

Define radio frequency isolation for a hardline RF splitter.

Radio frequency isolation specifies the extent of shielding in the hard‑line RF splitter to prevent RF egress or ingress.

What is the advantage of using an RF/AC bypass tap over a basic tap design?

Removing the faceplate of a basic tap has the undesirable effect of disconnecting the cable service for all customers downstream from that point, and the RF/AC bypass tap avoids this problem by having the added ability to maintain RF signal and AC voltage continuity during tap faceplate removal.

What is refraction?

Refraction refers to the changes in light's behavior as it passes from one medium into another.

In the case of a very strong leak, what is a simple method for reducing the leakage detector's sensitivity?

Removing the antenna will reduce the sensitivity.

What is return loss in a tap?

Return loss is an indicator of the amount of signal reflected by a tap.

What is return loss in a hardline RF splitter?

Return loss is the amount of signal reflected by a hardline RF splitter.

List seven causes of impedance mismatches on coaxial cable.

Seven causes of impedance mismatches on coaxial cable are: (1) bad splices; (2) water-damaged cable; (3) crushed, pinched, or kinked cable; (4) holes in the cable; (5) damaged aerial or burial drops; (6) fence post or other digging-caused damage; (7) damaged or incorrectly installed cable and/or connectors causing excessive loss of AC voltage or RF signals.

List seven measurement practices that apply to all types of TDRs.

Seven measurement practices that apply to all types of TDRs are: (1) know the minimum and maximum distance measurement capabilities of the TDR; (2) check the batteries and battery level; (3) do not test coaxial cables with AC/DC power or RF signals present; (4) begin testing with the shortest pulse width; (5) obtain the best possible connection between the TDR and the coaxial cable tested; (6) test the coaxial cable from both ends whenever possible; and (7) operate the TDR within the recommended operating temperature range.

Why are silicon diodes a better choice than germanium diodes?

Silicon diodes are a better choice than germanium diodes because germanium diodes have greater thermal instability.

Describe how brands of taps differ in their interchangeability of faceplates with housings.

Some brands of taps have interchangeable faceplates that will fit any housing in the brand name series, while other brands have interchangeable two-way and four-way faceplates with a different housing required for the eight-way faceplate.

Why do some models of splitters have a keyed faceplate?

Some models of RF line splitters have a keyed faceplate to ensure correct installation.

What RF and/or AC electrical specifications are identical or similar among power inserters, RF line splitters, and directional couplers in a brand name series?

Specifications for hum, bandwidth, and return loss are identical or similar among power inserters, RF line splitters, and directional couplers in a brand name series.

What are the two types of universal adapters used between two pin connectors?

Splice blocks and pin-to-pin splices are universal adapters used between two pin connectors.

Define bandwidth for a hardline RF splitter.

Splitter bandwidth is the range of frequencies passed by the splitter.

Which symbols represent two-way, four-way, and eight-way taps and tap values on standard cable system design maps?

Standard cable system design maps represent a two-way tap as a circle, a four-way tap as a square, and an eight-way tap as a hexagon, with the tap value number inside the symbol.

How does status monitoring work?

Status monitoring (SM) can pinpoint malfunctions anywhere in the system plant. Special modules called transponders are placed in amplifiers and power supplies throughout the plant. These modules keep track of functions, including temperature, specific forward and return RF signal levels, voltage, and standby power supply status. A computer equipped with SM software is stationed in the main office. If any function monitored by a transponder goes outside of an operating window, the SM software alerts a technician to diagnose the problem based on parameters built into the software.

What are straight splice connectors designed to do?

Straight splice connectors attach two sections of the same type of cable together.

What is structural return loss?

Structural return loss occurs when the coaxial cable's physical structure changes.

List four different types of power directors.

Suitcase connectors, thermal fuses, power shunts, switches, cartridge- and blade-type fuses, and jumper wires are examples of some power directors used in line extenders.

Describe typical residential settings for the use of two-way, four-way, and eight-way taps.

Systems commonly use two-way taps where you can access only one or two homes from a location on the feeder cable. In more densely populated areas, systems use four-way taps along back easements and alleys where one location can serve four homes. Eight-way taps are used individually in a cluster of residences, or they are connected together in MDU lock boxes.

List four TDR safety precautions.

TDR safety precautions include: (1) wearing safety glasses when preparing coaxial drop or hardline cable; (2) minimizing the possibility of electrical shocks by removing power from the cable tested; (3) securing all dismantled active and passive devices; and (4) wearing proper personal protection equipment when working in underground or aerial plant.

Define tap loss

Tap loss is the signal attenuation between the input port and each customer tap port at a specific frequency.

What does tap-to-port isolation inhibit?

Tap-to-port isolation inhibits undesired RF signals on the output port from interfering with desired RF signals on any of the customer tap ports and vice versa.

What does tap-to-tap isolation inhibit?

Tap-to-tap isolation inhibits undesired RF signals on one customer tap port from interfering with the desired RF signals on another customer tap port.

Define the two types of isolation in taps.

Taps have: (1) tap-to-tap isolation, which is the signal attenuation between any two individual customer tap ports at a specific frequency, with all other ports terminated; and (2) tap-to-port isolation, which is the signal attenuation between the output port and any individual customer tap port at a specific frequency, with all other ports terminated.

What is measured at the AC and DC voltage test points in a distribution amplifier?

The AC voltage test point measures the AC input voltage, and the DC voltage test point measures the +24 volts regulated DC from the DC power supply in a distribution amplifier.

What is the DC loop resistance (RL) of a coaxial cable?

The DC loop resistance (RL) of a coaxial cable is the sum of the center conductor resistance (Rcc) and the aluminum sheath resistance (Rs) and is rated in ohms per 1,000 feet at 68°F.

Describe the two signal leakage monitoring and measurement programs required by the FCC.

The FCC requires that all broadband cable operators: (1) comply with quarterly monitoring, which is a program of regular signal leakage monitoring covering substantially all of the cable plant every three months; and (2) report annual ground-based or airspace measurements for calculating the broadband cable plant's Cumulative Leakage Index (CLI). Under the quarterly monitoring requirement, the equipment used must be able to detect a leakage source that produces a field strength of 20 µV/m or greater at a distance of 3 meters. The operator shall maintain a log showing the location, the repair date, and the probable cause of each leakage. The log shall be kept on file for a period of two (2) years and shall be made available to authorized representatives of the Commission upon request.

Besides bringing the optical node closer to the customer premises than FTTF and FTTN, what is another attractive feature of FTTC design?

The FTTC design eliminates the use of all active RF devices (such as amplifiers) in the cable plant by placing the optical node at a location in the neighborhood, close enough to all the homes, so no RF amplifiers are necessary to boost the RF signals. The typical number of homes served by each node ranges from 35 to 150.

What does the Greek lower case letter w stand for?

The Greek lowercase letter omega, , stands for angular velocity, the speed at which the AC voltage source completes its angular motion.

In a reverse alignment test system, how is the field device able to report the condition of the output of a return amplifier?

The HCU receives the injected test signal, and then converts the results to a telemetry signal, that is sent to the field device to report or display the results.

Where is the RF amplifier module typically located in a distribution amplifier?

The RF amplifier module is typically located in the housing base of a distribution amplifier.

What is added to a signal level measured at a distribution amplifier RF test point to calculate the actual signal level?

The RF test point attenuation value is added to a signal level measured at a distribution amplifier RF test point to calculate the actual signal level.

What other values is the RMS voltage value equal to?

The RMS voltage value is equal to 1.11 times the average voltage value, and 0.707 times the peak voltage value.

When does the TDR time-to-voltage converter start and stop charging the charging capacitor?

The TDR time-to-voltage converter starts charging the charging capacitor when the pulse is generated, and it stops charging when the return pulse detector signals that it has detected the reflected signal.

What is the VOP factor for RF signals in a vacuum?

The VOP factor for RF signals in a vacuum is 1.

Are the VOP factors for all types of cable greater or less than the VOP factor for RF signals in a vacuum?

The VOP factors for all types of cable are less than 1.00, which is the VOP factor for RF signals in a vacuum, or the speed of light.

What information can be obtained from the adaptive equalizer taps displayed in the digital signal analyzer?

The adaptive equalizer taps can be used to determine the presence and estimate the location of reflections caused by bad connectors or damaged coaxial cable.

What is the relationship of the primary coil current to the secondary coil current in an out-of-phase transformer?

The amount of current flowing in the primary coil is directly proportional to the amount of current flowing in the secondary coil in an out-of-phase transformer.

What is the relationship between the amount of inductance and the permeability of the inductor core?

The amount of inductance is directly proportional to the permeability of the inductor core.

What is the relationship between the amount of inductance and the length of the inductor, or coil, if the number of turns is held constant?

The amount of inductance produced by an inductor is inversely proportional to the length of the inductor, or coil, if the number of turns is held constant.

What is the AC amplifier voltage dependent upon?

The amplifier AC voltage is dependent upon: (1) the distance of the amplifier from the power supply; (2) the cascade position of the amplifier with regard to the designated power supply; (3) the type of amplifier and number of installed modules and respective current draw; (4) the number of line extenders fed by each amplifier in cascade for each power supply location; and (5) the type and size of coaxial cable and its corresponding DC loop resistance.

Define amplitude.

The amplitude of any AC waveform is defined as the most positive or most negative level achieved by the waveform.

What is the difference between thermal and automatic gain control?

The automatic gain control samples a portion of the output signal to create a control voltage to maintain a consistent output level from the line extender. A thermal control does not sample the output signal. Instead, a thermal network adjusts the line extender output in direct proportion to the ambient temperature.

What components are on the back of the tap housing?

The back of the tap housing has: (1) a threaded mounting tap and strand clamp; (2) and a strip gauge for measuring the required length of the pin connector's pin or the coaxial cable's center conductor.

What is the purpose of a band-stop filter?

The band-stop filter passes most of the frequencies while selectively removing a small portion of the bandwidth.

What does bandwidth determine in a resonant circuit?

The bandwidth determines the selectivity of a resonant circuit.

What is the bandwidth of a resonant circuit?

The bandwidth of a resonant circuit is the band of frequencies between the 70.7% points of the voltage curve for parallel resonant circuits or the current curve for series resonant circuits.

What are the basic hardline RF passive devices?

The basic hardline RF passive devices are splitters, directional couplers, power inserters, taps, and line equalizers.

How much does the cable attenuation change with each 10°F change in cable temperature?

The cable attenuation changes approximately 1% for every 10°F change in cable temperature.

What is the capacitance of a capacitor?

The capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the electric charge transferred from one capacitor plate to the other, to the potential difference between the plates caused by the applied voltage. Capacitance may be defined more simply as the measure of a capacitor's ability to store energy in the form of an electric charge.

What is the voltage level and phase relationship between the capacitor voltage and the applied voltage in a purely capacitive AC circuit?

The capacitor voltage is always equal to, but 180 degrees out-of-phase with, the applied voltage in a purely capacitive circuit.

How much of cable attenuation does the center conductor cause?

The center conductor causes two-thirds of total cable attenuation.

What are the characteristics that determine the amount of inductance for an inductor?

The characteristics determining the amount of inductance for an inductor are: (1) the number of turns in the inductor winding; (2) the spacing between the turns or the actual length of the inductor; (3) the cross-sectional area of the core; and (4) the permeability of the core.

What is the circuit symbol for an inductor?

The circuit symbol for an inductor is a coil symbol

What do the coaxial cable flooding compounds provide?

The coaxial cable flooding compounds provide an additional layer of corrosion protection between the jacket and aluminum sheath in the event of jacket damage and water exposure.

What is the coaxial cable voltage loss on the cable between the power supply and the power inserter when: (1) the cable length is 150'; (2) the cable's DC loop resistance is 1.07 Ω/1,000'; and (3) the total current requirement for amplifiers supplied by that power inserter is 11 A?

The coaxial cable voltage loss is 1.76 VAC on the cable between the power supply and the power inserter when the cable length is 150', the cable's DC loop resistance is 1.07 Ω/1,000', and the total current requirement for amplifiers supplied by that power inserter is 11 A. To calculate: (150 ÷ 1,000) × 1.07 = 0.16 Ω; 0.16 × 11 = 1.76 VAC.

What are the advantages of a copper-clad aluminum (CAA) center conductor?

The copper-clad aluminum center conductor is lighter, has almost equal attenuation at high frequencies as compared to copper, has reduced mechanically induced periodic impedance variations, and costs less than a solid copper center conductor.

Why is the broadband cable industry seeking to develop its own PON standards?

The customer premises equipment (CPE) and support systems used by the broadband cable industry are not compatible to PON standards developed by IEEE and ITU. Therefore, the broadband cable industry is seeking to develop its own PON standards.

Which two purposes does signal leakage detection serve?

The detection of signal leakage serves the purpose of: (1) complying with FCC regulations; and (2) being a support tool for the service and maintenance of quality cable installations.

What process must the digital signal analyzer perform in order to analyze the digital signal?

The digital signal analyzer must first decode the digital content in order to analyze the modulated digital signal.

After connecting a half-wave dipole antenna to the signal leakage equipment, which distances must be used to ensure the accuracy of signal leakage measurements?

The distances used to ensure the accuracy of signal leakage measurements are 10 feet (about 3 meters) from the source, 10 feet above the ground, and 10 feet from conductive surfaces.

Define the distribution amplifier RF distortion specification "noise figure."

The distribution amplifier RF distortion specification "noise figure," is the amount of thermal noise added to the signal passing through the amplifier.

Define the distribution amplifier specification "AC current passing."

The distribution amplifier specification "AC current passing" is the total AC current a distribution amplifier module is capable of passing through to downstream or upstream amplifiers.

Define the distribution amplifier specification "forward operational gain."

The distribution amplifier specification "forward operational gain" is the signal level difference between the input signals and the output signals.

Why can the effect of electrical inertia be quite significant and present all the time in an AC circuit?

The effect of electrical inertia can be quite significant and present all the time in an AC circuit because the alternating current is continually changing in amplitude and direction.

Why is the effect of electrical inertia very small in a DC circuit?

The effect of electrical inertia very small in a DC circuit because the delay between the application of the DC voltage to the circuit and the time that the direct current reaches its maximum amplitude is very small, and because the inertia is only present when the voltage is applied or removed.

What is the effective value of AC?

The effective value of AC is that value of AC that causes the same effect (such as heat in a resistor) caused by an equal amount of DC.

Which type of fixed capacitor usually has larger capacitance values than other fixed capacitors?

The electrolytic capacitor usually has a larger capacitance value than the other fixed capacitors.

What signal level attenuation is compensated for by the equalizer installed before the input stage in the distribution amplifier's RF amplifier module?

The equalizer installed before the input stage in the RF amplifier module compensates for the unequal signal level attenuation caused by the coaxial cable leading up to the distribution amplifier, and reduces distortion.

What signal level attenuation is compensated for by the equalizer installed between the input stage and the output stage in the distribution amplifier's RF amplifier module?

The equalizer installed between the input stage and the output stage in the RF amplifier module compensates for the known signal level attenuation caused by the coaxial cable on the output of the distribution amplifier.

Why do some cable operators choose to perform automated measurements on a sample of channels rather than all channels transported through the network?

The execution of automated measurements can take several minutes, so some cable operators choose to perform automated measurements on a sample of channels rather than on all channels transported through the network.

What is the expected B+ voltage from the line extender power supply?

The expected B+ voltage from the line extender power supply is 24 volts DC ±.5 volt.

What is the expected total distance to an echo when: (1) the distance from the TDR to the end of the cable is 120 feet (36.6 m); and (2) the distance from the TDR to the cable fault is 95 feet (29.0 m)?

The expected total distance to an echo is 145 feet (44.2 m) when: (1) the distance from the TDR to the end of the cable is 120 feet (36.6 m); and (2) the distance from the TDR to the cable fault is 95 feet (29.0 m). To calculate additional distance to echo: 120 feet - 95 feet = 25 feet (36.6 m - 29.0 m = 7.6 m). To calculate total distance to the echo: 120 feet + 25 feet = 145 feet (36.6 m + 7.6 m = 44.2 m).

What is the formula for calculating the resonant frequency of a resonant circuit?

The formula for calculating the resonant frequency of a resonant circuit is: ƒr = 1/6.28 square root of LC

What is the formula for calculating the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in parallel, with individual capacitance values of C1 and C2?

The formula for calculating the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in parallel, with individual capacitance values of C1 and C2, is: Ctotal = C1 + C2.

What is the formula for calculating the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in series, with individual capacitance values of C1 and C2?

The formula for calculating the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in series, with individual capacitance values of C1 and C2, is: Ctotal = 1/(1/C1 + 1/C2).

What is the formula that uses individual inductances to calculate the total inductance of a circuit containing inductors in series?

The formula for calculating the total inductance of a series of inductors using individual inductances is: LTotal = L1 + L2 + L3 + ... + Ln.

What is the formula for calculating the total inductance of two inductors connected in parallel, with individual inductance values of L1 and L2?

The formula for calculating the total inductance of two inductors connected in parallel, with individual inductance values of L1 and L2, is: LTotal = 1/(1/L1 + 1/L2).

What is the formula that uses individual capacitances to calculate total capacitance of a circuit with three capacitors in parallel?

The formula that uses individual capacitances to calculate total capacitance of a circuit with three capacitors in parallel is: CTOTAL = C1 + C2 + C3.

What is the formula that uses individual capacitive reactances to calculate the total capacitive resistance of a circuit with capacitors in series?

The formula that uses individual capacitive reactances to calculate the total capacitive reactance of a circuit with capacitors in series is: XCTOTAL = XC1+ XC2 + XC3 + ... + XCN.

What is the formula that uses individual capacitive reactances to calculate the total capacitive reactance of a circuit with two capacitors in parallel?

The formula that uses individual capacitive reactances to calculate the total capacitive reactance of a circuit with two capacitors in parallel is: XCTOTAL = 1/(1/XC1+ 1/XC2).

What is the formula that uses individual inductive reactances to calculate the total inductive reactance of a circuit containing inductors in parallel?

The formula that uses individual inductive reactances to calculate the total inductive reactance of a circuit containing inductors in parallel is: XLTotal = 1/(1/XL1 + 1/XL2 + ... + 1/XLN).

What is the formula that uses total capacitance to calculate the total capacitive reactance of a circuit with capacitors in parallel?

The formula that uses total capacitance to calculate the total capacitive reactance of a circuit with capacitors in parallel is: XCTOTAL =1/2πƒCTOTAL

What device is used to compensate for unequal cable loss and provide a flat input to the pre-amplifier of a line extender?

The forward input equalizer compensates for unequal cable loss, providing a flat input to the pre-amplifier stage of a line extender.

What are the four types of filters used in active and passive devices?

The four types of filters used in active and passive devices are low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and band-stop filters.

What is the difference between WDM, CWDM, and DWDM systems?

The fundamental difference between WDM, CWDM, and DWDM systems is a matter of degree. WDM uses fewer wavelengths spaced farther apart than CWDM and DWDM.

How is the gain or signal level of the forward RF signals controlled if the automatic level and slope control (ALSC) is turned off in a distribution amplifier?

The gain or signal level of the forward RF signal is manually controlled if the ALSC is turned off in a distribution amplifier.

How does the insertion loss value vary with the tap loss value within a full range series of taps?

The greater the tap loss (i.e., the larger the tap value), the smaller the insertion loss value.

Why are the high and low points of a resonant circuit bandwidth also known as the half-power points?

The high and low points of a resonant circuit bandwidth are also known as the half-power points, because they are 3 dB down from the peak of the voltage curve for parallel resonant circuits or the current curve for series resonant circuits.

Which output port of a three-way unbalanced hardline RF splitter supplies signal to a trunk or feeder line requiring a higher signal level?

The high output port (hot leg) of a three-way unbalanced hardline RF splitter supplies signal to a trunk or feeder line requiring a higher signal level. This distributes the available signal more effectively and can minimize the number of amplifiers in cascade.

What happens to a high voltage, low current combination carried on transmission lines when it reaches a transformer located near a power user's home?

The high voltage, low current combination carried on transmission lines is converted to a low voltage, high current combination when it reaches a transformer located near a power user's home.

What is the relationship between the amount of inductance and the cross-sectional area of the inductor?

The inductance of the inductor is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the inductor core.

What is a consequence of getting more signal out of the tap port?

The inevitable consequence of getting more signal out of the tap port is that there is less signal available for the output port.

What is the input port RF signal level for a four-way feed-through tap at 50 MHz when: (1) the preceding tap's output port signal level is 30.0 dBmV at 50 MHz; (2) the cable length between the two taps is 130 feet; and (3) the cable loss specification is 0.54 dB/100 feet at 50 MHz?

The input port RF signal level for a four-way feed-through tap is 29.3 dBmV at 50 MHz when: (1) the preceding tap's output port signal level is 30.0 dBmV at 50 MHz; (2) the cable length between the two taps is 130 feet; and (3) the cable loss specification is 0.54 dB/100 feet at 50 MHz. To calculate: (1) 0.54 dB/100 feet × 1.30 = 0.7 dB (rounded off); and (2) 30.0 dBmV - 0.7 dB = 29.3 dBmV.

What are the input port and individual customer tap port RF signal levels for an eight-way feed-through tap at 550 MHz when: (1) the preceding tap's output port signal level is 35.0 dBmV at 550 MHz; (2) the cable length between the two taps is 120 feet; (3) the cable loss specification is 1.82 dB/100 feet at 550 MHz; and (4) the tap loss is 17.8 dB at 550 MHz?

The input port RF signal level is 32.8 dBmV and the individual customer tap port RF signal level is 15.0 dBmV for an eight-way feed-through tap at 550 MHz when: (1) the preceding tap's output port signal level is 35.0 dBmV at 550 MHz; (2) the cable length between the two taps is 120 feet; (3) the cable loss specification is 1.82 dB/100 feet at 550 MHz; and (4) the tap loss is 17.8 dB at 550 MHz. To calculate the input port level: (1) 1.82 dB/100 feet × 1.20 = 2.2 dB (rounded off); and (2) 35.0 dBmV - 2.2 dB = 32.8 dBmV. To calculate customer tap port level: 32.8 dBmV - 17.8 dB = 15.0 dBmV.

What does the input voltage section of the power supply contain?

The input voltage section of the power supply contains the 115-VAC input lines, the input circuit breaker, and the input surge protection device.

If a DMM has AC voltage ranges of 200 mV, 2 V, 20 V, 200 V and 2,000 V, which ranges should be selected to measure the AC voltage into a line extender and the AC ripple?

The input voltage to a line extender can range from 30 VAC to more than 90 VAC. So use the 200 V range to measure the input AC to a line extender. The AC ripple should be less than .02 V, so the 200 mV (which is .2 V) range is best for that measurement.

What is the instantaneous value of an AC waveform?

The instantaneous value of an AC waveform is the value of a single point on the waveform at a specific moment or instant of time.

What is the purpose of the slope added by the interstage equalizer in the forward RF amplification path of a distribution amplifier?

The interstage equalizer in the forward RF amplification path of a distribution amplifier adds slope to compensate for the expected frequency-dependent cable attenuation or tilt downstream.

What is the relationship between the size of the TDR pulse width and the size of the blind spot?

The larger the TDR pulse width, the larger the blind spot.

What is the letter symbol for the inductance of an inductor?

The letter symbol for the inductance of an inductor is the capital letter L.

What is the purpose of the low-pass coil in a tap's circuitry?

The low-pass coil in a feed-through tap passes the 60 Hz AC voltage directly between the input port and the output port while blocking the higher frequency RF signals, which are instead routed through the directional coupler portion of the tap.

What additional major parts are involved in a standby power supply verses a nonstandby power supply?

The major additional parts are the bidirectional inverter and the batteries.

What is the maximum difference between each battery's voltages allowed before it should be replaced?

The maximum voltage difference between any two batteries in the string is 0.3 VDC.

How does a measuring wheel record distance?

The measuring wheel is calibrated so that each complete revolution of the wheel triggers a counter, thereby recording the distance it travels along the ground.

What type of capacitor is referred to as a trimmer, or padder capacitor?

The mica variable capacitor that changes a capacitance by changing the separation between the plates is also called a trimmer, or padder capacitor.

What is the minimum leakage level the FCC requires to be recorded and fixed?

The minimum leakage level the FCC requires to be recorded and fixed is all leaks equal to or greater than 20 μV/m.

What are the most basic parts of a transformer?

The most basic parts of a transformer are a primary winding, one or more secondary windings, and a medium between the primary and secondary windings.

What is the name and symbol for wavelength?

The name and symbol for wavelength is lambda symbolized with the Greek letter λ.

What properties of electrons and protons prevent a charge on the atom?

The number of electrons must exactly match the number of protons to avoid a charge on the atom.

Describe the ongoing monitoring and tap audit methods.

The ongoing monitoring program can discover unauthorized hookups as well as the status of a customer's service. Time-consuming but more effective is the tap audit, often a block-by-block survey of all drops that appear to be in use.

What is the role of the optical node's return optical transmitter?

The optical node's return optical transmitter collects signals from a number of homes, converts them to light, and multiplexes them back over a separate fiber strand to the headend.

What is the purpose of the optional housing port on some distribution amplifier housings?

The optional housing port found on some distribution amplifier housings is for direct AC voltage powering.

Compare the output impedances of digital and waveform TDRs.

The output impedance of digital TDRs is fixed at approximately 100 Ω, while waveform TDRs have selective output impedances.

What are the output port and individual customer tap port RF signal levels for a four-way feed-through tap at 50 MHz when: (1) the input port signal level is 29.3 dBmV at 50 MHz; (2) the insertion loss is 1.1 dB at 50 MHz; and (3) the tap loss is 20.0 dB at 50 MHz?

The output port RF signal level is 28.2 dBmV and the individual customer tap port RF signal level is 9.3 dBmV for a four-way feed-through tap at 50 MHz when: (1) the input port signal level is 29.3 dBmV at 50 MHz; (2) the insertion loss is 1.1 dB at 50 MHz; and (3) the tap loss is 20.0 dB at 50 MHz. To calculate the output port level: 29.3 dBmV - 1.1 dB = 28.2 dBmV. To calculate the customer tap port level: 29.3 dBmV - 20.0 dB = 9.3 dBmV.

What does the output voltage section of the power supply contain?

The output voltage section of the power supply contains the output surge protection, the output option connector, and the 60- or 90-VAC output lines.

What do the three filters in a power inserter permit?

The power inserter contains three filtering networks that permit the combining of the RF signals and the 60 or 90 VAC, while isolating the AC input port from the two RF/AC ports.

What is the function of the powered cable detector in a TDR?

The powered cable detector in a TDR uses the front panel digital display to indicate whether AC or DC voltage is present on the tested cable.

How are the primary and secondary coils wound in an out-of-phase transformer?

The primary and secondary coils are wound in opposite directions in an out-of-phase transformer.

What is the primary difference between AC and DC waveforms?

The primary difference between AC and DC waveforms is that the magnitude and polarity of an AC waveform changes, while the magnitude and polarity of a DC waveform does not change.

Why would the provisioning of a cable modem analyzer differ from that of a cable modem?

The provisioning of a cable modem analyzer may differ from a cable modem if there are special restrictions, permissions, or privileges assigned during provisioning to accommodate the cable modem analyzer's use throughout the network.

Define the resonant frequency of a circuit containing inductive and capacitive reactances.

The resonant frequency of a circuit containing inductive and capacitive reactances is the frequency at which the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance.

What is the function of the response control in a distribution amplifier?

The response control in a distribution amplifier flattens or removes any undesired peaks or valleys within the forward pass band frequencies.

What is different about setting up a return amplifier's output compared to setting up a forward amplifier's output level?

The return amplifier output level is set for a specified input level for the next succeeding device. The forward amplifier output level is set at a specified level, with its input adjusted accordingly.

What is a typical frequency range of reverse RF output signals for a distribution amplifier?

The reverse RF output signals for a distribution amplifier are typically in the range of 5-42 MHz.

How does the secondary coil voltage compare to the primary coil voltage in a step-up transformer, in which the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil?

The secondary coil voltage is larger than the primary coil voltage in a step-up transformer, in which the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil.

What is the purpose of the seizure screw?

The seizure screw makes a mechanical and an electrical connection between the splitter and the coaxial cable's pin connector.

What determines selection of tap value?

The selection of a tap value depends on the tap's location on the feeder cable in relation to the output of the nearest optical node or upstream bridger or line extender amplifier. In general, the closer the tap is to an amplifier's output, the higher the tap value.

What is the selectivity of a resonant circuit?

The selectivity of a resonant circuit is how well the circuit is able to select a single frequency or a group of frequencies from the entire range of frequencies applied to the circuit.

What controls the signal output level from a line extender?

The signal input and gain blocks are fixed values, so adjustment of the losses internal to the line extender is how its output levels can be adjusted using fixed attenuators, variable attenuators, and gain controls.

Where is the signal pulse in a TDR generated?

The signal pulse in a TDR is generated in the pulse generator section.

What is probably the most common AC waveform?

The sine wave is probably the most common AC waveform.

What is the splitter housing designed to minimize?

The splitter housing is designed to minimize corrosion.

What two ways can the tap's faceplate label identify a tap's value?

The tap's faceplate label can identify the tap's value by: (1) the tap value printed on the label; and (2) the color-coded label.

If a line extender has no cover, where can it be assumed that the forward input test point is located?

The test port on the left side of the line extender (lid is open and below the module), is the input forward test point and the test point to the right of module is the output forward test point.

What three kinds of information, along with leakage logs, must a cable system keep on file for two years?

The three kinds of information a cable system must keep on file for two years, in addition to leakage logs, are: (1) annual CLI calculations; (2) regular (quarterly) monitoring programs; and (3) a list of all channels used in the aeronautical bands.

List the three parts of a cable-to-F female (or BAFF) connector.

The three parts of a cable-to-F female connector are the back nut, the main nut, and the F female body.

What are the two types of inductors as classified by the type of core material?

The two types of inductors as classified by the type of core material are air-core inductors and iron-core inductors.

What is the time constant of a capacitor?

The time constant of a capacitor is the amount of time required for the capacitor to charge to 63% of its fully charged voltage.

What is the total XL of four inductors in parallel when: (1) XL1 = 20 Ω; (2) XL2 = 40 Ω; (3) XL3 = 10 Ω, and (4) XL4 = 80 Ω?

The total XL of four inductors in parallel is 5.3 Ω when: (1) XL1 = 20 Ω; (2) XL2 = 40 Ω; (3) XL3 = 10 Ω; and (4) XL4 = 80 Ω. To calculate: 1/(1/20 + 1/40 + 1/10 + 1/80) = 1/(0.05 + 0.025 + 0.1 + 0.0125) = 1/0.1875 = 5.3 Ω

What is the total XL of four inductors in series when: (1) XL1 = 20 Ω; (2) XL2 = 40 Ω; (3) XL3 = 10 Ω, and (4) XL4 = 80 Ω?

The total XL of four inductors in series is 150 Ω when: (1) XL1 = 20 Ω; (2) XL2 = 40 Ω; (3) XL3 = 10 Ω; and (4) XL4 = 80 Ω. To calculate: 20 Ω + 40 Ω + 10 Ω + 80 Ω = 150 Ω.

What is the total cable loss at -40°F of a 2,200-foot 0.750-inch cable having a typical cable loss of 1.48 dB at 750 MHz at 68°F?

The total cable loss of a 0.750 cable at -40°F is 29.04 dB. -40° - 68° = -108° -108° × 0.001 = -0.108 1.000 + (-0.108) = .892 1.48 × .892 = 1.32016 1.32016 × 22 = 29.04

How does the total capacitance of capacitors in series compare to the smallest capacitor value in that series?

The total capacitance of capacitors in series is always smaller than the smallest capacitor value in that series.

What is the total inductance of a circuit containing several inductors connected in series?

The total inductance of a circuit containing several inductors connected in series is equal to the sum of all the individual inductances.

How does the transmitter of a cable locator attach to the plant?

The transmitter typically attaches with a large alligator-type clip to any metal point that has continuity with the cable's outer sheath.

Why do trunk and feeder cables have a seamless, solid aluminum outer conductor?

The trunk and feeder cables have a solid aluminum outer conductor that contains the broadband cable frequencies to prevent egress of cable signals and ingress of unwanted over-the-air signals.

How far beyond a pin connector should the shrink tubing extend over the coaxial cable?

The tubing should overlap the coaxial cable (or the cable jacket) by at least two inches after shrinking.

In what two ways is turns ratio expressed?

The turns ratio of the transformer is expressed Np/Ns or Np:Ns.

What are the two basic categories or types of capacitors?

The two basic categories of capacitors are fixed capacitors and variable capacitors.

What are the two basic types of TDRs?

The two basic types of TDRs are digital and waveform.

Describe the two methods for inserting AC power into the broadband cable.

The two methods for inserting AC power into the cable are through a power inserter and directly into the AC power input port of an amplifier.

Why do splitters have two ports at right angles for each input and output cable?

The two right-angled ports for each input and output allow access to the splitter in either of two right‑angled directions for ease of installation in both aerial and underground situations.

Name two types of center conductor materials used in coaxial cable.

The two types of center conductor materials used in coaxial cable are solid copper and copper-clad aluminum.

What are the two types of resonant circuits used in RF devices?

The two types of resonant circuits used in RF devices are series and parallel resonant circuits.

How many RF signal input and output ports are on a typical distribution amplifier?

The typical distribution amplifier has one forward RF signal input port and two or three forward RF signal output ports.

What is the range of typical minimum return loss values for common brands of taps?

The typical minimum return loss values are 15-20 dB for the input, output, and tap ports of common brands of taps.

What type of flooding compounds are used in underground and aerial coaxial cables?

The typical underground flooding compound is low molecular weight polyisobutylene, a sticky, cold-flowing, self-healing material. Aerial cable installation may require a non-dripping asphaltic flooding compound.

What effective values are assumed in the Ohm's Law equation I = E⁄R for a resistive AC circuit?

The use of I = E ⁄ R with a resistive AC circuit assumes that the values for I and E are the effective values of the current and voltage.

What advantage does using a True Tilt Correction Network offer?

The use of the TTCN removes any slope errors that result from using incorrect reference carriers.

Define the velocity of propagation.

The velocity of propagation is the rate that RF signals travel through the coaxial cable vs. the speed that RF signals travel in free space and is specified as a percentage.

What is the voltage drop between two amplifiers of a 1,550-ft section of copper-clad PIII, 1.0-inch coaxial cable (DC loop resistance of 0.44 Ohms per 1,000 ft) conducting 5.5 amps?

The voltage drop of a 1,550-foot section of copper-clad P III 1.00-inch coaxial cable carrying 5.5 amps is 3.75 volts (.44 Ω per 1,000 ft.). 1,550 ÷ 1,000 = 1.55; 1.55 × .44 = .682 Ohms; I (5.5) × R (.682) = 3.75 V.

Describe the three types of voltage or current increases in a sine wave, square wave, and sawtooth wave AC waveforms.

The voltage or current increase is nonlinear in a sine wave, instantaneous in a square wave, and linear in a sawtooth wave AC waveform.

What is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)?

The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is the ratio of the maximum value to the minimum value alternating RMS voltage of the RF signal on the cable.

What additional layers compose the fiber cable?

There are additional layers that compose the fiber cable. Lightweight fiber strands usually are placed inside protective loose buffer tubes to reduce damage. It also can contain strength members, jackets, and armor to protect individual fibers.

List three basic TDR operating principles.

Three basic TDR operating principles are: (1) VOP factors; (2) cable radar principles; and (3) the signal pulse width.

What are three components used to route AC voltage in a distribution amplifier?

Three components used to route AC voltage in a distribution amplifier are a slow-blow fuse, a standard fuse, and a slug.

List three elements of a capacitive AC circuit.

Three elements of a capacitive AC circuit are a source, a specific amount of circuit resistance, and a capacitor with a specific amount of capacitance.

List three methods used to detect broadband cable signal leakage.

Three methods used to detect broadband cable signal leakage are: (1) using a truck equipped with a dipole antenna and a leakage field strength meter; (2) hand-held devices used as alarms to detect a signal leak; and (3) flyover reporting using aircraft to check for cable system signal leaks.

What are three types of connectors for connecting a coaxial jumper to hardline cable on a reel?

Three types of connectors for connecting a coaxial jumper to hardline cable on a reel are: (1) a combination pin connector/splice block/pin-to-F female adapter; (2) a combination pin connector/pin-to-pin splice adapter/pin-to-F female adapter; and (3) cable-to-F female (or BAFF) connector.

List three types of gain control found in distribution amplifiers

Three types of gain control found in distribution amplifiers are: (1) manual gain control; (2) automatic gain control; and (3) thermal level control.

What are three ways to locate a coaxial cable fault in the blind spot of the TDR?

Three ways to locate a coaxial cable fault in the blind spot of the TDR are: (1) connect a coaxial drop jumper that is at least as long as the blind spot to the output of the TDR and to the coaxial cable under test; (2) reduce the size of the pulse width to reduce the size of the blind spot; and (3) measure the coaxial cable from the other end.

When should the seizure screw be tightened against the connector pin?

Tighten the seizure screw only after the connector is fully installed and tightened to the device housing.

What is an easy way to check for the proper center conductor length?

To easily check for proper center conductor length, use the notch on the connector body.

To increase the customer tap port signal level in an installed tap, should the new, replacement faceplate have a larger or smaller tap value number than the original faceplate?

To increase the customer tap port signal level in an installed tap, the new replacement faceplate should have a smaller tap value number than the original faceplate.

What feature of primary ring architecture provides redundancy?

To provide redundancy, optical switches are installed at each headend and hub location. In the event of a fiber cut or electronic failure, the switch will transfer to the alternate signal path on the ring.

What coaxial cable elements affect the AC voltage amplitude?

Together, the coaxial cable's shield resistance and center conductor resistance affect the AC voltage amplitude.

What devices can be powered by the 60/90 VAC on either or both output ports of a two-way RF line splitter?

Trunk/bridger, mini bridger, distribution, system, or line extender amplifiers can be powered by the 60/90 VAC on either or both output ports of a two-way RF line splitter.

What is turns ratio?

Turns ratio is the ratio between the number of turns in the primary coil and the number of turns in the secondary coil of a transformer.

What are two common AC voltages used in cable systems?

Two common AC voltages used in cable systems are 60 and 90 volts AC.

Name two common types of fiber-optic test equipment.

Two common pieces of fiber-optic test equipment are the optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) and the optical loss test set.

What are two commonly used values for inductance?

Two common values used for inductance are millihenry (mh) and microhenry (μh).

List two forms of active piracy.

Two forms of active piracy are: (1) illegally receiving services from a connection to an innocent neighbor's unused tap port; and (2) using an illegal set-top box (black box).

What are two reasons to test new coaxial cable on the reel?

Two reasons to test new coaxial cable on the reel are: (1) to confirm the cable was not damaged during transport and delivery from the manufacturer to the cable system; and (2) to confirm the length of cable on the reel.

What types of laser diodes are used in hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) networks and why are they used?

Two types of laser diodes are used in hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) networks: lower-cost, lower-performance Fabry-Perot (F-P) lasers, and higher-cost, higher-performance distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. They are used to transmit video and data signals over longer distances with less degradation than can be achieved using coaxial cable.

Which typical over-the-air signal sources can cause a false alarm with a signal leakage detector?

Typical over-the-air signal sources that can cause a false alarm with a signal leakage detector include aircraft communication signals and ham, mobile, and government radio broadcasts.

What are the typical wavelengths or "windows" for light transmission over fiber in a cable system?

Typical wavelengths or "windows" for light transmission over fiber in cable systems are 1,310 nm (nanometers) and 1,550 nm.

How is underground cable manufactured?

Underground cable is manufactured with a protective outer jacket covering the aluminum sheath and flooding compound between the jacket and the sheath.

What would be the effect of using Channel 68 instead of Channel 78 as the reference carrier on a 550 MHz system, when setting the line extender's output slope?

Using Channel 68 (487.25 MHz) instead of Channel 78 (547.25 MHz) as the reference carrier when setting the line extender's output slope, increases the output slope from the line extender.

How do lasers use dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)?

Using DWDM, lasers transmit different types of data into the fiber network at various wavelengths simultaneously.

What is the effect of using an incorrect test point value when measuring input signal levels to a line extender?

Using an incorrect test point value when measuring input signal levels to a line extender wastes time troubleshooting incorrect input levels.

What is usually displayed on the vertical and horizontal axes of an AC waveform graph?

Usually, the voltage or current is displayed on the vertical axis and time is displayed on the horizontal axis of an AC waveform graph.

What is the phase relationship between voltage and current in a resistive AC circuit?

Voltage and current in a resistive AC circuit are always in-phase with each other.

What is the phase relationship between voltage, current, and power in a resistive AC circuit?

Voltage, current, and power are all in-phase in a resistive AC circuit.

Define wavelength.

Wavelength is the physical distance that one impulse of current travels during the time it takes to complete one cycle of the voltage waveform. It also is defined as the physical length of one cycle of the AC voltage waveform.

What happens to the individual magnetic fields of the electrons in a conductor when a DC voltage is applied?

When a DC voltage is applied to a conductor, the individual magnetic fields of the electrons combine almost instantly to create one large magnetic field extending outside of and surrounding the conductor.

What occurs when a Group 3 (acceptor) impurity, such as boron, gallium, or indium is introduced to the current?

When a Group 3 (acceptor) impurity, such as boron, gallium, or indium is introduced to the current, there is a deficiency of an electron in the (mostly) silicon lattice, which is referred to as a hole.

What causes atoms of other materials to displace some of the silicon atoms?

When a high enough temperature has been reached, atoms of other materials will displace some of the silicon atoms in the lattice.

What is reflection?

When a ray of light strikes something, such as a flower, it reflects or bounces off and spreads out in all directions. Some of that reflected light is caught by our eyes, allowing us to recognize the flower and its color.

What happens when a thermal control is installed within a strand-mounted line extender, supplied by buried underground cable?

When a thermal control is installed in a strand-mounted line extender, with buried cable on its input, the output signal from the line extender will change with temperature variations while the input signal remains constant.

Why must a technician be sure not to touch the end of a fiber when making a splice?

When making a splice, the technician must be sure not to touch the end of the fiber. If this procedure is not followed, the fiber can break off or get caught in the skin. It is almost impossible to see a tiny piece of glass (about the size of a human hair) that is lodged in the skin, and an Xray cannot find it. Undetected glass in the body can result in a very serious medical situation.

What records should be started when new headend hardware is installed?

When new headend hardware is installed, the technical staff should start a record of baseline levels and other pertinent information.

Why is it important to not exceed maximum pulling tension and minimum bend radius when placing fiber optical cable?

When placing fiber-optic cable, stressing too much or bending too tightly can cause microcracks. These cracks increase signal attenuation and eventually cause optical fiber breakage.

When adjusted to the same power level, why does a digital signal appear to be of lower amplitude than an adjacent video carrier when displayed on a spectrum analyzer?

When set to the same power level, the digital signal appears to be at a lower amplitude than the adjacent video because the digital signal is adjusted by the average power of the signal. The video signal is set using the peak envelope power of the video carrier.

What pulse width should be select first when testing coaxial cable to locate a cable fault?

When testing coaxial cable to locate a cable fault, select the shortest pulse width available first to minimize the possibility of a hidden fault in the blind spot.

Using the answer to question 6, what is the AC input voltage to the second amplifier (A2) when the AC output of the first amplifier (A1) is 55.4 VAC?

When the AC output of the first amplifier (A1) is 55.4 VAC, the AC input voltage to the second amplifier (A2) is 55.4 VAC minus the voltage drop in the cable, 3.75 VAC or 55.4 - 3.75 = 51.65 VAC.

What type of flame should your torch have for heat shrink tubing?

When using a torch to install heat shrink tubing, use the proper flow adjustment and tip for a soft or yellow bushy flame.

You can divide the RF signal distribution components of a feed-through type tap into which two portions?

You can divide the RF signal distribution components of a feed-through tap into a directional coupler portion and a splitter network portion.

Where do you install a terminating tap installed on the feeder cable?

You install a terminating tap at the end of a feeder cable run as the last tap.

When and why would you use a Schottkey Barrier Diode?

You would use a Schottkey Barrier Diode when you need fast switching time and when you need la low forward voltage drop. They are used in some logic families to speed up switching, and they are also used in power supplies and detectors to improve efficiency because of their lower forward voltage drop.

What do Zener diodes do?

Zener diodes maintain a relatively constant voltage despite varying current flowing through them. They are useful as voltage regulators or references, as well as for overvoltage protection.

How is skin effect similar to eddy currents?

Both skin effect and eddy currents are caused by the presence of AC voltages in the conductors, and both are frequency dependent.

What does a time domain reflectometer (TDR) measure?

A TDR measures the presence of and distance to cable faults.

What is the purpose of a coaxial express cable in an HFC distribution system?

A coaxial express cable allows a particular optical node to reach farther out in the distribution system.

What does a combination SLM/leakage detector measure?

A combination SLM/leakage detector incorporates the features of both an SLM and a signal leakage detector.

Define the term cycle.

A cycle is defined as one complete rotation of an armature in a generator, one complete sine wave, two alternations of any AC waveform, or 360° of angular motion.

What does a digital multimeter (DMM) measure?

A digital multimeter (or VOM) measures AC and DC voltages, resistance for continuity checks, and current.

Does a fluctuating DC waveform change in polarity and/or in magnitude?

A fluctuating DC waveform does not change in polarity, but it does change in magnitude.

What is a high pass filter?

A high-pass filter is a type of bandpass filter that passes all frequencies above a specific frequency (e.g., 50 MHz), and eliminates common path distortions, impulse noise in the return spectrum, and any other frequencies that fall below that specific frequency.

How is a rate of 4,500 cycles per minute expressed in cycles per second?

A rate of 4,500 cycles per minute is equal to 75 cycles per second. To calculate: 4,500 ⁄ 60 = 75 cps.

What is a slip ring in an AC generator consisting of a loop of wire rotated between the poles of a magnet?

A slip ring is a smooth circular band of conducting material connected to one end of the loop, in an AC generator consisting of a loop of wire rotated between the poles of a magnet.

How can a distribution system design map aid the troubleshooting process, after gathering as much information as possible about the extent of the affected area?

A system design map is used to analyze system for the device common to the customers so far affected before traveling to make additional signal status checks.

Where does the feeder system forward path start and end in a tree-and-branch design?

A tree-and-branch feeder system forward path starts at the output of the bridger amplifier module in the trunk/bridger amplifier station and ends at the tap port of an RF tap.

What term is used more commonly than "alternator" to describe an AC power source?

AC generator" is the term used more commonly than "alternator" to describe an AC power source.

What is converted by a transformer in an AC power transmission system?

AC power developed from one voltage-current combination is converted to a different voltage-current combination by a transformer in an AC power transmission system.

How is AC power transmitted in an RF tap?

AC power passes bidirectionally through the tap, but is prevented from passing through to the tap ports except by design in power-distributing taps.

Which of the three values are assumed to be effective values, unless specified otherwise, in the power equation P = EI for AC resistive circuits?

All the three values of power, voltage, and current are assumed to be effective values, unless specified otherwise, in the power equation P = EI for AC resistive circuits.

When does alternating current change direction in the conductor?

Alternating current changes direction (or alternates) in the conductor each time the potential difference applied to the ends of the conductor changes (or alternates) its polarity.

Define an AC power source.

An AC power source is a potential difference in a circuit that continually changes its polarity.

Define an AC waveform.

An AC waveform is a continuous plot of the magnitude of a current or voltage with respect to some quantity, usually time.

Where does the distribution system forward path begin and end in an HFC design?

An HFC distribution system forward path begins at the output of an RF amplifier located in the optical node and ends at the tap port of an RF tap.

What does a signal level meter (SLM) measure?

An SLM measures individual analog video and audio, and digital carrier levels.

What part of an AC waveform corresponds to a negative polarity for the voltage or current?

Any part of an AC waveform below the horizontal axis usually corresponds to a negative polarity for the voltage or current.

How are eddy currents created?

Eddy currents are created in the conductors of an AC circuit by the changing magnetic field around the conductor as alternating current flows through the conductor. The changing magnetic field induces voltages inside the conductor, and these voltages generate small currents in the conductor.

What apparent effect do eddy currents have on the power consumed in conductors in AC circuits?

Eddy currents cause eddy current loss, which combines with the ohmic resistance of the conductors to increase the power consumed in the conductors

What is the effect of eddy currents on the power consumed in the circuit?

Eddy currents dissipate some of the power present in the circuit in the form of heat.

List three mechanical forces used to turn the armature of AC generators in large-scale AC power production.

Flowing water, burning coal to produce steam, and using a nuclear reactor to produce steam are three mechanical forces used to turn the armature of AC generators in large-scale AC power production.

What effect does skin effect have on the power consumed in the conductor?

Skin effect increases the power consumed in the conductors by increasing the resistance of the conductor.

What causes skin effect?

Skin effect is caused by the voltages induced in the core of the conductor by the changing magnetic field around the conductor causing the electrons flowing in the conductor to be packed closer together nearer the surface than at the core, or center, of the conductor, as they flow through the conductor.

What is skin effect?

Skin effect is the concentration of flowing current near the surface of the conductor.

What are the three main metric prefixes associated with frequency, and what do they represent?

Kilo, mega, and giga are the three main metric prefixes associated with frequency. Kilo = 1,000, mega = 1,000,000, and giga = 1,000,000,000.

Why are large diameter wires and silver wires not commonly used to reduce resistance in power transmission circuits?

Large diameter wires and silver wires are not commonly used to reduce resistance in power transmission circuits because they cost much more than thinner, copper wires.

What is the wavelength in miles and in meters of one cycle of an AC waveform whose frequency is 1,000 Hz?

One cycle of an AC waveform whose frequency is 1,000 Hz has a wavelength of 186 miles or 300,000 meters. To calculate in miles: 186,000 miles per second/1,000 Hz = 186 miles. To calculate in meters; 300,000,000 meters per second/1,000 Hz = 300,000 meters.

What is the period of one cycle of a waveform with a frequency of 1,000 Hz?

One cycle of an AC waveform with a frequency of 1,000 Hz has a period of 0.001 seconds. To calculate: 1 cycle/1,000 Hz = 0.001 seconds.

How often are outages caused by equipment failures?

Outages caused by equipment failures generally occur less frequently than other outage categories.

What are six performance checks involved in maintaining power supplies?

Power supply performance checks include: (1) AC input voltage; (2) AC output voltage; (3) output current (amperage) draw; (4) individual battery voltages; (5) charging (float) voltages; and (6) standby switching capability.

What are six sources of outages caused by powering failures?

Powering failures include: (1) a utility power failure; (2) a tripped utility breaker; (3) spent standby battery power; (4) a blown distribution leg fuse; (5) a blown amplifier DC power supply fuse; and (6) a cable center conductor suck-out.

What is the role of splitters and directional couplers in the forward and return paths?

Splitters and directional couplers divide and route the forward RF signal transmission throughout the distribution system, and combine return-path signals arriving from separate feeder runs.

Where does the AC voltage appear in an AC generator consisting of a loop of wire rotated between the poles of a magnet?

The AC voltage appears across the gap between the ends of the loop in an AC generator consisting of a loop of wire rotated between the poles of a magnet.

What is the decrease in the amount of power wasted as heat when the current is cut in half in a transmission line?

The amount of power wasted as heat is cut to one-fourth of the original amount of heat loss when the current is cut in half in a transmission line.

What is the relationship between eddy currents loss and the frequency of the current in an AC circuit?

The amount of the eddy currents loss due to eddy currents in the conductors of an AC circuit is directly proportional to the frequency of the current flowing through the conductors.

How do frequency and cable size affect the attenuation of a broadband signal?

The attenuation of a broadband signal increases with higher frequencies and decreases with larger cable size.

What is the average value of one complete cycle of a sine wave whose peak voltage value is +5 volts?

The average value of one complete cycle of any AC waveform is zero because the symmetry of AC waveforms causes the sum of the positive and negative average values to equal zero.

What is the power consumed by coaxial cable loop resistance when: (1) the current of the coaxial cable circuit is 8 amperes; and (2) the loop resistance of the coaxial cable is 1.07 ohms?

The power consumed by coaxial cable loop resistance is 68.48 watts when: (1) the current of the coaxial cable circuit is 8 amperes; and (2) the loop resistance of the coaxial cable is 1.07 ohms. To calculate: (8 amperes)2 × 1.07 ohms = 64 × 1.07 = 68.48 watts.

What is the left-hand rule?

The left-hand rule states that when the index finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb points in the direction that the conductor moves through a magnetic field, the middle finger points in the direction that the electromotive force causes the current to flow.

What is the mathematical equation that expresses Ohm's Law for a resistive AC circuit at any instant of time?

The mathematical equation that expresses Ohm's Law for a resistive AC circuit at any instant of time is i(t) = e(t) ⁄ R, or i = e ⁄ R.

What are measurement applications for using SLMs, DMMs, TDRs, leakage detectors, and combination leakage detectors?

The measurement applications include: (1) balancing amplifier (bridger, distribution, and line extender) output levels (SLM); (2) verifying system and amplifier power supply operation (DMM); (3) identifying cut or damaged cable spans (TDR); (4) identifying sources of ingress (signal leakage detector, SLM); and (5) monitoring and measuring signal leakage (egress) for system CLI reporting (combination SLM/leakage detector).

What are three groups of outage causes associated with cut or damaged cables?

The outage groups are: (1) cables cut by underground digging equipment (a backhoe, a trencher, a post-hole digger, a shovel, etc); (2) aerial cable damaged by lightning or downed power lines; and (3) downed aerial cable due to traffic accidents or severe weather.

When are the outputs of two AC generators in-phase?

The outputs of two AC generators are in-phase if they achieve their maximum magnitude at the same time.

What is the peak value of an AC waveform?

The peak value of an AC waveform is another name for the amplitude of the waveform. It is defined as the vertical distance between the most positive or most negative level on the waveform and the horizontal axis.

What is the peak-to-peak value of an AC waveform?

The peak-to-peak value of an AC waveform is the vertical distance between the positive and negative peaks of the waveform.

What type of relationship exists between period and frequency?

The period of one cycle of an AC waveform is inversely proportional to the frequency of that waveform.

What is the phase angle of a point on a waveform?

The phase angle of a point on a waveform is the amount of time in degrees that it takes the waveform to change from the 0° reference point to that point on the waveform.

What is the power consumed by the load resistance when: (1) the voltage across the load resistance is 7 volts; and (2) the load resistance is 35 ohms?

The power consumed by the load resistance is 1.4 watts when: (1) the voltage across the load resistance is 7 volts; and (2) the load resistance is 35 ohms. To calculate: (7 volts)2/35 ohms = 49/35 = 1.4 watts.

What is the power loss in the conductors when: (1) the circuit current is 0.8 amperes; (2) the resistance of the conductors is 3 ohms; and (3) eddy current loss and skin-effect loss are considered equal to zero?

The power loss in the conductors is 1.92 watts when: (1) the circuit current is 0.8 amperes; (2) the resistance of the conductors is 3 ohms; and (3) eddy current loss and skin-effect loss are considered equal to zero. To calculate: (0.8 amperes)2 × 3 ohms = 0.64 × 3 = 1.92 watts.

How is power loss due to conversion to heat proportional to the current and resistance in a transmission line?

The power lost due to conversion to heat in a transmission line is directly proportional to the amount of resistance and to the current squared.

What is the main difference between the waveforms of voltage, current, and power in a resistive AC circuit?

The power waveform in a resistive AC circuit has no negative attenuation and no negative peak, as do the voltage and current waveforms.

What are the three main components of a typical standby power supply?

The three main components of a standby power supply are: (1) a ferroresonant transformer that supplies the output voltage; (2) a set of batteries acting as a backup power source; and (3) an AC inverter that converts the DC battery backup power to a 60 or 90 VAC output.

What are three principle characteristics that define an AC waveform?

The three principle characteristics that define an AC waveform are: (1) frequency; (2) wavelength; and (3) amplitude.

What is the value of the current when: (1) the effective voltage is 20 volts; (2) the resistance of the source is 4 ohms; (3) the resistance of the conductors is 2 ohms; and (4) the resistance of the load is 10 ohms?

The value of the current is 1.25 amps when: (1) the effective voltage is 20 volts; (2) the resistance of the source is 4 ohms; (3) the resistance of the conductors is 2 ohms; and (4) the resistance of the load is 10 ohms. To calculate: 20 volts / (4 ohms + 2 ohms + 10 ohms) = 20/16 = 1.25 amps.

How are the terms "lead" and "lag" used to describe two out-of-phase waveforms?

The waveform or generator output that completes a cycle first "leads" the other waveform or output, while the output or waveform that completes a cycle after the other "lags" the other output or waveform.

How are true AC waveforms symmetrical?

True AC waveforms are symmetrical about the horizontal axis.

Name four common true AC waveforms.

Four common true AC waveforms are the sine wave, the square wave, the sawtooth wave, and the quasi-square wave.

Define frequency.

Frequency is defined as the number of cycles that an armature turns, or the number of cycles of an AC waveform that occur, in one second.

Convert the following values to peak-to-peak values: A. A peak voltage value, Epk = 5.5 volts B. An average voltage value, Eav = 15.9 volts C. An effective current value, IEFF = 1.061 amperes D. An RMS current value, IRMS = 2.123 amperes

The converted peak-to-peak values are: (A) 11 volts; (B) 50 volts; (C) 3 amperes; and (D) 6 amperes. To calculate: (A) 2 × 5.5 volts = 11 volts peak-to-peak; (B) 2 × (15.9 volts/0.636) = 50 volts, or 2 × 1.57 × 15.9 = 50 volts peak-to-peak; (C) 2 × (1.061 amperes/0.707) = 3 amperes peak‑to-peak, or 2 × 1.414 × 1.061 amperes = 3 amperes peak-to-peak; and (D) 2 × 1.414 × 2.123 amperes = 6 amperes peak-to-peak.

What is represented by the distance between any point on an AC waveform and the horizontal axis?

The distance between any point on an AC waveform and the horizontal axis corresponds to the magnitude of the voltage or current with respect to that instant of time.

What is the distinction between a line extender amplifier and a distribution amplifier?

The distinction is a line extender, which has a single output port and a distribution amplifier, or minibridger, which has multiple output ports (typically three ports; a through-port and two auxiliary output ports).

What is the equation for calculating the effective value of a sine wave?

The equation for calculating the effective value of a sine wave is: Effective value = 0.707 × peak value.

What is the equation for calculating the average value of any sine wave?

The equation for determining the average value of any sine wave is: Average value = 0.636 × peak value.

What are the differing forward-path transmission bandwidths for traditional tree-and-branch and HFC architectures?

The feeder system in a traditional tree-and-branch architecture supplies the forward signal up to a 50-550 MHz pass band, and the distribution system in an HFC network transmits the forward signal up to a 50-1,000 MHz pass band.

What comprises the impedance of a coaxial cable or a device (connector, passive, etc.)?

The impedance comprises the combined effects of a coaxial cable's or a device's resistance, inductance, and capacitance.