Nervous System PCB LAB

epidural space

Cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater; anesthetics often injected here

in cross section, the gray matter is shaped like the letter

H

sympathethic nervous system

fight or flight

the adult spinal cord extends from the ___ of the skull to as far as the vertebra ___

foramen magnum; L1-L2

Astrocytes

form blood brain barrier

broca's area

formation of words occur in this specific cortical area

cluster of neuronal bodies in PNS

ganglion

brain stem is composed of the

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

arachnoid mater

middle layer of the meninges

the white matter of the spinal cord is composed of ___ axons that allow communication between different parts of the ___

mostly myelinated; spinal cord and brain

the axon hillock is also known as the

trigger zone

temporal

region of brain in which conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli occurs

medulla oblongata

relay sensory info to the thalamus and to other portions of brain; Also contains centers for regulation of visceral functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive

autonomic nervous system

responsible for control of bodily functions not consciously directed such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestive processes

pons

responsible for relaying sensory info to the cerebellum and thalamus and contains subconscious somatic & visceral motor centers

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest

ciliospinal reflex

sympathetic

meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

lateral gray horn portion receive

visceral motor commands

axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

How many pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain

12

how many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord

31

dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information

integrative

CNS processes sensory info by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses

hydrocephalus

CSF buildup

Flow of CSF through ventricles

Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, aqueduct of the midbrain, fourth ventricle

Microglia

Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

mesencephalon

area of the brain which controls the processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, and maintenance of consciousness

Box 4

axon

Box 3

axon hillock

in most neurons, action potentials arise at the

axon hillock

Box 5

axon terminal

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord, source of thoughts, emotions, and memories

nervous system consists of the

brain, spinal cord, nerves

nerve

bundle of axons in PNS

commissural fibers

carry information from one side of spinal cord to other

descending fibers

carry motor instructions from the brain and spinal cord to stimulate contraction of the body's muscles and secretion from its glands

ascending fibers

carry sensory information from the sensory neurons of the body up to the brain

Box 2

cell body

a typical neuron has

cell body, dendrites, axon

subdural hematoma

collection of blood under the dura mater

axon hillock

connection between axon and cell body

corpus callosum

connects left and right sides of brain allowing communication between both hemispheres

Occipital

conscious perception of visual stimuli is processed in this lobe

dorsal horn

consists entirely of interneurons which receive info from sensory neurons

ventral and lateral horns

contain cell bodies of motor neurons that send their axons out of the spinal cord via the ventral roots to supply muscles and glands

subarachnoid space

contains CSF

cell body (soma)

contains nucleus, control center of the neuron

stimulation of the effectors cuases musces to ___ and glands to ___

contract; secrete

motor receptors

conveyed from the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

somatic nervous system

conveys output from CNS to skeletal muscles only; voluntary

cerebellum

coordinates somatic motor patterns and adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord

Box 1

dendrites

Sensory receptors

detect external or internal stimuli, info conveyed through cranial and spinal nerves of PNS into brain and spinal cord of CNS

frontal/coronal

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

alcohol consumption leads to changes in density of

endolymph

synaptic end bulb

expanded distal end of an axon terminal that contains synaptic vesicles

Two major cell types

glial cells (more numerous) and neurons

satellite cells

help regulate and stabilize environment around neuronal cell bodies present in ganglia

Jendrassik maneuver

hooks fingers together and try to pull hands apart. Enhances knee jerk reflex when patellar ligament is tapped

Wernicke's aphasia

inability to comprehend speech

Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system

increase heart rate

thalamus

inside the brain; relay and processing center for sensory info

In spinal cord, gray matter is _____ & white matter is _____

inside, outside

Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex

ipsilateral reflex

Around the thorcic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord, there is a presence of small lateral arms that are called

lateral horns

ependymal

line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord; CSF

gray matter of spinal cord consists of a mixture of

neuronal cell bodies

cluster of neuronal bodies in CNS

nucleus

Cerebrum

one of the more complex parts of brain which generates thought processes and intellectual functions; Responsible for storage and processing of memory and regulates conscious and subconscious skeletal muscle contractions

In brain, gray matter is _____ & white matter is _____

outside; inside

papillary reflex

parasympathetic nervous system

hippocampus

part of limbic system that is concerned w/ organization and storage of memories

pituitary gland

part of the brain found within the sella turcica involved in the regulation of other endocrine glands

Broca's aphasia (expressive aphasia)

patients can comprehend language, but cannot produce language

innermost to outermost meninges

pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid mater, subdural space, dura mater

frontal lobe

planning, complex movements, elaboration of thoughts occur here

Oligodendrocytes

produce myelin in CNS

Schwann cells

produce myelin in PNS

what muscles contract and relax as a result of jendrassik manuever?

quadriceps contract; hamstrings relax

the posterior gray horn portion receive

sensory commands

nervous system functions

sensory, integrative, motor

Parasaggital

separates the body into unequal right and left parts

Neurons of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

slow down heart rate

the anterior gray horn portion receive both

somatic and visceral motor commands

subdural space

space between dura mater and arachnoid mater

parietal lobe

spatial coordination of the body and its surroundings occurs in this region of the brain

wernicke's area

specific cortical area of the brain in which language comprehension intelligence occurs

dura mater

strongest outer layer of the meninges

limbic system

structure that contains the amygdala and the hippocampus establishes emotional states, facilitations of memory storage & retrieval, and liking of conscious functions of the autonomic nervous system

pineal gland

structure that produces melatonin and helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulation of reproductive hormones

Box 6

synaptic end bulb

axon terminals

terminal branch of an axon that ends with a synaptic end bulb

hypothalamus

the center that controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production

pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

the spinal cord consists of an outer region of ___ matter and an inner region of ___ matter

white; gray