Nervous System test 2

location: fourth ventricle

-brain stem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata -cerebellum

location: third ventricle

-diencephalon: (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

cerebral hemisphere (cerebrum)

*HANDOUT* 1) elevated ridges of tissue called gyri 2) separated by grooves is called a fissure (BOTH ANATOMICALLY AND SURGICALLY IMPORTANT) -cerebrum divided into lobes and are names according to the cranial bones that they lie over them

Cerebellar Peduncles

-cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by three pairs of nerve tracts called peduncles 1) a pair of inferior peduncle 2) a pair of middle peduncle 3) a pair of superior peduncle: sends impulses to the midbrain-->pons-->medulla oblongata-->spinal cord

location: lateral ventricles

-cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

Functions of major brain region: Cerebral Hemisphere

-cortical gray matter -basal nuclei (ganglia)

epithalamus

-forms the roof of the third ventricle -contains: *pineal body (gland)*-->part of the endocrine system -contains: *choroid plexus*-->where CSF is formed

Cerebellum

-large like cauliflower and also has TWO hemispheres -composed primarily of white matter with a thin layer of gray matter--> cerebellar cortex -provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity -controls balance and equilibrium (keeps body movement smooth and coordinated) by controlling: skeletal muscles, tenons, inner ear, and eye. -when they (action) are needed, it sends a message to initiate the appropriate corrective measures -anterior lobe and posterior lobe(contains the vermis)

cortical gray matter

-localizes and interprets *sensory inputs* -control voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity -functions in intellectual and emotional processing

Functions of major brain region: brain stem

-midbrain -pons -medulla oblongata -reticular formation

Frontal lobes

-motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles -->association areas carry on higher intellectual processes such as those required for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging the consequences of behavior

hypothalamus

-plays part in the role of regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism -it is also the center for many drives and emotions: appetite, sex, thirst, pain, pleasure *also known as the Emotional-visceral Brain*

Functions of a major brain region: cerebellum

-processes information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors, and visual and equilibrium pathways -provides "instructions" to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers, resulting in smooth coordinated skeletal muscle movements -responsible for proper balance and posture

thalamus

-relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation -relays impulses between cerebral motor cortex and lower (subcortical) motor centers, including cerebellum -involved in memory processing

Temporal lobes

-sensory areas are responsible for hearing -->association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patters

Parietal lobes

-sensory areas are responsible for the sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain involving the skin -->association areas function in understanding speech and in using words to express thoughts and feelings

occipital lobes

-sensory areas are responsible for vision -->association areas combine visual images with other sensory experiences

Thalamus

-station for sensory impulses, passing upward to the sensory cortex -where--> interpretation of the senses is done -encloses third ventricle

basal nuclei (ganglia)

-subcortical motor centers -help control skeletal muscle movements

Functions of major brain region: diencephalon

-thalamus -hypothalamus -limbic system

BASAL NUCLEI/BASAL GANGLIA

-these are several islands/patches of gray matter, buried deep within the white matter of Cerebral Hemispheres -FUNCTION: they help to regulate voluntary motor activity (skeletal muscle) *Important in motor coordination* *basal nuclei->caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and lentiform nucleus)*

LOBES

1) Frontal lobe (X2) 2) Parietal lobe (X2) 3) Occipital lobe (X2) 4) Temporal lobe (X2) -p.432

FISSURES

1) Longitudinal fissure 2) Central fissure (separates frontal and parietal) 3) Peri-occipital fissure (X2) (separates parietal from occipital) 4) Lateral fissure (separates temporal from all three lobes)

Brain Stem

1) midbrain 2) pons 3) medulla oblongata -about the size of a thumb: 3 inches long FUNCTIONS: 1) provides a pathway for ascending and descending tracts 2) control of vital activities (breathing/blood pressure) 3) controls conciousness and awake/sleep pattern by neurons of reticular formation *damage to those neurons--> coma I*

Functions of the cerebral cortex's neurons (some might love emily cuz she values music)

1) speech 2) memory 3) logical and emotional responses 4) consciousness 5) interpretation of sensation 6) voluntary movement

Diencephalon (interbrain)

1) thalamus 2) hypothalamus 3) epithalamus -cerebral hemisphere -cerebral aqueduct -corpora quadrigemina -fourth ventricle -choroid plexus -pons

Four parts of brain

1)cerebrum 2)diencephalon 3)brain stem 4)cerebellum +some cavities-->ventricles *the ventricles contain CSF: cerebral spinal fluid

Reticular formation

A functional system: -helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity by motor nuclei

limbic system

A functional system: -includes cerebral and diencephalon structures -mediates emotional response -involved in memory processing

medulla oblongata

Conduction pathways between higher brain centers and spinal cord -relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors through nuclei cuneatus and gracilis -contains visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing etc. -contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII-XII

midbrain

conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers -contains visual(superior colliculi) and auditory(inferior colliculi) reflex centers -contains subcortical motor centers -contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV -contains projection fibers

pons

conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers -relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum -cooperates with the medullary respiratory centers to control *respiratory rate and depth* -contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII -contains projection fibers