NET-122 (TestOut Chapter 6)

Resource Control

Resource control allows you to analyze each VM's host resource usage. Resource control uses: A percentage of total system resources measured by how many processors are assigned to the computer. Relative weight to determine how CPU resources are distributed between the VMs. A higher weight indicates that the VM should receive more resources.

Resource Metering

Resource metering measures the assigned resources and the actual usage of the assigned resources on a virtual machine. Resource metering: Allows an administrator to track VM statistics. Is enabled using the Enable-VMResourceMetering PowerShell cmdlet. Monitors and generates reports on VM resource usage. Use the Measure-VM cmdlet to monitor usage on a VM. For example, to collect usage statistics for the VM named Sales1, enter Measure-VM -VMName Sales1 You can retrieve a list of all the resources being measured and then pipe the list into a Measure -VM command to determine usage of those resources values. For example, to get usage values for all resources being used on the Sales1 VM, enter Get-VM Sales1 | Measure-VM | select *

Server Consolidation Report

The server consolidation report provides a detailed inventory of all the Windows servers--and Linux servers, for that matter--on your network and the potential efficiency that would be gained by consolidating them into fewer physical servers, using Hyper-V.

Time Synchronization

The time synchronization service provides you with the ability to synchronize the virtual machine's time with the time on the host. If you're dealing with a domain, this is extremely important because time is very sensitive when you're working in a domain environment, so you need to make sure that your virtual machine's time is synced up with the host time and with the time on your domain controller.

Convert option

This basically allows you to convert a VHD virtual hard disk file to a VHDX hard disk file or vice versa.

Operating System Shutdown Parameter

This basically provides a mechanism you can use to shut down the operating system of a virtual machine from the management interface over here, such as in Hyper-V Manager or in a Hyper-V connection window. This allows you to shut down the virtual machine without actually having to log on to the virtual machine and initiate a shutdown from within the virtual machine itself.

Get-VmHostAssignableDevice cmdlet

This cmdlet allows a device to be checked to make sure that it is available for an assignment to the virtual machine once it's dismounted.

checkpoint-vm cmdlet

This cmdlet allows you to create checkpoints for virtual machines.

Add-VmAssignableDevice device cmdlet

This cmdlet allows you to have full access on the virtual machine for the hardware device.

Dismount-VmHostAssignableDevice cmdlet

This cmdlet dismounts the physical device from a physical host.

Get-PnPDeviceProperty cmdlet

This cmdlet is used to view detailed information about a particular piece of PnP hardware in the system.

get-VMNetworkAdapter cmdlet

This cmdlet will provide information about the virtual network adapter installed in a particular virtual machine.

Turn Off the Virtual Machine

This is a very bad option because it will do a hard shutoff of the VM, which could potentially corrupt the operating system.

Compact option

This option is very useful for dynamically expanding virtual hard disk files because, remember, as space is needed for that virtual hard disk file, the hypervisor over here, the Hyper-V hypervisor will continually add space to that VHD file. t's going to grow, and grow, and grow until it reaches the maximum. However, if you delete data from the virtual machine's hard disk, that file does not shrink in size. Therefore, you might have space allocated to that virtual hard disk file that's not actually being used or is even necessary.

Virtual Machine Limit

This restricts how much of the assigned processor capacity that the virtual machine is allowed to consume. The valid values range is from 0 to 10,000.

Trusted Platform Module (TPM)

This will provide TPM services for the virtual machine.

Bandwidth Management

This works in much the same way as the Storage Quality of Service. In essence, we can throttle the bandwidth used by this network adapter to keep it from hogging all the bandwidth available away from other virtual machines.

remove-vmsnapshot cmdlet

When you use this cmdlet, you need to specify the name of the cmdlet, which, as you can see here, can sometimes be really long.

-VMname parameter

With this cmdlet, you need to use the -VMname parameter and specify the name of the VM that you want to create a checkpoint from. Let's do this with Ubuntu14.

Discrete Device Assignment (DDA)

A Hyper-V feature that allows a virtual machine the direct access to the physical hardware devices within the host.

Virtual Hard Disk (VHD)

A file that is created within the host operating system and simulates a hard disk for the virtual machine.

1. Virtualization is the ability to install and run multiple operating systems concurrently on a single physical machine. Windows virtualization includes several standard components. Drag the component on the left to the appropriate description on the right. (Each component can be used once, more than once, or not at all.)

A file that resides within the host operating system and serves a storage device for the virtual machine. Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) A thin layer of software that resides between the guest operating system and the hardware. Hypervisor The guest operating system that is a software implementation of a computer that executes programs. Virtual Machine The host operating system that has hardware, such as storage devices, RAM, and a motherboard. Physical Machine Appears to be a self-contained and autonomous system. Virtual Machine Allows virtual machines to interact with the hardware without going through the host operating system. Hypervisor

Virtual Machine

A guest operating system that is a software implementation of a computer that executes programs like a physical machine. The virtual machine appears to be a self-contained and autonomous system.

Physical Machine

A host operating system running on physical hardware, such as the hard disk drive(s), optical drive, RAM, and motherboard.

Pass-through Disk

A physical hard disk on a host machine that is used by a virtual machine as a storage device.

Hardware-Assisted Virtualization

A setting usually made in the BIOS or UEFI that enables efficient virtualization use of the hardware environment.

Checkpoint

A snapshot of the state of a virtual machine.

Virtual Networking

A technology that facilitates data communication between two or more virtual machines.

Hypervisor

A thin layer of software that resides between the guest operating system and the physical hardware allowing virtual machines to interact with the hardware without going through the host operating system.

Differencing Disk

A virtual hard disk (VHD) that stores changes made to another VHD or to the guest operating system so that, if necessary, the changes can be reversed.

Isolation

A virtual machine can be isolated from the physical network to allow testing to be performed without impacting the production environment. This is called sandboxing. Sandboxed virtual machines offer an environment where malware can be executed with minimal risk to equipment and software. Virtual machines that are isolated in this fashion are isolated from many kinds of security threats. To allow the virtual machines to communicate with each other while isolating them from the production network, perform the following: Create a new virtual switch configured for host-only (internal) networking. Connect the virtual network interfaces in the virtual machines to the virtual switch.

Get-vm cmdlet

All this cmdlet does is display a listing of all the virtual machines currently defined on the hypervisor.

Microsoft Assessment and Planning (MAP) Toolkit

An agentless inventory assessment and reporting tool used to assess network environments to determine which hosts are good candidates for virtualization with Hyper-V. MAP has three different reports: Server Consolidation VM Discovery Report Microsoft Workload Discovery

Disadvantages of virtualization include the following:

An attack on the host machine could compromise all guest machines operating on that host. A bottleneck or failure of any hardware component that is shared between multiple guests, such as a failure in a disk subsystem, could affect multiple virtual machines. While administration is centralized, virtualization is a newer technology and requires new skills, and managing virtual servers could add complexity. Security considerations for a virtual machine should be the same as for physical machines. For both the host and all guest machines, be sure to: Reduce the number of services running. Apply patches and updates regularly. Install antivirus and other security software. Implement backups or other data protection solutions.

6. You need to create a snapshot of a virtual machine currently running on a Windows Server Hyper-V host. The server was installed using a Server Core installation, so you must do this from the command line within a PowerShell window. Which cmdlet should you use to do this?

Checkpoint-VM

3. You need to be able to access a partner organization's network using a VPN connection from within a Windows virtual machine running on a Windows server. However, the VPN connection requires a smart card for authentication. In order to connect, you need to redirect the smart card from the local physical hardware to the virtual machine. Click the option in the Hyper-V settings on the server you can use to enable this.

Click on Enhanced Session Mode Policy

7. You are managing a Windows Server 2016 virtual machine on a Hyper-V hypervisor host. Dynamic Memory is enabled in the virtual machine's configuration. The virtual machine will run several Web applications that are known to create system memory utilization spikes during heavy use. Because Dynamic Memory is enabled, you are concerned that memory could be unallocated from this virtual machine and reallocated to another, resulting in insufficient memory. You need to ensure that some physical RAM is held in reserve to prevent this from happening. Click the option you would use in the virtual machine's memory configuration to do this.

Click on Memory Buffer

Disable-PnPDevice cmdlet

Disable-PnPDevice cmdlet is used to disable a physical PnP device.

Discrete Device Assignment

Discrete Device Assignment (DDA) is a Hyper-V feature that allows you to give a VM direct access to physical hardware devices within the host itself. Using DDA allows the VM to completely bypass the Hyper-V virtualization layer and access the physical hardware directly. This can dramatically improve performance. DDA can only be configured with PCIe devices, such as a video board GPU. To configure DDA, use the cmdlets found within the PnPDevice module in PowerShell: Disable-PnpDevice: Used to disable a physical PnP device. Enable-PnpDevice: Used to enable a physical PnP device. Get-PnpDevice: Used to display information about PnP devices. Get-PnpDeviceProperty: Used to view detailed information about a PnP device.

Inspect option

Displays information about a VHD file.

Dynamically Expanding Memory

Dynamically expanding memory maximizes the amount of memory a VM is allowed to use. Dynamically expanding memory allows you to: Specify a range of memory that can be allocated to each virtual machine. Indicate machines to which extra memory can be allocated. The total amount of memory allocated to the host and all virtual machines cannot exceed the amount of physical memory available. Configure memory settings for: Startup RAM, the memory required to start the virtual machine. Minimum RAM, the minimum amount of memory to be assigned to the virtual machine. Maximum RAM, the maximum amount of memory available to the virtual machine. Memory Buffer, the memory assigned to the virtual machine compared to the amount of memory needed by the applications and services running in the virtual machine. A buffer is created only if there is enough physical memory available. A buffer is created only if there is enough physical memory available. Memory weight, the distribution of memory among virtual machines.

Enable-PnPDevice cmdlet

Enable-PnpDevice is a Powershell cmdlet command that enables a PnP device.

10. You need to view resource usage for a Hyper-V virtual machine named AccServer that is running on a Windows Server system. Before you can actually retrieve resource usage information, you first need to turn resource metering on for the virtual machine. Which PowerShell command can you use to do this?

Enable-VMResourceMetering -VMName AccServer

Enhanced Session Mode

Enhanced Session Mode allows you to redirect local resources to a virtual machine session. In Enhanced Session mode, you can redirect resources using a Remote Desktop Connection session using the virtual machine bus. This eliminates the need for a network connection. Resources you can redirect to the virtual machine include: Smart cards Clipboard USB devices Audio Printers To enable Enhanced Session Mode, right-click the server in Hyper-V Manager, select Hyper-V Settings, and then select the Allow enhanced session mode checkbox under Enhanced Session Mode Policy.

stop-vm cmdlet

Essentially, what this cmdlet does is send the command to shut down to the guest operating system of the virtual machine.

Supported Features

Generation 2 virtual machines support the following features: PXE boot using a standard network adapter Boot from a SCSI virtual hard disk Boot from a SCSI virtual DVD Secure Boot UEFI firmware support

Hardware

Hardware support in Generation 2 virtual machines include the following: Virtual SCSI controllers and devices replace IDE controllers and devices. UEFI firmware replaces legacy BIOS. UEFI provides Secure Boot. Synthetic network adapters replace legacy network adapters and provide IPv4 and IPv6 network boot. There is no floppy controller support. The following components are no longer required: PCI bus Programmable interrupt controller (PIC) Programmable interval timer (PIT) Super I/O device

6.1.10 The Hyper-V role in Windows Server enables you to create and manage virtual machines (VMs). Be aware of the following Hyper-V details: Hyper-V can be installed on a Desktop Experience installation of Windows Server or a Server Core installation. When you add the Hyper-V role using Server manager, the hypervisor software and the hypervisor management tools are installed. Running virtual machines (VMs) significantly increases hardware resource utilization on the server. Accordingly, consider implementing the following best practices to maximize the system resources available for virtualization: Consider implementing a dedicated hypervisor host by installing only the Hyper-V role on the server. No other roles should be installed. Consider implementing Hyper-V on a Server Core installation. The Hyper-V Manager console allows you to create a VM, import a VM, configure switches, and perform other management tasks. Hyper-V Manager can be run on the local server desktop (for Desktop Experience installations) or remotely (for Server Core installations).

Hyper-V has the following hardware requirements: A 64-bit processor that includes hardware-assisted virtualization System hardware (UEFI or BIOS) that supports the virtualization hardware, including: Hardware-assisted virtualization (Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel-VT) or AMD Virtualization (AMD-V) technology) Second Level Address Translation Technology (SLATT) VM Monitor Mode extensions Hardware-enforced Data Execution Prevention (DEP) Intel: Execute Disable Bit (XD) AMD: No-Execute age-protection (NX) Bit Enough physical RAM to support multiple virtual machines You may need to enable some of these features in the BIOS or UEFI configuration before installing Hyper-V. You should know the following about installing Hyper-V: Hyper-V can be installed on 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows Server running Standard or Datacenter editions (including their respective Server Core installations). Hyper-V is installed as a role through Server Manager (or using PowerShell on a Server Core deployment). As you implement Hyper-V, keep in mind the following considerations for the host system:

Integration Services

Hyper-V products includes special software called Integration Services that is installed within the guest operating system to provide features that improve the manageability and performance of the virtual machine. This software is installed within the guest operating system, not the host. The software improves guest operating system performance, and provides better mouse integration, optimized video drivers, and time synchronization with the host operating system. Depending on the guest operating system version, the additional software might be installed automatically.

Expand option

If you have a VHD file-- ours is currently set to 40 gig--and you have consumed all of that space, you can actually make it bigger.

2. You are the network administrator for northsim.com. The network consists of a single Active Directory domain. The company has offices throughout the United States and internationally. You have two Windows servers named HV1 and HV2 that are located in the New York office. Both servers have the Hyper-V role installed. Both servers have quad core processors and 16 GB of RAM. HV1 hosts two virtual machines named APP1 and APP2: APP1 hosts an application used heavily by users in New York. APP2 hosts an application used heavily by users in London. During the day, you observe poor performance on APP1 due to a shortage of memory. During the evening, APP1 performs fine. However, APP2 experiences poor performance during peak business hours in London due to a shortage of memory. There are no empty slots to add memory to the server, and management does not have budget to upgrade HV1 for at least 6 months. You need to improve performance for APP1 and APP2 using the least amount of administrative effort. What should you do?

Implement Dynamic Memory in the properties of APP1 and APP2.

Bridge Networking

In bridge networking, your virtual machines connect directly to your physical network segment as if they were individual hosts.

Host-Only Mode

In host-only mode, we basically define a virtual network right here that runs only inside the RAM of the hypervisor computer itself.

Integration Services

Integration Services allows the VM to interact with the host system. Integration Services provides: Drivers that enable the guest OS to interact with the host and the host hardware. If you are having hardware issues with the VM, re-install Integration Services using the Integration Services Setup Disk. Settings to control how the VM and host machine interact: Operating system shutdown allows the host machine to gracefully shut down the VM when the host is being rebooted. Time synchronization allows the VM to set its time based on the host time. Data Exchange allows the host and the VM to exchange management information. Heartbeat sends a signal from the VM to the host that allows the host to determine if a VM is working properly or if a VM has locked up or crashed. Backup, referred to as a volume snapshot, enables online backups of the Hyper-V VM.

Integration Services

Integration Services basically allows the Windows operating system or any other operating system you might have installed inside of a virtual machine to play well with the virtual hardware provided by Hyper-V. Understand that when you initially install Windows it could, if it wanted to, just use its native built-in drivers to communicate with the virtual hardware inside of the virtual machine. That works just fine except the performance is really, really poor. What you need are optimized services and drivers that are designed specifically to work with Hyper-V virtual hardware.

9. You need to view resource usage for a Hyper-V virtual machine named AccServer that is running on a Windows Server system. Which PowerShell command can you use to do this?

Measure-VM -VMName AccServer

2. Virtualization offers several advantages for server administrators. As an administrator, your job can be made easier because of the several tasks you can perform on or with a virtual machine instead of on a physical machine. The advantages of virtualization can be organized into the categories listed on the left. Drag the advantage category on the left to the task that matches it on the right. (Each category can be used once, more than once, or not at all.)

Move many physical servers onto a few host servers with many virtual machines. Server Consolidation Verify updates and patches before rolling them out into the production environment. Testing Functions Create a sandboxed environment where malware can be executed with minimal risk to equipment and software. Isolation Move virtual machines between hypervisor hosts as needed. Flexibility Create a lab environment that mirrors your production network to see how an application runs before putting it into production. Testing Functions Migrate an older operating system off of aging hardware and into a virtual machine. Server Consolidation

Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) Spanning

NUMA stands for non-uniform memory access, and it is, really, a system architecture that's used with multiprocessor systems.

CPU

Newer processors include virtualization support in the processor hardware. When purchasing CPUs for the host machine, look for processors that include hardware assisted virtualization support, labeled as follows: Intel VT (Virtualization Technology) AMD-V (AMD Virtualization)

4. You want to implement Hyper-V so you can create a lab environment that mirrors your production network for testing applications before deploying them into your production environment. You're planning on having four virtual Windows Servers in this lab environment. You plan to use a file server already in production to create your first Hyper-V host system. You have a system with the following specifications and OS installed: A 64-bit processor with second-level address translation (SLAT). VM monitor mode extensions. UEFI that supports virtualization with the following features: Hardware-assisted virtualization with Intel VT. Data Execution Prevention (DEP) enabled with Intel Execute Disable Bit (XD). 64 GB RAM. Windows Server 2016 Standard edition with the Server Core deployment. Is this system a good choice for hosting your lab environment?

No, best practice suggests that the system should be a dedicated hypervisor host with only the Hyper-V role installed.

5. The sales department in your organization needs you to deploy a new web-based contact management application for them. The application runs on Windows Server 2012. You don't have a budget for new hardware, but you do have unused licenses available for this operating system. You decide to create a new virtual machine on an existing Windows Server 2016 Hyper-V host in your network. You created the virtual machine as follows: Generation 1 virtual machine 200 GB virtual IDE hard disk (VHDX) for the system volume 1 TB virtual SCSI hard disk (VHDX) for application data IDE virtual optical drive Windows Server 2012 After several months in production, you decide that you would like to implement the Secure Boot feature in the virtual machine. You know this feature is only available on generation 2 virtual machines, so you decide to upgrade the virtual machine and then implement the new feature. Will this configuration work?

No. You cannot change the generation of a virtual machine after it has been created.

5. You want to implement Hyper-V so you can create a lab environment that mirrors your production network for testing applications before deploying them into your production environment. You're planning on having four virtual Windows servers in this lab environment. Your lab environment will need access to the physical network and the Internet. You plan to use hardware that you already have on hand to create your first Hyper-V host system. You have an unused system with the following specifications and OS installed: A 64-bit processor with second-level address translation (SLAT) VM monitor mode extensions UEFI that supports virtualization with the following features: Hardware-assisted virtualization with Intel VT Data Execution Prevention (DEP) enabled with Intel Execute Disable Bit (XD) 64 GB RAM Windows Server 2016 Standard edition with the Server Core deployment A single 1 Gbps network adapter Is this system a good choice for hosting the lab environment you plan to build?

No. When guest systems need network access, best practice suggests that a host should have its own network adapter and an additional network adapter for every four virtual machines.

4. The sales department in your organization needs you to deploy a new web-based contact management application for them. The application runs only on Windows Server 2008 R2. You don't have a budget for new hardware, but you do have unused licenses available for this operating system. You decide to create a new virtual machine on an existing Windows Server 2016 Hyper-V host in your network. You plan to configure the virtual machine as follows: Specify a generation 2 virtual machine. Create a 200 GB virtual SCSI hard disk (VHDX) for the system volume. Create a 1 TB virtual SCSI hard disk (VHDX) for application data. Create a virtual SCSI optical drive. Install a 64-bit version of Windows Server 2008 R2. Will this configuration work?

No. Windows Server 2008 R2 is not supported in generation 2 virtual machines.

3. You want to implement Hyper-V so you can create a lab environment that mirrors your production network for testing applications before deploying them into your production environment. You're planning on having four virtual Windows servers in this lab environment. You plan to use hardware that you already have on hand to create your first Hyper-V host system. You have an unused system with the following specifications and OS installed: A 64-bit processor with second-level address translation (SLAT). VM monitor mode extensions. UEFI that supports virtualization with the following features: Hardware-assisted virtualization with Intel VT. Data Execution Prevention (DEP) enabled with Intel Execute Disable Bit (XD). 4 GB RAM. Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition with the Desktop Experience deployment. Will this system allow you to create your lab environment?

No. You need more RAM to support four virtual machines.

Automatic Start and Automatic Stop options

One option is to do nothing. The default is to automatically start this virtual machine if it was running when the Hyper-V host shut down. In other words, if this virtual machine was on and I shut down HV1, which, of course, shuts down the virtual machine running on it, then, when I power HV1 back on, this virtual machine is automatically going to start back up again.

Get-PnPDevice cmdlet

Run the Get-PnPDevice cmdlet on the hypervisor host itself to view the physical devices in that host, and identify which one it is that you want to pass through to the virtual machine running on the system.

1. The Srv1 server runs Hyper-V and has several virtual servers installed. Currently, most virtual servers are used for testing purposes. The physical system is running out of memory because of all of the virtual machines that are currently active. You want to stop three virtual machines to free up system resources. You want to stop the virtual machines so that all open applications are still open and running when they start again. What should you do?

Save the virtual machine.

Security

Security considerations for a virtual machine should be the same as for physical machines. For both the host and all guest machines, be sure to: Reduce the number of services running. Apply patches and updates regularly. Install antivirus and other security software. Implement backups or other solutions for data protection.

Server Consolidation

Server consolidation allows you to move multiple physical servers onto just a few physical servers with many virtual machines. Physical-to-virtual migration (P2V) is moving an older operating system off of aging hardware and into a virtual machine. Consolidating servers: Require fewer physical computers Reduce power consumption Increase physical server resource utilization Increase administrative efficiency Aid resolving incompatibility issues

8. Which Hyper-V feature found in Windows Server provides temporary memory that allows a virtual machine to restart even when there is not enough physical memory available?

Smart Paging

Smart Paging

Smart paging allows a virtual machine to restart when there is not enough available memory to restart the virtual machine. Smart paging temporarily uses disk resources as additional memory. A Smart page is created when: The VM is being restarted. The restart may be a result of the host restarting. There is no available physical memory. No memory can be reclaimed from other VMs on the host. The Smart page is deleted as soon as the VM has restarted.

Storage Quality of Service

Storage quality of service provides you with the ability to specify a minimum and a maximum input-output operations per second value for this virtual hard disk drive. It works in much the same way as when we enable Quality of Service on a network. We prioritize bandwidth for certain types of traffic. We kind of do the same thing here, just with input-output operations per second instead of bits per second on a network.

Backup Service

The Backup service enables a consistent backup of the virtual machine from the backup software running on the Hyper-V host itself. In other words, instead of having to run a backup inside of the virtual machine, you can run the backup just on the Hyper-V host and back up the data inside of the virtual machine.

Data Exchange

The Data Exchange service allows for the sharing of information between the Hyper-V host and the virtual machine.

Guest Service service

The Guest Service service allows you to copy files to a running virtual machine from the host operating system without using a network connection.

Heartbeat Service

The Heartbeat service monitors the state of the virtual machine when it is running. By reporting a heartbeat at regular intervals to the Hyper-V host, this helps the Hyper-V host identify a virtual machine that has hung and stopped responding because the heartbeat will disappear.

VMware Discovery Report

The VMware discovery report identifies servers that already been virtualized on your network but are running as virtual machines on VMware hypervisor instead of a Hyper-V hypervisor.

Virtualization

The ability to install and run multiple operating systems concurrently on a single physical machine.

Non-supported Features

The following features are not supported in Generation 2 virtual machines: RemoteFX Attached physical CD or DVD drive Boot from VHDX file converted from a VHD file Setup mode for Secure Boot

Supported Guest Operating Systems

The following guest operating systems are supported on Generation 2 virtual machines: Windows Server 2012 and later 64-bit versions of Windows 8 and later

get-vmsnapshot cmdlet

The get-vmsnapshot cmdlet is used to view a listing of the snapshots for a particular virtual machine.

Revert

The restoring of a virtual machine to the state stored in a checkpoint.

-VM \name option

Use the -VM \name option with the cmdlet to specify the name of the virtual machine we want information about.

-vmname option

Use the -vmname option to specify which VM we want to get information about, which is DC9.

Testing Functions

Virtual machines can be configured in a lab environment that mirrors your production network for testing purposes. This lab environment can be used to: Test applications before installing them on production systems. Test updates and patches before rolling them out into the production environment. Test security controls to verify that they are working as designed.

Flexibility

Virtual machines can be given network access and other network devices will consider them to be real physical machines. Virtual machines should have the latest service packs and patches, just like physical machines. Virtual machines should be hardened, just like physical machines. Virtual machines can be connected to the production network by creating a bridged (external) virtual switch. Because they are self-contained, virtual machines can be easily moved between hypervisor hosts as needed.

Disk

Virtual machines can use either physical or virtual hard disks. A virtual hard disk is a file on a physical disk. If you have multiple virtual machines with virtual disks on the same physical hard disk, disk I/O can become a bottleneck. For best performance, keep virtual disks on a different physical drive from the host operating system. For even better performance, place each virtual disk on a separate physical disk, or configure physical disks for use by the virtual machine.

PowerShell Cmdlets

Virtual machines running on Hyper-V can be managed from the PowerShell prompt on the host system using the following cmdlets: Get-VM displays a list of all VMs configured on the host. Stop-VM shuts down the guest operating system running within a VM. Start-VM boots a VM on the host. Checkpoint-VM creates a checkpoint of a VM on the host. Get-VMSnapshot displays a list of all the checkpoints associated with a VM. Remove-VMSnapshot deletes a VM snapshot. Get-VMNetworkAdapter displays information about the virtual NIC configured within a VM. Update-VMVersion upgrades a legacy virtual machine to the latest version of Hyper-V.

Network

Virtual machines share the physical network adapter of the host machine. If each virtual machine generates a lot of network traffic, the network card can become a bottleneck. Microsoft recommends one NIC for the physical system and an additional NIC for every four virtual machines. If a virtual machine generates a lot of network traffic, you can install additional network cards for the exclusive use of the virtual machine. Configure adapter teaming to allow a virtual machine to use multiple physical NICs.

Edit option

We can actually edit the virtual hard disk. First of all, we have to specify where the virtual hard disk drive is located. That path is automatically populated for us. Click Next. Now we can specify some actions we can perform on that virtual hard disk drive.

start-vm cmdlet

We simply provide the name of the virtual machine that it is we want to start. Hit Enter. Wait just a minute while the virtual machine starts.

RAM

When you create a virtual machine, you allocate memory from the physical machine for use by the virtual machine. Memory allocated to a virtual machine is not available to the host machine or other virtual machines. In Hyper-V, dynamic memory allows you to use physical memory more efficiently, adjusting the amount of memory available to a virtual machine in response to changes in workloads. When allocating memory to virtual machines, be sure to reserve enough for use by the host operating system. To identify how much RAM is required by a virtual machine, you can monitor memory usage over time. Using this information, you can increase or decrease the RAM reserved for that virtual machine.

update-vmversion cmdlet

You just type 'update-vmversion' and then specify the name of the virtual machine that you want to upgrade. I believe you have to put it within quotation marks. The name of the virtual machine that we want to upgrade is FS2012.