Networking Quiz

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

Network

Two or more computers connected together that communicate with one another

Class B IP address

Unicast addressing for medium-to-large organizations with many hundreds to thousands of hosts to connect to the internet

Class C IP address

Unicast addressing for smaller organizations with no more than about 250 hosts to connect to the Internet

Class A IP address

Unicast addressing for very large organizations with hundreds of thousands or millions of hosts to connect to the internet

Cellular Topology

Use broadcast protocols; all nodes are capable of receiving transmissions on a control channel from a central site. A wireless control node (base station) uses this common channel to direct a node to lock onto a specific (user) channel for its connection.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Usually connected to local networks with a router. Relays the packets between computers, which often reside on LANs.

Anycast

When a message must be sent to any member of the group, but does not need to be sent to all of them

Data Link Layer (2)

A layer whose main task is to transform a raw transmission facility into a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors.

Multicast

A message which goes to all devices in the group

Network Bridge

A network device that connects multiple network segments. Acts in the first two layers of OSI

Router

A piece of networking hardware with 2 separate IP addresses: one for LAN one for WAN

Service

A set of primitives (operations) that a layer provides to the layer above it

Transport Layer (4)

Accepts data from above it, splits it up into smaller units if need be, passes these to the network layer, and ensures that the pieces all arrive correctly at the other end. Determines what type of service to provide to the session layer, and, ultimately, to the users of the network. True end-to-end layer which carries data all the way from source to destination.

Session Layer (5)

Allows users on different machines to establish sessions between them which offer various services.

Protocol

An agreement between the communicating parties on how communication is to proceed; a set of rules governing the format and meaning of the packets, or messages that are exchanged by the peer entities within a layer.

Dialog Control

Keeping track of whose turn it is to transmit

Switch

Learns where a particular address is, it knows on which connection the sender of the message is located

Domain Name System (DNS)

Name resolution method used on the internet and is the source of common internet names.

NAT

Network Address Translation; allows to modify IP headers to provide the WAN address

Local Area Network (LAN)

Nodes are in close proximity to each other, usually within a building or a home

Compression

Part of Presentation Layer. May be done at the presentation layer to improve the throughput of data

Translation

Part of Presentation Layer. Networks can connect very different types of computers together. These systems have many distinct characteristics and represent data in different ways; may use different character sets.

Ephemeral

Ports that are short-lived transport protocol ports for Internet Protocol (IP) communications allocated automatically from a predefined range by the IP software. They range from 49152 to 65535

Token Management

Preventing two parties from attempting the same critical operation simultaneously

Link Layer

Provides connectivity functions

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Provides reliable, ordered and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets between programs running on computers connected to a local area network, intranet, or the public internet. Resides at the transport layer.

Class E IP address

Reserved for "experimental use"

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Router asks ISP server for an IP address and local computers ask router for an IP address.

Encryption

Some types are performed at the presentation layer. This ensures the security of the data as it travels down the protocol stack. (Secure Sockets Layer (SSL))

Application Layer (7)

Specific protocols based on functionalities and communication services. Implement the functions that are needed by users and issues the appropriate commands to make use of the services provided by the lower layers.

Host ID

The remaining bits on the right, used to identify the host on the network

Network ID

A certain number of bits, starting from the leftmost bit, used to identify the network the host is on

Socket

A combination of an IP address and a port number

Data Frames

A few hundred or a few thousand bytes

Network Layer (3)

A key design issue is determining how packets are routed from source to destination. Also responsible for handling congestion in conjunction with higher layers that adapt the load.

Physical Layer (1)

A layer concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication channel

Hub

Anything that comes in one port is sent out the others; every computer connected sees everything that every other computer sees.

Synchronization

Checkpointing long transmissions to allow them to pick up from where they left off in the event of a crash and subsequent recovery

CIDR

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

Internet Layer

Communication methods between multiple links of a computer; facilitates interconnection of networks

Presentation Layer (6)

Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted

Ring Topology

Connects computers through a wire or a cable. Data packet travels around the ring. Each computer examines the destination address and if the computer sees the address, it copies the data. If not, it passes it along.

Autonomous System (AS) Architecture

Consists of a set of routers and networks controlled by a particular organization or administrative entity

Bus Topology

Consists of a wire with taps along its length to which computers connect. Its also a broadcast network because all nodes receive traffic. Packets terminates at the ends of the bus.

Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)

Consists of both a hostname and a name specifying the domain

Domains

DNS divides namespace into hierarchical entities called this

Hostname

Each computer is assigned to an alphanumeric name called this

Star Topology

Employs a central connection point, called a router, hub, bridge, or switch.

Transport Layer

General framework to transmit data between hosts using protocols like TCP and UDP

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

Has seven layers which have 3 principles: A layer should be created where a different abstraction is needed; each layer should perform a well-defined function; the function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward defining internationally standardized protocols.

Class D IP address

IP multicasting