Neuro Anatomy EXAM #3

Sweetness, bitterness and umami receptors operate by:

Activating a protein which causes the release of a second messenger

After eating salty pretzels, the salty potato chips will taste less salty because of:

Adaptation

"Male hormones" are referred to as:

Androgens

Two major classes of sex hormones are:

Androgens and estrogens

The sexually dimorphic nucleus is part of the:

Anterior hypothalamus

The receptors for taste are like skin cells in that they:

Are continuously being replaced

Which of the following is true about androgen and estrogens?

Both sex has both types of hormones

Endorphins:

Can interact with the same receptors as morphine

Sexual differentiation begins with:

Chromosomes

In adult humans, the taste buds are:

Concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue

Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ____.​

Cross-adaptation

Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ____.​

Emotion areas of the brain

Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the ____.​

Endopiriform cortex

Which hormone(s) is/are likely to be found more abundantly in females than in males?

Estrogen

What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes?

Exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development

In mammals, each olfactory cell has threadlike dendrites that:

Extend from the cell body into the mucous surface of the nasal passage

Wolffian ducts are found in ____.​

Female and male fetuses early in development

Itching is primarily the result of:

Histamine release

How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have?

Hundreds

Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as ____.​

Labeled-line

The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is:

Larger in males than in females

The receptors for taste are:

Modified in skin cells

What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?

Non-pain information can inhibit the pain information

Olfactory receptors carry their message to the:

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory receptor sites are located:

On cilia

_____ prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

Progesterone

Chemicals that prevent sodium fro crossing the membrane:

Reduce the intensity of salty tastes

Antihistamine drugs tend to ___ itching, and opiates tend to ____, itching.

Reduce; increase

Taste perception in the brain depends on ____.​

Relative activity of different taste neurons

An injection of testosterone in a castrated male rat:

Restores male sexual behavior

After hurting your elbow in a biking accident, the gate-control theory of pain suggests that to reduce the pain, you could:

Rub it gently

When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in rats?

Shortly before birth

Olfaction also plays a subtle role in:

Social behavior

What causes excitation of the taste receptors that respond to salty taste?

Sodium ions crossing the membrane of the receptor

A person who "sees" spoken language or music may be experiencing ____.

Synesthesia

What are found in papillae?

Taste buds

What is unusual about the olfactory receptors compared to the most other mature mammalian neurons?

They are replaceable when old neurons die

The nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the medulla is known to receive information from what source?

Tongue

When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in humans?

Well before birth

If you are a supertaster, then:

You are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes