Neuro Anatomy EXAM #3
Sweetness, bitterness and umami receptors operate by:
Activating a protein which causes the release of a second messenger
After eating salty pretzels, the salty potato chips will taste less salty because of:
Adaptation
"Male hormones" are referred to as:
Androgens
Two major classes of sex hormones are:
Androgens and estrogens
The sexually dimorphic nucleus is part of the:
Anterior hypothalamus
The receptors for taste are like skin cells in that they:
Are continuously being replaced
Which of the following is true about androgen and estrogens?
Both sex has both types of hormones
Endorphins:
Can interact with the same receptors as morphine
Sexual differentiation begins with:
Chromosomes
In adult humans, the taste buds are:
Concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue
Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ____.
Cross-adaptation
Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ____.
Emotion areas of the brain
Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the ____.
Endopiriform cortex
Which hormone(s) is/are likely to be found more abundantly in females than in males?
Estrogen
What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes?
Exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development
In mammals, each olfactory cell has threadlike dendrites that:
Extend from the cell body into the mucous surface of the nasal passage
Wolffian ducts are found in ____.
Female and male fetuses early in development
Itching is primarily the result of:
Histamine release
How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have?
Hundreds
Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as ____.
Labeled-line
The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is:
Larger in males than in females
The receptors for taste are:
Modified in skin cells
What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?
Non-pain information can inhibit the pain information
Olfactory receptors carry their message to the:
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory receptor sites are located:
On cilia
_____ prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
Progesterone
Chemicals that prevent sodium fro crossing the membrane:
Reduce the intensity of salty tastes
Antihistamine drugs tend to ___ itching, and opiates tend to ____, itching.
Reduce; increase
Taste perception in the brain depends on ____.
Relative activity of different taste neurons
An injection of testosterone in a castrated male rat:
Restores male sexual behavior
After hurting your elbow in a biking accident, the gate-control theory of pain suggests that to reduce the pain, you could:
Rub it gently
When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in rats?
Shortly before birth
Olfaction also plays a subtle role in:
Social behavior
What causes excitation of the taste receptors that respond to salty taste?
Sodium ions crossing the membrane of the receptor
A person who "sees" spoken language or music may be experiencing ____.
Synesthesia
What are found in papillae?
Taste buds
What is unusual about the olfactory receptors compared to the most other mature mammalian neurons?
They are replaceable when old neurons die
The nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the medulla is known to receive information from what source?
Tongue
When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in humans?
Well before birth
If you are a supertaster, then:
You are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes