Neurological System Drugs

Thorazine

chlorpromazine

mood-stabilizing drug

Mood stabilizers balance certain brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) that control emotional states and behavior

centrally-acting muscle relaxant

Muscle relaxants work by causing the muscles to become less tense or stiff, which in turn reduces pain and discomfort. They do this in different ways. Baclofen, diazepam, methocarbamol and tizanidine act on the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Dantrolene works directly on the muscle.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug

Serotonin is one of the chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that carry signals between brain cells. SSRIs block the reabsorption (reuptake) of serotonin in the brain, making more serotonin available. ... SSRIs also may be used to treat conditions other than depression, such as anxiety disorders

Sodium channel blockers

Sodium channel blockers are called so because they cause decreased influx of Na+ in cardiac cells, during phase 0. This is why they are also called membrane stabilizing drugs. 1a and 1b drugs have more affinity for channels which are refractory or depolarized (damaged myocardial cells)

agonist

Whereas an agonist causes an action, an antagonist blocks the action of the agonist and an inverse agonist causes an action opposite to that of the agonist.

Ambien

Zolpidem

Xanax

alprazolam

Spasmolytics

also known as "centrally acting" muscle relaxants, are used to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms and to reduce spasticity in a variety of neurological conditions.

Elavil

amitriptyline

Adderall

amphetamine/dextroamphetamine sulfate

Dopar and Larodopa

levodopa

Xylocaine

lidocaine

Eskalith and Lithobid

lithium

Phospholine iodide

echothiophate

Prozac

fluoxetine

Nardil

phenelzine

Long term use of amphetamines

insomnia, restlessness "Paranoid psychosis" Hallucinations Violent and aggressive behavior Weight loss Tremors

Avonex and Rebif, and Betaseron

interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif); beta-1b (Betaseron)

Risperdal

risperidone

Imitrex

sumatriptan

Restoril

temazepam

Depakote, Depacon, and Depakene

valproic acid

Effexor

venlafaxine

Conventional antipsychotics

(also called neuroleptics) are a class of drug mainly used in the treatment of psychotic disorders/The exact basis is not fully understood, but it is widely believed that the conventional antipsychotics work by blocking certain receptors of chemical messengers called dopamine and thus help to relieve the symptoms of psychotic disorders.

general anesthesia/barbiturate drug

A barbiturate [note 1] is a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. Barbiturates display analgesic effects. Barbiturates most likely produce their sedative hypnotic effects through an interaction with the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the CNS/target nicotinic acetyicholine receptors at concentrations that are achieved with clinical use of these drugs. Barbiturates bind to both open and closed states of the AChR and block the flow of ions through the channel. S(-)-thiopentone was found to be approximately 2 fold more potent than R(+)-thiopentone in the potentiation of GABA at GABAA receptors.

iminostilbene drugs

A class of chemical agents; carbamazepine, an antiepileptic drug/Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. The AEDs are designed to modify these processes so as to favor inhibition over excitation and thereby stop or prevent seizure activity

indirect-acting dopamine receptor agonist/MAO inhibitor drug

Although the mechanisms for i.e selegiline's beneficial action in the treatment of Parkinson's disease are not fully understood, the selective, irreversible inhibition of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) is thought to be of primary importance. MAO-B is involved in the oxidative deamination of dopamine in the brain.

central nervous system stimulant drug

Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class that is approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine/All stimulants work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain—dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, movement, and attention. The therapeutic effect of stimulants is achieved by slow and steady increases of dopamine, which are similar to the way dopamine is naturally produced in the brain.

amphetamine drug

Amphetamines are stimulants of the central nervous system and sympathetic division of the peripheral nervous system. It appears that the main action of amphetamines is to increase the synaptic activity of the dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter systems. Amphetamines can: cause the release of dopamine from axon terminals. block dopamine reuptake. inhibit the storage of dopamine in vesicles. inhibit the destruction of dopamine by enzymes. All of these actions result in more dopamine in the synaptic cleft where it can act on receptors.

cholinesterase inhibitor ophthalmic drop drug

An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (often abbreviated AChEI) or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical or a drug that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine/Anticholinergics can treat a variety of conditions, including urinary incontinence, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and certain types of poisoning/found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission

immunomodulator drugs action

As their name implies, immunomodulators weaken or modulate the activity of the immune system. That, in turn, decreases the inflammatory response. Immunomodulators are most often used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection of the new organ, and in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis

atypical antipsychotic drug

Atypical antidepressants ease depression by affecting chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) used to communicate between brain cells. ... Atypical antidepressants change the levels of one or more neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin or norepinephrine.

cholinesterase inhibitor drug

Cholinergic transmission involves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine being released from nerve fibers, binding to designated receptors on other cholinergic nerve fibers and passing on the message to bring about a response. Cholinesterase enzymes are present in the synaptic cleft of cholinergic synapses, and they hydrolyze acetylcholine, decreasing its concentration in the synapses. Cholinesterase inhibitors bind to cholinesterase resulting in increased acetylcholine in the synapses, causing increased parasympathetic activity i.e. vasodilatation, constriction of pupils in the eyes, increased secretion of sweat, saliva and tears, slow heart rate, mucus secretion in the respiratory tract and constriction of bronchioles and so on. The cholinesterase inhibitors listed here are mainly ones that affect the central nervous system. They penetrate the blood brain barrier and enhance cholinergic transmission in the brain. These agents are used to treat dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease

dopamine-replacement drug

Dopamine therapy is the regulation of levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine through the use of either agonists, or antagonists; and has been used in the treatment of disorders characterized by a dopamine imbalance.

non amphetamine drug

Drugs in the non-amphetamine class block dopamine and/or norepinephrine reuptake, but enhance dopamine release in vivo only, with no evidence of enhanced release in vitro. This differentiation between monoamines by the non-amphetamine drugs is due to differences in storage and releasable pools of dopamine and norepinephrine.

general anesthesia/benzodiazepine drug

GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. There are three types of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric) receptors in the brain: GABA-A, GABA-B, and GABA-C. Benzodiazepines work in the central nervous system, selectively occupying certain protein areas in the brain called GABA-A receptors. Benzodiazepines enhance responses to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA by opening GABA-activated chloride channels and allowing chloride ions to enter the neuron. This action allows the neuron to become negatively charged and resistant to excitation, which leads to the various anti-anxiety, sedative, or anti-seizure activity seen with these drugs. The a2 subunit of GABA-A appears to be responsible for the anti-anxiety effects of benzodiazepines; other subunits modulate the amnesic and sedative properties of benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines that target specific subunits of the GABA receptors have more selective pharmacologic actions.

general anesthesia/opioid drug

General anesthesia (GA) is the state produced when a patient receives medications for amnesia, analgesia, muscle paralysis, and sedation/Opioids Opioids are defined as any derivative, natural or synthetic, of opium or morphine or any substance that has their effects. Narcotics have potent analgesic effects associated with significant changes in mood and behavior, and the potential for dependence and tolerance after repeated administration. The most commonly used opioids in cardiac surgery are fentanyl, sufentanil, and remifentanil. Morphine is still considered the prototype opioid agent against which other agents are compared, but its use has declined due to histamine release and hypotension at higher doses

hydantoin drug

Hydantoin anticonvulsants are structurally related to barbiturates. They have an allantoin heterocyclic base. Hydantoins slow the synaptic transmission by blocking sodium channels from recovering from the inactivated state, and inhibits neurons from firing. This stops the repeated excitation of cells that results in seizures.

short-term effects of amphetamine

Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Reduced appetite Dilation of the pupils Feelings of happiness and power Reduced fatigue

Local Anasthetics

Local anesthetics, such as Novocain, block nerve transmission to pain centers in the central nervous system by binding to and inhibiting the function of an ion channel in the cell membrane of nerve cells known as the sodium channel.

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)

Memantine is a clinically useful drug in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The principal mechanism of action of memantine is believed to be the blockade of current flow through channels of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors--a glutamate receptor subfamily broadly involved in brain function/educes the actions of chemicals in the brain that may contribute to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Namenda is used to treat moderate to severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type

monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are chemicals that inhibit the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme family

serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drug

SSRIs ease depression by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is one of the chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that carry signals between brain cells. SSRIs block the reabsorption (reuptake) of serotonin in the brain, making more serotonin available/Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of medications that are effective in treating depression. SNRIs are also sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety disorders and long-term (chronic) pain, especially nerve pain

fentanyl

Sublimaze, Duragesic, Subsys, Abstral, Ionsys

benzodiazepine drug

The benzodiazepines enhance the action of the neurotransmitter, GABA(Gamma Amino Butyric Acid). Neurotransmitters are chemicals which enable the brain cells to transmit impulses from one to another. They are released from brain cells by electrical signals. ... The function of GABA is to slow or calm things down/alprazolam (Xanax, Xanax XR) clobazam (Onfi) clonazepam (Klonopin) clorazepate (Tranxene, Tranxene SD) chlordiazepoxide (Librium) diazepam (Valium, Diastat Acudial, Diastat) estazolam (Prosom is a discontinued brand in the US) lorazepam (Ativan)

direct-acting dopamine receptor agonist drug

The main alternatives to levodopa in treating Parkinson's disease are the dopamine receptor agonists (dopamine agonists). These drugs act directly on the dopamine receptors in the brain, taking the place of the dopamine which the brain cells can no longer produce. They may be used alone or together with levodopa. When used alone, the overall improvement in motor performance is usually less than when combined with levodopa. Dopamine agonists have the advantage of causing fewer long term motor complications. When they are used together with levodopa

serotonin agonist drug

These drugs are used to effectively and quickly relieve headache pain/Triptans narrow (constrict) blood vessels in the brain and relieve swelling. Triptans have other properties that may help treat migraine symptoms. It is not clear how they work to stop a migraine

cholinergic agonist ophthalmic drop drug

These medications reduce eye pressure by increasing the drainage of intraocular fluid through the trabecular meshwork

tricyclic antidepressant drug

Tricyclic antidepressants increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, two neurotransmitters, and block the action of acetylcholine, another neurotransmitter. Scientists believe that by restoring the balance in these neurotransmitters in the brain that tricyclic antidepressants alleviate depression

non benzodiazepine drug

act quickly to decrease the amount of time it takes to fall asleep/They raise the levels of the amino acid Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA). Their mechanism is thought to be selective attachment to the GABA-BZ receptors found in close proximity to the benzodiazepine receptors. The nonbenzodiazepines are NOT indicated for use in seizures. GABA slows down brain activity, allowing the mind and body to relax and promotes sleep. Short-term treatment of insomnia with nonbenzodiazepines is preferred, using the lowest effective dose of these drugs.

atypical antidepressants

antidepressants, atypical antidepressants affect the levels of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the brain. Brintellix and Viibryd inhibit reuptake of serotonin but also act on serotonin receptors

Lioresal

baclofen

Betoptic and Timoptic

betaxolol (Betoptic); timolol (Timoptic)

Wellbutrin

bupropion hydrochloride

BuSpar

buspirone

Aricept and Aricept ODT

donepezil

Tegretol

carbamazepine

Dantrium

dantrolene

Valium

diazepam

beta adrenergic blocker ophthalmic drop drugs

lowering the pressure in your eye. It is thought they do this by reducing the amount of fluid that you make that fills the front part of your eye (called aqueous humour). By reducing the amount of fluid produced, it reduces the pressure within your eye

Namenda

memantine

Ritalin, Concerta, and Daytrana

methylphenidate

Versed

midazolam

Provigil

modafinil

Dilantin

phenytoin

Pilocar and Isopto Carpine

pilocarpine

Mirapex

pramipexole

Eldepryl and Zelapar ODT

selegiline

Pentothal and Propofol

thiopental

peripherally-acting muscle relaxant drug

works directly on the muscle