Neuron Exam 1,3,4,5
Enteric division
"little brain" of ANS unique neural system embedded in lining of esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and gall bladder consists of two networks of sensory nerves, interneurons, and autonomic motor neurons: myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, submucous (Meisser's) plexus
Psychoactive drugs
"mind-altering" effects, interfere with chemical synaptic transmission
Guilin barre syndrome is what more than the other
,other more than sensory
C axons
.2-1.5 microns Slow action potentials Carry pain, temperature and itch information
Characteristics of diffuse modulatory systems
1) core of system has small set of neurons 2) arise from central core of brain (most in brain stem) 3) each neuron influences many others 4) synapses release transmitter molecules into extracellular fluid- diffuse to many neurons10-100x more metabotropic ACh receptors than ionotropic nicotinic receptors
Aδ axons
1-5 microns Moderately fast action potentials Carry pain and temperature information
What are the stages of Brundstrum
1. Facility 2. spasticity begins toincreases 3. Spasticity continues to increase and peaks 4. Spasticity begins to decreases 5. Spasticity continues to decrease 6. Spasticity is absent 7. Patient is back to normal function
In what two important ways is the somatic sensory system difference from other sensory systems?
1. Receptors are distributed throughout the body 2. It responds to many different kinds of stimuli
Pns is composed of what
12 cranial nerves 31 pairs of peripheral nerves Afferent /sensory nerves Efferent/motor nerves
Aα axons
13-20 microns Very fast action potentials Carry proprioceptive information - skeletal muscle
In each cochlea there are approximately __________ outer hair cells (OHCs).
15000
What is the average age for a spinal cord injury patients
16-30
How many parts of the nervous system
2
Age of people with ms
20-40
ANS innervation of tissues
3 types of tissues are innervated: glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle regulates digestive and metabolic functions regulate functions of the kidneys and urinary bladder essential to sexual response interacts with body's immune system
In each cochlea there are approximately _________ inner hair cells (IHCs).
4500
Aβ axons
6-12 microns Fast action potentials Carry "touch" information - mechanoreceptors - skin
How many spinal segments do humans have?
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 30 total
which of the following represents the mechanism sensitization of the grill-withdrawal reflex in aplysia?
A decrese in K+ conductance after sensitization prolongs the action potential
Quantal analysis shows that a single action potential at the neuromuscular junction causes an EPSP of 40 mV or more, compared to only a few tenths of a millivolt at many CNS synapses. What accounts for this difference?
A larger number of synaptic vesicles releasing neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction compared with CNS synapses
Neglect syndrome
A part of the body or a part of the world (the entire visual field left of the center of gaze, for example) is ignored or suppressed.
Which of the following describes ghrelin?
A peptide highly concentrated in the stomach that is released into the bloodstream when the stomach is empty
Which of the following statements explains why neurons that fire together wire together?
A synapse formed by a presynaptic axon is strengthened when the presynaptic axon is active at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron is strongly activated by other inputs
Which part of the brain is the major target of the retinofugal projection in nonmammalian vertebrates?
A) Tectum of the midbrain
Neurotransmitters of autonomic function
ACh from preganglionic neurons binds to nicotinic ACh receptors and evoke fast EPSP ACh can also bind to muscarinic ACh receptors and evoke slow EPSP or IPSP: only occurs when activated repeatedly Preganglionic terminals also release NPY (neuropeptide Y) and VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)- also trigger G-protein receptors: modulatory effect
Postganglionic cells of the parasympathetic division
ACh neurons
Two point discrimination
Ability to detect two separate points over skin areas.region, higher discrimination at finger tips/face/lips vs. on the back
______________ is a rare clinical syndrome that results in a partial or complete loss of color vision despite the presence of normal functional cones in the retina.
Achromatopsia
How do action potentials differ from passively conducted electrical signals?
Action potentials are signals of fixed size and duration; passively conducted signals are not signals of fixed size and duration
What is the effect of activating G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors?
Activate effector proteins such as ion channels or those that synthesize second messengers
Guillain barre syndrome is the most common cause of what
Acute paralysis but no clear reason why
How does the cleavage plane during cell division determine the fate of the daughter cells?
After vertical cleavage, both daughter cells remain in the ventricular...
How will the level of aggression change in a male castrated mouse given andgrogen replacement treatments?
Aggression will increase
What brain regions and associated neurotransmitters are implicated in changes associated with awakening and states of arousal?
All Choices are correct
What is the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the stress response?
All choices are correct
Which of the following medial temporal lobe structures is of great importance foe declarative memory consolidation?
All of the above Hippocampus Fornix Parahippocamapal and rhinal cortical areas
What brain regions and associated neurotransmitters are implicated in changes associated with awaking and sates of arousal?
All the choices are correct
The tau protein is heavily involved in
Alzheimer's disease
In PTSD hyperactivity is to the ____________ as hyperactivity is to the __________.
Amygdala; medial prefrontal cortex
Dermatomes
An area of the skin innervated by the right/left dorsal roots of a single spinal segment. There is a one-to-one correspondence between dermatomes and spinal segments.
Pain
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage...pain is always subjective...recognizes all dimensions of pain-physical, neurophysiological and emotional
Which of the following is the function of direction-selective striate cortex neurons?
Analysis of object motion
Manual resistance is what (PNF )
And internal or external force that alters the difficulty of moving
What is the term for inability to find words?
Anomia
Warm and cold-sensitive neurons are located in what part of the brain?
Anterior hypothalamus
Warm- and cold-sensitive neurons are located in what part of the brain?
Anterior hypothalamus
From which structure are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) released?
Anterior pituitary gland
What characterizes agroaphobia?
Anxiety about the difficulty of escaping a situation
Common impairments seen in left hemisphere
Apraxia-inability to plan Difficult in initiating, sequencing, processing a task Difficulty in producing and comprehending speech, memory impairments, and perseveration of speech or motor behaviors
At what point in development is gender determined?
At the time of fertilization
What is the function of proteins secreted by cells of the ventral midline of the spinal cord?
Attract (netrin) and then repel (slit) growing axons to help them cross the midline
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex
At what point do the axons of the spinothalamic pathway cross to the opposite side of the CNS?
Axons of the spinothalamic pathway cross immediately in the spinal cord and ascend contralaterally.
Which of the following primary afferent axons is the largest and fastest?
Aα
Homeostasis
Balance of the body
Information from the visual and auditory sensory systems feeds into which part of the amygdala?
Basolateral nuclei
Two major classes of anxiolytic drugs include?
Benzodiazepines and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors
Which of the following is strong evidence linking the amygdala with fear?
Bilateral amygdalectomy in animals profoundly reduces fear and aggression
Mr. Stewart underwent a surgery to remove a tumor in his brain. During the surgery, lesions developed in the optic radiations. What is the potential impact of these lesions?
Blindness in part or all of the visual field
Susan fell down the staircase and injured her head, causing a transection of the left optic nerve. What is the consequence of this lesion?
Blindness in the left eye
Which of the following describes the mechanism of action of a tricyclic antidepresent drugs?
Block the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin by their transporters
If a patient is at stage four, five, six, or seven what can you do to treat the patient
Borrow some of roods techniques to inhibits
Hypermetamorphosis, visual agnosias, loss of fear, and indiscriminate dietary behavior are all symptoms of damage to what area(s) of the brain?
Both B and C Amygdala and inferior temporal cortex
What do causes of aphasia in deaf people using American Sign Language reveal about language processing in the brain?
Both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia occur in deaf people
What is a primary similarity in the visual receptive fields of LGN neurons and the ganglion cells that feed them?
Both have center-surround receptive fields
Which of the following is a brain mechanism for encoding sound intensity?
Both the number of active neurons an the firing rates of auditory neurons
The cns is composed of what
Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Spinal cord Thalamus Diencephalon Basal ganglia
Which of the following hippocampal preparations enhanced the study of LTP and LTD?
Brain Slices
What is is the basis of the sexual dimorphism is Onuf's nucleus in the sacral spinal cord?
Bulbocavernosus muscles are larger in males than females
What is the basis of sexual dimorphism in Onuf's nucleus in the sacral spinal cord?
Bulbocavernosus muscles are larger in males than females
How do neuroscientists identify the parts of the brain that are specialized for different behavioral functions related to the niche a species normally occupies?
By comparing the specializations of the brains different species
On what basis did Broca defend functional localization of the brain?
By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the left frontal lobe
What areas are most acceptable to a spinal cord injury
C1 C2 C5 c7
PNF is ?
Can be used to improve performance of functional task by increasing strength, flexibility, and range of motion.
Which of the following is the process of breaking down complex macromolecules?
Catabolism
What is an important development in the superior olive?
Cells receive inputs from both ears
Which of the following is the common characteristic in the receptive fields in the ganglion cells of the retina, the LGN, and striate cortex neurons in layer IVC?
Center surround
Postural control starts which way
Cephalad to caudal
To whom can we attribute the theory that behavior is among the heritable traits that could be developed?
Charles Darwin
Which of the following describes the chemoaffinity hypothesis as applied to target selection and establishing topographic maps?
Chemical markers on growing axons are matched with complementary chemical markers on their targets
Ms multiple sclerosis
Chronic debilitating From demyelination of the cns
Verbal input must be what
Clear simple and directional terms
Which of the following describes the basic scheme of the clock genes present in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Clock genes perpetrate a cyclic negative feedback loop in which the clock gene expresses a protein whose presence decreases gene expression in a pattern consistent with circadian rhythms
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system
Cns and pns
James, age 22 years, was riding a motorbike when he had an accident. A neuropsychological test revealed that James suffered extensive damage to area V4 in the ventral stream. What is the most likely deficit resulting from a V4 lesion?
Color perception deficit
Which of the following is central to the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis?
Competition for trophic factors
Approximation does what in pnf
Compression of the joints, promotes stability and weight bearing
Which of the following is the most likely basis of visual perception?
Concerted activity of many neurons throughout the visual pathways
The Wernicke-geschwind model of language processing predicted a form of aphasia that would result from a lesion that disconnects Wernicke's area from Broca's area while leaving both areas in tact. What type of aphasia is this?
Conduction aphasia
Trigeminal touch pathway
Consists of three sensory neurons in series Primary sensory neuron - receptor to pons Second order neuron - pons to thalamus Third order neuron - thalamus to cortex
What is the auditory attenuation reflex?
Contraction of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles to make the chain of ossicles more rigid and diminish sound conduction
What is it called when the male refractory phase is shortened by the introduction of a novel female?
Coolidge effect
Which of the following represents Walter Freeman's idea the neural rhythms are used to coordinate activity between regions of the nervous system?
Cortical areas responding to the same object are synchronously active
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland when what neurochemical is released by parocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus?
Corticotropin- relasing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland when what neurochemical is released by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Neuropathic pain
Damage to central or peripheral nervous system
Which type of memory can be assessed for conscious recollection?
Declarative memory
Ruffini endings
Deep touch (pressure) Adaptation - slow Receptive field - large
What is the basis of X-linked disorders?
Defect in the single X chromosome in males
What part of the nervous system is directly associated with the fluctuations and oscillations of an EEG pattern?
Dendrites of many pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex
What is the function of neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane?
Detect neurotransmitters
Pnf patterns are in what kinds of planes ?
Diagonal patterns
Timing of a movement is from what ?
Distal to proximal
Which of the following describes REM sleep behavior disorder?
Dreamers have no REM atonia and therefore act out their dreams
which of the following statements represents the activation-synthesis hypothesis proposed by Hobson and McCarley?
Dreams are the associations and memories of the cerebral cortex that are elicited by the random discharges of the pons during REM sleep
Which of the following statements represents the activation-synthesis hypothesis proposed by Hobson and McCarley?
Dreams are the associations and memories of the cerebral cortex that are elicited by the random discharges of the pons during REM sleep.
Referred pain
Due to a shared embryonic origin of where pain tracts are located and transmission of the sensation of pain. Visceral nociceptor activation is perceived as a cutaneous sensation.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of ECT?
ECT disrupts memories of events occurring about 6 months before treatment
How is the Wada procedure used to demonstrate hemispheric lateralization for speech?
Each hemisphere is anesthetized in turn to see the impact on speech
How is the Wada procedure used to demonstrate hemispheric lateralization for speech?
Each hemisphere is unsynthesized in term to see the impact of speech
Which of the following is true of the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain?
Each neuron influences many others, contacting more than 100,000 postsynaptic neurons.
In the proposed neural circuit for learned fear, the state of the ANS is altered by what neural connection?
Efferents from the central nucleus of the amygdala project to the hypothalamus
What is the dominant muscle in upper extremity flexion for brunnstrum
Elbow flexion-main Scapular retraction, external rotation, shoulder abduction to 90, for our supination, wrist/finger flexion
Traction does what in pnf
Elongates body segment, facilitates motion, decreases pain
Which of the following is the result of sympathetic activation during the male sexual response?
Emission
What is true of the Camon-Bard theory of emotion?
Emotional experience can be independent of emotional expression
Explain the cellular mechanism by which opiates and endorphins work to suppress pain
Endorphins and opiate receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system and can modulate nociceptive information (pain) Injections of morphine (opiate) or endorphins into the periaqueductal gray matter, the Raphe nuclei or the dorsal horn can produce analgesia
What are zeitgebers (German for "time-givers")?
Environmental cues that help biological clocks become entrained to the 12-hour day-night cycle and the 24-hour day
The EEG is primarily used to help diagnose certain neurological conditions, especially which of the following?
Epilepsy
What is the empirical evidence for the experience of unconscious emotions?
Experiments by Arne Ohman, Ray Dolan, and their colleagues showed autonomic responses to angry faces that had not been consciously perceived
Facilitation modalities
Exteroceptive Proprioceptive Ex:brushing fast, quick icing
Merkel's disk
Extremely sensitive-fine touch Adaptation - slow receptive field size - small
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for facial expressions of emotion?
Facial nerve
Rood technique is for
Facilitate and inhibit
what does the stretch reflex do in PNF
Facilitates muscle activity Elicits contractions Initiates voluntary movements, increases strength of voluntary contractions, eight and teaching motion, reflux he stimulates muscles not under voluntary control
A unilateral lesion in the auditory cortex will cause complete deafness. True or false?
False
Striate cortex blobs receive koniocellular input from layer IVC of the striate cortex. True or false?
False
The binocular visual field is the entire region of space that can be seen with both eyes fixated straight ahead. True or false?
False
The optic radiation is the projection from the LGN to the optic tract. True or false?
False, LGN to the cortex
The difference between fast pain and second pain and the axons that mediate each
Fast (sharp) pain - caused by Adelta fibers 2nd (dull) pain - caused by activation of C fibers
What is D1 flexion UE good for
Feeding
Who is higher to get ms
Female
Which of the following is the function of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?
Fixes sight on visual target during body movement by adjusting head, eye, and body positions.
What is a footplate?
Flat bottom portion of stapes that moves like a piston
What are the characteristics of Wernicke's aphasia?
Fluent speech and poor comprehension
Right hemisphere damage
For judgment and safety awareness and realistic expectations denial of disability or defects disturbances and body image irritability and with Lethargy
Which of the following is a characteristic of androgen insensitivity?
Genetic male with testes but female body appearance
Verbal input does what
Gives input directions to patient
Identify a type of hairless skin.
Glabrous
What are the key things of pnf application
Hand placement Body alignment Elongation of body part, quick stretch Verbal command with movement Resistance Normal timing Visual cues if need
Visual cueing during pnf does what
Helps to control and correct movement Promote stronger contraction Increase body alignment
Which of the following is perceived as having a higher pitch?
High-frequency sound waves
The nervous system is
Highly organized communication system
Trunk flexion resistance over flows to what with the irradiation process of pnf
Hip and ankle
Trunk extensor resistance over flows to what with the irradiation process of pnf
Hip and knee
D1 extension LE
Hip extension, hip abduction, internal rotation
D2 flexion lower extremity
Hip extension, hip adduction, external rotation
What is the dominant muscle of the lower extremity flexion for brunnstrum
Hip flexion Hip abduction, external rotation, knee flexion to 90, ankle Dorsi flexion/inversion/toe eversion
D1 flexion LE
Hip flexion, adduction, external rotation, crossing one leg over the other and sitting
D2 flexion LE
Hip flexion, hip abduction, internal rotation Leg begins past midline of the body, abduct opposite leg, like a fire hydrant. Used mostly when eversion with Dorsi- flexion is desired
Which muscles help the patient recover in a spinal cord injury
Hip flexors
Ans regulates what
Homeostasis
Which of the following describes neurohormones?
Hormones released into the blood stream.
What is contra indicated with stretch PNF
Hypermobility fracture or pain
Which of the following describes the ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome?
Hypothalamic lesions that cause overeating and obesity
What is the type of hand placement do you use for the Manual contacted PNF
In the direction of the desired movement and with a lumbarical grip
Why is movement at the oval window accompanied by a complementary motion at the round window?
Incompressible fluid in cochlea
Irradiation is
Increase in activity and related muscles in response to external resistance
What is irradiation
Increase in activity and related muscles in response to external resistance. Often use synonymously with overflow in reinforcement
Irradiation in pnf uses this process for what purposes
Increase muscular activity in the agonist muscles or two inhibit opposing antagonist muscle group
What's the purpose of hold relax in pnf
Increase passive joint mobility and decrease movement related pain
Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits what response in humans?
Increased anxiety and fear
Injecting corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) into experimental animals can produce which of the following behavioral effects?
Increased behavioral expression of anxiety
Left parietal lobe does what
Individual to recognize words and to comprehend what has been read and math calculations
What is the mind-brain problem?
Individually, human mental capacities exist in the mind that is outside the brain.
The focus of PNF is?
Integration of these days assisted patient to establish head and trunk control, initiate and sustain movement, control shift in the center of gravity, and control the pelvis and trunk in the midline while the extremities move
Nervous system that's fully functioning does what?
Interact with their environment Perceive sensory experiences Initiate movement
When you facility what does it reduce during PNF
Internal resistance which alters neural firing patterns
Ans controls
Involuntary functions
The movement of what ion occurs in the rising phase of the action potential?
Inward Na+
How does myelin increase conduction velocity?
It provides electrical insulation
Pacinian corpuscle
Just below epidermal/dermal border Light touch Adaptation - rapid Receptive field - large
Meissner's corpuscle
Just below epidermal/dermal border Light touch Adaptation - rapid Receptive field - small
What is the dominant muscle for the lower extremity extension for brunnstrum
Knee extension Hip extension, hip adduction, internal rotation, ankle plantar flexion,inversion/toe flexion
Microglia
Known as phagocytes, engulf and digest pathogens and assist in nervous system repair after injury
Cerebrum is divided into what
L/R hemisphere
Left frontal and temporal lobes do what
Language is produced and process
Which of the following is a symptom of diabetes insipidus?
Large volumes of pale. watery urine.
Which of the following abnormalities in EEG voltage patterens is recorded synchronously across the entire brain during absence seizures?
Large, regular, and rhythmic
Anorexia can result from damage to which of the following parts of the brain?
Lateral hypothalamus
Evidence from patients with cerebrovascular disease suggests that damage to what area(s) may produce major depression?
Left frontal lobe and left basal ganglia
Where is the language area known as Wernicke's area located?
Left superior temporal lobe between the auditory cortex and the angular gyrus.
Which of the following represents delta rhythms, the hallmark of deep sleep?
Less than 4 Hz
Dorsal column nuclei
Lie at the junction of the spinal cord and medulla
Nociceptors
Location: all organs except the brain
Which of the following describes schizophrenia?
Loss of contact with reality and disruption of thought
Astrocytes
Maintain capillary endothelium, aid in vascular ink
What are three things that you use for External resistance during PNF
Manual mechanical and gravitational forces
Appropriate resistant facilitates what during PNF
Maximum motor response which equals a completion of the task
The dopaminergic system originates in the ventral tegmental area. This system innervates a circumscribed region of the telencephalon including the frontal cortex and parts of the limbic system. What term is used to refer to this dopaminergic projection?
Mesocorticolimbric dopamine system
Which of the following is the largest of the cytoskeletal elements?
Microtubule
Which of the following statements reflects a weakness in the Wernicke-Geschwind model of language processing?
Most aphasias involved in both comprehension and speech deficits
Where are mechanoreceptors located?
Mostly in the dermis with some in the hypodermis
Frontal lobe is for
Motor cortex
Pd affects
Motor system
Spinal cord injuries are caused by mostly what
Motor vehicle accidents MVA
In stages 1 2 3 of brunnstrum what do you do to the patient
Must facilitate reflex activities
Postganglionic cells of the sympathetic division
NE neurons
What skills are necessary for language?
Naming, articulation, grammar usage, comprehension
Which of the following is a role proposed for movement-sensitive neurons in the parietal area called MST?
Navigation
What is meant by the notion "the output of the cortex can influence the input of the cortex"?
Neurons of the thalamus and dorsal column are also controlled by cortical input.
Is a stage of recovery skipped and brunnstrum
No
Right hemisphere functions
Nonverbal and Artistic abilities. Allows individuals to process information and a complete or holistic fashion without specifically reviewing all the details Able to grasp or comprehend general subjects Visual perceptual functions including I hand coronation, spiritual relationships, perception of one's position in space are carried out in the right hemisphere. Communicate nonverbally and comprehend what is not been expressed right parietal lobe. Understanding facial gestures, recognizing visual relationships, awareness of body image Mathematical reasoning and judgement Sustaining a movement or posture and perceiving negative emotion anger
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter used by postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
Which of the following is crucial for the tilt sensitivity of the macula?
Octoconia
Optogenetic techniques have been developed allowing researchers to do which of the following by introducing foreign genes into test animals?
Open ion channels in response to blue light
Which of the following contains auditory reception neurons?
Organ of Corti
Which of the following contributes to the pressure at the oval window being 20 times greater than that at the tympanic membrane?
Ossicles act like levers
What role does angular gyrus play in the process of the reading text aloud, according to the Wernicke-Geschwind model?
Output of the angular gyrus evokes the same pattern of activity in Wernicke's area as does the spoken word
What role does angular gyrus play in the process of reading text aloud, according to the Wernicke-Geschwind model?
Output of the angular gyrus evokes the same pattern of activity in Wernicke's area as does the spoken word.
Do not what with a ms patient
Over fatigue because it will make symptoms worse
Somatic pain
Pain receptors in periphery, easily localized to dermatomes and easy to describe
Spinothalamic pathway
Pain, temperature, some touch Dorsal root axons - Adelta, C Consists of three sensory neurons in series: Primary sensory neuron - nociceptor to substansia gelatinosa Second order neuron - substansia gelatinosa to thalamus Third order neuron - thalamus to cortex Decussates in the spinal cord
Describe the trigeminal pathway in terms of painful stimuli
Pain/temperature information from the face/head takes a path to the thalamus similar to the spinal path. Small diameter fibers in the trigeminal nerve synapse first on second-order sensory neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem...axons of the cells cross and then ascend to the thalamus and onto S1 (primary somatosensory cortex)
What is it called when an aphasic patient substitutes an incorrect word or sound while speaking?
Paraphasic Error
frenkles are for
Patients who lacks motor control Coordination exercises Parkinson's
Traction and approximation can be performed with what
Patterns or just with body positioning
Roods was made originally to treat what?
Pedis
Bilateral temporal lobectomy such as that sustained by H.M. is characterized by which of the following?
Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory
Telescoping is associated with
Phantom limb phenomenon
The gate theory of pain
Physical pain is not a direct result of activation of pain receptors, but rather its PERCEPTION is modulated by interaction between different neurons...thus activation of Aalpha or A beta mechanoreceptors because their rate/speed of conduction is faster can distract the sensory cortex if nociceptors (via C fibers) are being activated at the same time.
Manual contact for PNF is
Placing the hands on the skin stimulates pressure receptors in provides information to the patient about the desired direction of movement
Hair follicle
Position of hair shaft Adaptation - variable Receptive field - one hair
What is the development of postural control
Postural reactions follows righting reactions follows by protective reactions and then equilibrium reactions
What term is used to describe the mechanism for the regulation of [K+] by astrocytes
Potassium spatial buffering
The most distinct sexual dimorphisms in the mammalian brain are clustered around the third venricle in which structure?
Preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus
What are the phases of verbal input
Preparatory - readies the patient Action -provides info about the action and signals the pt to start movement Correctional -tells pt how to modify it
How is irradation used in PNF
Process of irradiation to increase muscular activity in the agonist muscles or to inhibit person and tag and his muscle groups.
Which of the following examples correctly explains how benzodiazepines and barbiturates work to suppress seizures?
Prolong the inhibitory actions of GABA
What is D1 extension UE good for
Protective mechanism
Rapidly adapting
Quickly stop firing in response to a constant stimulus
Nerve cells do what
Receive Analyze Transmits all info
Which of the following are common symptoms of OCD?
Recurrent obsessions, instructive thoughts, images, or impulsing perceived as inappropriate, grotesque, or forbidden
Which of the following are the common symptoms of OCD?
Recurrent obsessions, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses perceived as inappropriate, grotesque,m or forbidden
Cog center of gravity
Refers to the distance of the center of mass of the patients body to the supporting surface
Which region of the brain is believed to be responsible for inhibiting the amygdala in extinction of conditioned fear, and is believed to be disrupted in individuals suffering from PTSD?
Region of the medial prefrontal cortex called the infralimbic cortex
The testes produce androgens, which trigger the masculinization of the nervous system early in development by which of the following mechanisms?
Regulating the expression of a variety of sex-related genes
How would a behaviorist treat maladaptive behavior disorders?
Reinforcing new behaviors
Ms factors
Remission Exacerbation(can get worse the disease)
What is the difference between replication and verification?
Replication is repeating the experiment in other subjects to rule out the possibility of chance. In verification, the experiment is repeated and the same observations are obtained by any scientist following the same protocol as the original observer.
Polymodal nociceptors
Respond to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli
Righting reactions
Responsible for orienting ahead and space and keeping the eyes and mouth horizontal
Parkinson's triad
Resting tremor Cogwheel rigidity Bradykinesa
A patient with brain trauma cannot remember events prior to the trauma. What amnesia does this symptom indicate?
Retrograde amnesia
Which factor other than the ionic concentration gradient determines the equilibrium potential for an ion?
Selective ionic permeability
Parietal lobe is for
Sensory cortex
Clinical features of ms
Sensory peripheral nerves Visual: acuity and nystagmus Motor weakness:unit or bilateral Clumsiness Coordination Balance Ataxia -uncoordinated wide Bos drunken state Scanning speech:slow with long pauses Fatigue: worse in heat Cognition and bowel\bladder
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized and released by the raphe-nuclei?
Serotonin
What happen first in a spinal cord injury
Shock
What is the upper extremity extension main dominant muscle for brunnstrum
Shoulder abduction, forearm pronation Scapular protraction, shoulder internal rotation, full elbow extension, wrist extension with the finger flexion
D2 extension UE
Shoulder extension, adduction, Internal rotation , forearm pronation, and ulna deviation Placing a sword in it sheath
D2 flexion UE is
Shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation, forearm supination, radial deviation. Arm begins across the body throwing a bouquet
D1 flexion ue is
Shoulder flexion, adduction, external rotation, for our supination, and radial deviation
Thermal nociceptors
Show selective responses to burning heat or extreme cold
Chemical nociceptors
Show selective responses to histamine and other chemicals
Mechanical nociceptors
Show selective responses to to strong pressure
Inhibitory modalities
Slow stroking Neutral warmth Slow rolling Pleasant odors, perfumes, soft music Prolonged icing Pressure on muscle insertion
A normal movement has what
Smooth and coordinated movements
Which of the following statements reflects the argument against a discrete emotion system?
Solid evidence indicates that some structures involved in emotions are also involved in other functions
What are transporters? What is their role?
Special proteins embedded in the vesicle membrane; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters inside the vesicle
How does the locus coeruleus (LC) make the neurons of the cerebral cortex more responsive to salient sensory stimuli?
Speeding information processing by the point-to-point sensory and motor systems
Explain the location and composition of the Cadua Equine
Spinal cord ends at approximately the 3rd lumbar vertebrae; the bundles/spinal nerves within lumbar/sacral column are called "horse's tail"
Which of the following describes spiny stellate cells in striate cortex?
Spiny stellate cells are found in layer IVC
What is the longest stage of the sleep cycle?
Stage 4 - the deepest stage of sleep and slowest rhythms.
What are three things that you use for internal resistance during PNF
Stiffness , length, Nuro influences
Traction and approximation do what in pnf
Stimulate the joint receptors
Hypothalamic neurons maintain homeostasis by responding to a sensory stimulus with humoral, visceromotor, and somatic motor responses. Which of the following describes the humoral response?
Stimulating or inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones
Hypothalamic neurons maintain homeostasis by responding to a sensory stimulus with humoral, viscermotor, and somatic motor responses. Which of the following describes the humoral response?
Stimulating or inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones.
What is capacitation?
Storage of electrical charge
What is an external force for
Strengthening
Where are the first binocular neurons encountered in the retinofugal projection?
Striate cortex layers and superficial to layer IVC
Where are the first binocular neurons encountered in the retinofugal projection?
Striate cortex layers superficial to layer IVC
Which of the following structures is necessary for procedural memory?
Striatum
Insulin levels are maximal during which of the following phases of short-term regulation of feeding behavior?
Substrate
Which of the following statements describes the disorder called panic attacks?
Sudden feelings of intense terror that occur without warning
What is the role of the hippocampus in the stress response?
Suppresses the release of corticotropin-relasing hormone from the hypothalamus
What is the role of the hippocampus in the stress response?
Suppresses the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
Guillain barre syndrome has what
Symmetrical ascending progressive loss of motor function and its DIStAL TO PROXIMAL
Ans is has what
Sympathetic/parasympathetic
Pnf patterns uses what kind of movement s? These movements initiate functional movements P
Synergistic
Brunnstrum uses what ?
Synergy
Roods tech are ?
Technique that restores the motor deficit by returning patient to specific activities related to the stage of development where these functions were established
What is the function of the thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus?
Temperature-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus are important in the physiological responses that maintain stable body temperature
Which androgen leads to the development of the male reproductive system?
Testosterone
What brain structure is known to act as a powerful pacemaker for the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
Why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxical sleep?
The EEG for REM sleep is indistinguishable from an active, waking brain
Postural control
The ability to maintain alignment of the body specifically the alignment of the body parts relative to each other and the external environment
Identify the two structures that are separated by the tympanic membrane.
The auditory canal and the ossicles
At what point do axons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway cross to the opposite side of the CNS?
The axons from the cells of the dorsal column nuclei decussate in the medulla.
Bos "base of support" is
The base of support and Bob both the body surface in contact with supporting service in the area includes by the contacting body segments
Agnosia
The inability to recognize objects even though simple sensory skills seem to be normal
What type of ion channels do mechanoreceptors posses?
The mechanosensitive channels open, current flowing through channels generates a receptor potential and depolarization. Sodium Channels
What is the rationale behind the use of animal models to understand the human brain?
The nervous systems of different species of animals and humans share many common mechanisms
Which of the following represents the Marr-Albus theory of motor learning?
The parallel fiber synapse on the Purkinje cell dendrite if it is active at the same time as the climbing fiber input to the Purkinje cell
Receptive field
The region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron.
Which quality of the somatic sensory cortical organization does the distortion of the sensory homunculus reflect?
The relative size of the cortex that is devoted to each body part is correlated with the density of the sensory input received from that part.
How might a knowledge of dermatomes be important in clinical practice?
They delineate sets of bands on the body surface that may be used to detect the level and the amount of damage/trauma at spinal cord
Slowly Adapting
They do not stop firing, in general to the presence of the stimuli
Trigger zone
This region is responsible for initiating an action potential in sensory neurons
Which of the following offers evidence that language acquisition is an innate ability?
Three-month-old infants show brain activity in response to spoken words that is distributed in a manner similar to that of adults
For what purpose did Franz Joseph Gall study the dimensions of the human head?
To Understand the propensity for certain personality traits
What is pnf for ?
To enhance nerve control
How have toxins been used as a research tool?
To study the consequences of blocking action potentials
What senses does the somatic sensory system comprise?
Touch, temperature, pain and body position (all sensations except seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and balance)
Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
Touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception Dorsal root axons - Aalpha, Abeta, Adelta Consists of three sensory neurons in series:Primary sensory neuron - receptor/spinal cord to medulla Second order neuron - medulla to thalamus Third order neuron - thalamus to cortex Pathway decussates in the second order neuron in the medulla
A neural response triggered by a loud sound causes the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles to contract. This response is called the attenuation reflex. True or false?
True
Magnocellular LGN neurons project primarily to layer IVCα, and parvocellular LGN neurons project to layer IVCβ. True or false?
True
Ocular dominance columns are bands of cells extending through the thickness of the striate cortex. True or false?
True
One organizational principle of auditory cortex is the presence of columns of cells with binaural interaction in the auditory cortex. True or false?
True
The upper extremity resistance over flows to what with the irradiation process of pnf
Trunk.
A gene critical for normal human language has recently been discovered called FOXP2. What are the known differences between the human version of this gene and the corresponding gene in other primates?
Two amino acids
Which of the following triggers movement of the ossicles in the auditory pathway?
Tympanic membrane
Visceral pain
Vaguely localized; diffused (cramps, waves, general location)
When your stomach is full, mechanosensory in the stomach wall sense the distension and transmit the sensation to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla via what nerve?
Vagus
When your stomach is full, mechanosensory neurons in the stomach wall sense the distension and transmit the sensation to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla via which nerve?
Vagus
Left hemisphere is responsible for what
Verbal or analytic side of the brain Process information in a sequential, organized, logical, linear manner Language is processed through the left side Language of positive emotions happiness and love
Occipital lobe
Visual cortex
What does the Wernicke-Geschwind model propose as the role of Broca's area plays in the language processing?
Words are converted to a code for the muscular movements required for speech?
Oligodendrocytes
Wrap myelin sheaths around axons in white matter, AIDS in ion exchange
A common tell tale sign of significant brain damage is
a midline shift in the brain
Anxiety disorders have been related to which of the following?
all choices are correct
What is the term for the inability to find words?
anomia
Protective reactions are what
are extremity movements that occur in response to wrap a displacement of the body by diagonal or a horizontal forces
Preganglionic cells of the parasympathetic division
axons emerge in brain stem and sacral segment ACh neurons axons extend further than sympathetic preganglionic axons go from neurons in brain stem or sacral region and synapse on ganglion usually on the target organs
Preganglionic cells of the sympathetic division
axons emerge in middle 1/3 of the spinal cord ACh neurons lie in the intermediolateral gray matter send axons through ventral roots synapse on neurons in the sympathetic chain (lies adjacent to the spinal cord) or on the collateral ganglia in abdominal cavity
Which of the following is strong evidence linking the amygdala with fear?
bilateral amygdalectomy in profoundly reduces fear and aggression.
Hypophysiotropic hormones
bind to receptors on surface of pituitary cells and causes them to secrete or not secrete hormones
Diffuse modulatory systems of the brain
cells perform regulatory functions- modulating postsynaptic neurons makes cells more or less excitable, more or less synchronously active
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
chemical structure very close to serotonin agonist of serotonin receptors reduces outflow of serotoninergic diffuse modulatory effects
Neurohormones
chemical substances released into the blood by neurons
Autonomic ganglia
clusters of cell bodies of all autonomic lower motor neurons, which lie outside of the CNS
Serotonergic raphe nuclei
clusters of serotonin-containing neurons on either side as ridges on the brain stem fire most during wakefulness, quiet during sleep
Stimulants
cocaine, amphetamines- related to dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems block catecholamine reuptake: block NE and DA reuptake and stimulates release of DA
Parvocellular neurosecretory cells
communicates with targets via bloodstreamsecrete hypophysiotropic hormones into capillary bed in 3rd ventricledetermine whether the stimulus warrants a response
Components of the nervous system that operate in expanded space and time: part of the CNS
consists of different cell groups - highly divergent axonal projections, prolong actions via metabotrobic postsynaptic receptors diffuse modulatory systems of the brain- regulate level of arousal and mood
Ascending reticular activating system
consists of the locus coeruleus and the raphe nuclei implicates reticular "core" of brain stem in processes that arouse and awaken the forebrain involved in sleep-wake cycles, mood and emotional behavior
Components of the nervous system that operate in expanded space and time: autonomic nervous system
controlled by hypothalamus controls responses of many internal organs, blood vessels, and glands
Adrenaline
created from NE released into blood by the adrenal medulla- stimulates a sympathetic response
Pontomesoencephalotegmental complex
diffuse cholinergic system in pons and midbrain tegmentum act on dorsal thalamus to regulate the excitability of the sensory relay nuclei provide cholinergic link between the brain stem and basal forebrain complexes
Dopaminergic substantia nigra
diffuse modulatory system in the midbrain projects to striatum to facilitate initiation of voluntary movements: degeneration causes Parkinson's disease
Cholinergic basal forebrain complex
diffuse modulatory system with cholinergic neurons that lie scattered among related nuclei i.e. medial septal nuclei- innervation of the hippocampus i.e. basal nucleus of Meynert- innervation of neocortexmay have association with Alzheimer's disease
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
direct retinal innervation, sync circadian rhythms to light-dark cycle
Sympathomimetic
drugs that promote actions of NE or inhibit mAChRs of ACh- mimic activation of sympathetic division i.e. atropine- mAChR antagonist: causes dilation of pupils
Parasympathomimetic
drugs that promote muscarinic actions of ACh, inhibit NE i.e. propanolol- antagonists of beta receptor for NE: causes decrease in heart rate and blood pressure
How should the body. Position of the therapist be when performing PNF
dynamic clinician movement that mirrors the patients direction of the movement is essential to effective facilitation. The pelvis, shoulders, arms, and hands of the clinician should be placed in line with the movement
What is the main input to the hippocampus?
entorhinal cortex
Hyperalgesia
ex: a mother's soft touch to a child's burn would be extremely painful Bradykinin - depolarizes nicoceptors and increases thermal receptor sensitivity Prostaglandines - Increases sensitivity of pain receptors Substance P - released from nociceptor, causes swelling of blood capillaries
Neurosecretory neurons
extend axons to stalk of the pituitary gland
Autonomic nervous system
functions carried out automatically, not voluntarily2 divisions: sympathetic and parasympatheticdisynaptic pathway
Ventral tegmental area
group of dopaminergic cells- diffuse modulatory system innervate circumscribed region of the telencephalon- frontal cortex and parts of limbic system AKA mesocorticolimbic dopamine systeminvolved with "rewards" system
Adrenal glands
have 2 parts: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Sympathetic division
increases heart rate and blood pressure, decreases digestive function, increases mobilization of glucosefight, flight, fright, sex short term emergencies
Secretory hypothalamus
integrates somatic and visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain
Axons that remain on the same side of the brain as they project centrally are called _______________, whereas fibers that cross to the opposite side are called __________________.
ipsilateral, contralateral
Conditions of lowered blood volume and pressure
kidneys secrete renin (enzyme) renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin Iangiotensin I transformed into angiotensin IIangiotensin II can make kidneys and blood vessels to increase blood pressure subfornical organ detects angiotensin II and project to the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
3 functional zones of the hypothalamus
lateral, medial, and periventricular
Periventricular zone
lies next to the wall of the third ventricle and has a mix of neurons 3 groups of cells: suprachiasmatic nucleus, cells that control ANS, neurosecretory neurons
Nucleus of the solitary tract
located in the medulla connected with the hypothalamus and is an important center for autonomic control integrates sensory information from internal organs- output to autonomic brain stem nuclei
Enteric sensory neurons
monitor tension and stretch of gastrointestinal walls, chemical status of contents, hormone levels in blood passes into to enteric output motor neurons- govern smooth muscle motility and production of mucous
Somatic motor system
monosynaptic pathway
Hypothalamopituitary portal circulation
network of blood vessels branch into anterior pituitary
Postganglionic neurons
neurons in the autonomic ganglia driven by preganglionic neuron in the spinal cord and brain stem
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells
part of posterior pituitary extend axons around optic chasm, down stalk of pituitary and into the posterior lobe can release chemicals into the capillaries of the posterior loberelease oxytocin and vasopressin
Cortisol secretion
parvocellular neurosecretory cells release peptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), into portal circulation CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release corticotropin/ adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)ACTH travels to adrenal cortex and stimulates cortisol secretion
Hallucinogens
psilocybe mushroom, peyote cactus, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Other cells that control ANS
regulate outflow of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of viscera
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone/ ADH)
regulates blood volume and salt concentrationwater retention and reduced urine production
Homeostasis
regulating process for body temperature, body composition, etc. in response to changing environment maintenance of the body' internal environment within a narrow physiological range
Oxytocin
released during final stages of childbirth- causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation
Parasympathetic division
reverses effects of the sympathetic division digestion, growth, immune response, energy storage long term good
A mental disorder characterized by recurring episodes alternating between elevated mood with depression that alternates or occurs with disorted preceptions was provides as a definition of
schizoaffective disorder
Components of the nervous system that operate in expanded space and time: secretory hypothalamus
secrete chemicals directly into the blood stream: influence functions throughout the brain and body
Anterior pituitary (gland)
secretes a wide range of hormones that regulate secretions in other parts of the body: the "master" gland receives input from the hypothalamusunder control by neurons in the periventricular area- parvocellular neurosecretory cells
Adrenal cortex
shell that produces cortisol
What is D1 extension UE ?
shoulder extension, abduction, internal rotation, forearm pronation, and ulna deviation
ANS circuits
somatic motor system + ANS = total neural output of CNS
Cortisol
steroid that mobilizes energy reserves, suppresses immune system, counteracts stress lipophilic because it is a cholesterol compound, can dissolve in lipid membrane to cross blood brain barrier
Postganglionic neurotransmitters
sympathetic division uses NE, which spreads farparasympathetic division uses ACH, for local effect and activates on mAChRs
At what synapse does habituation to gill reflex withdrawal occur in Aplysia?
synapse joining the sensory neuron and motor neuron
What brain structure is known to act as a powerful pacemaker for the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
Pituitary gland
the mouthpiece from which the hypothalamus speaks to the body
Explain the mechanism by which the neurons of the periaqueductal gray matter suppress pain
the periaqueductal gray matter in the midbrain can influence the raphe nuclei of the medulla which in turn can medulate the flow of nociceptive information through the dorsal horns of nuclei of the medulla which in turn can modulate the flow of nociceptive information through the dorsal horns of the spinal cord
Noradrenergic locus coeruleus
uses NE and is located in the pons axons leave locus and innervate every part of the brain: very diffuse involved in regulating attention, arousal, sleep-wake cycles, learning and memory, anxiety and pain, mood, brain metabolism best activated by new, unexpected, non-painful sensory stimuli least active when not vigilant may function to increase brain responsiveness
Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus respond to an increase in blood leptin levels?
αMSH/CART Neurons
