Neuron Exam 1,3,4,5

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Enteric division

"little brain" of ANS unique neural system embedded in lining of esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and gall bladder consists of two networks of sensory nerves, interneurons, and autonomic motor neurons: myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, submucous (Meisser's) plexus

Psychoactive drugs

"mind-altering" effects, interfere with chemical synaptic transmission

Guilin barre syndrome is what more than the other

,other more than sensory

C axons

.2-1.5 microns Slow action potentials Carry pain, temperature and itch information

Characteristics of diffuse modulatory systems

1) core of system has small set of neurons 2) arise from central core of brain (most in brain stem) 3) each neuron influences many others 4) synapses release transmitter molecules into extracellular fluid- diffuse to many neurons10-100x more metabotropic ACh receptors than ionotropic nicotinic receptors

Aδ axons

1-5 microns Moderately fast action potentials Carry pain and temperature information

What are the stages of Brundstrum

1. Facility 2. spasticity begins toincreases 3. Spasticity continues to increase and peaks 4. Spasticity begins to decreases 5. Spasticity continues to decrease 6. Spasticity is absent 7. Patient is back to normal function

In what two important ways is the somatic sensory system difference from other sensory systems?

1. Receptors are distributed throughout the body 2. It responds to many different kinds of stimuli

Pns is composed of what

12 cranial nerves 31 pairs of peripheral nerves Afferent /sensory nerves Efferent/motor nerves

Aα axons

13-20 microns Very fast action potentials Carry proprioceptive information - skeletal muscle

In each cochlea there are approximately __________ outer hair cells (OHCs).

15000

What is the average age for a spinal cord injury patients

16-30

How many parts of the nervous system

2

Age of people with ms

20-40

ANS innervation of tissues

3 types of tissues are innervated: glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle regulates digestive and metabolic functions regulate functions of the kidneys and urinary bladder essential to sexual response interacts with body's immune system

In each cochlea there are approximately _________ inner hair cells (IHCs).

4500

Aβ axons

6-12 microns Fast action potentials Carry "touch" information - mechanoreceptors - skin

How many spinal segments do humans have?

8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 30 total

which of the following represents the mechanism sensitization of the grill-withdrawal reflex in aplysia?

A decrese in K+ conductance after sensitization prolongs the action potential

Quantal analysis shows that a single action potential at the neuromuscular junction causes an EPSP of 40 mV or more, compared to only a few tenths of a millivolt at many CNS synapses. What accounts for this difference?

A larger number of synaptic vesicles releasing neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction compared with CNS synapses

Neglect syndrome

A part of the body or a part of the world (the entire visual field left of the center of gaze, for example) is ignored or suppressed.

Which of the following describes ghrelin?

A peptide highly concentrated in the stomach that is released into the bloodstream when the stomach is empty

Which of the following statements explains why neurons that fire together wire together?

A synapse formed by a presynaptic axon is strengthened when the presynaptic axon is active at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron is strongly activated by other inputs

Which part of the brain is the major target of the retinofugal projection in nonmammalian vertebrates?

A) Tectum of the midbrain

Neurotransmitters of autonomic function

ACh from preganglionic neurons binds to nicotinic ACh receptors and evoke fast EPSP ACh can also bind to muscarinic ACh receptors and evoke slow EPSP or IPSP: only occurs when activated repeatedly Preganglionic terminals also release NPY (neuropeptide Y) and VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)- also trigger G-protein receptors: modulatory effect

Postganglionic cells of the parasympathetic division

ACh neurons

Two point discrimination

Ability to detect two separate points over skin areas.region, higher discrimination at finger tips/face/lips vs. on the back

______________ is a rare clinical syndrome that results in a partial or complete loss of color vision despite the presence of normal functional cones in the retina.

Achromatopsia

How do action potentials differ from passively conducted electrical signals?

Action potentials are signals of fixed size and duration; passively conducted signals are not signals of fixed size and duration

What is the effect of activating G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors?

Activate effector proteins such as ion channels or those that synthesize second messengers

Guillain barre syndrome is the most common cause of what

Acute paralysis but no clear reason why

How does the cleavage plane during cell division determine the fate of the daughter cells?

After vertical cleavage, both daughter cells remain in the ventricular...

How will the level of aggression change in a male castrated mouse given andgrogen replacement treatments?

Aggression will increase

What brain regions and associated neurotransmitters are implicated in changes associated with awakening and states of arousal?

All Choices are correct

What is the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the stress response?

All choices are correct

Which of the following medial temporal lobe structures is of great importance foe declarative memory consolidation?

All of the above Hippocampus Fornix Parahippocamapal and rhinal cortical areas

What brain regions and associated neurotransmitters are implicated in changes associated with awaking and sates of arousal?

All the choices are correct

The tau protein is heavily involved in

Alzheimer's disease

In PTSD hyperactivity is to the ____________ as hyperactivity is to the __________.

Amygdala; medial prefrontal cortex

Dermatomes

An area of the skin innervated by the right/left dorsal roots of a single spinal segment. There is a one-to-one correspondence between dermatomes and spinal segments.

Pain

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage...pain is always subjective...recognizes all dimensions of pain-physical, neurophysiological and emotional

Which of the following is the function of direction-selective striate cortex neurons?

Analysis of object motion

Manual resistance is what (PNF )

And internal or external force that alters the difficulty of moving

What is the term for inability to find words?

Anomia

Warm and cold-sensitive neurons are located in what part of the brain?

Anterior hypothalamus

Warm- and cold-sensitive neurons are located in what part of the brain?

Anterior hypothalamus

From which structure are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) released?

Anterior pituitary gland

What characterizes agroaphobia?

Anxiety about the difficulty of escaping a situation

Common impairments seen in left hemisphere

Apraxia-inability to plan Difficult in initiating, sequencing, processing a task Difficulty in producing and comprehending speech, memory impairments, and perseveration of speech or motor behaviors

At what point in development is gender determined?

At the time of fertilization

What is the function of proteins secreted by cells of the ventral midline of the spinal cord?

Attract (netrin) and then repel (slit) growing axons to help them cross the midline

Temporal lobe

Auditory cortex

At what point do the axons of the spinothalamic pathway cross to the opposite side of the CNS?

Axons of the spinothalamic pathway cross immediately in the spinal cord and ascend contralaterally.

Which of the following primary afferent axons is the largest and fastest?

Homeostasis

Balance of the body

Information from the visual and auditory sensory systems feeds into which part of the amygdala?

Basolateral nuclei

Two major classes of anxiolytic drugs include?

Benzodiazepines and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors

Which of the following is strong evidence linking the amygdala with fear?

Bilateral amygdalectomy in animals profoundly reduces fear and aggression

Mr. Stewart underwent a surgery to remove a tumor in his brain. During the surgery, lesions developed in the optic radiations. What is the potential impact of these lesions?

Blindness in part or all of the visual field

Susan fell down the staircase and injured her head, causing a transection of the left optic nerve. What is the consequence of this lesion?

Blindness in the left eye

Which of the following describes the mechanism of action of a tricyclic antidepresent drugs?

Block the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin by their transporters

If a patient is at stage four, five, six, or seven what can you do to treat the patient

Borrow some of roods techniques to inhibits

Hypermetamorphosis, visual agnosias, loss of fear, and indiscriminate dietary behavior are all symptoms of damage to what area(s) of the brain?

Both B and C Amygdala and inferior temporal cortex

What do causes of aphasia in deaf people using American Sign Language reveal about language processing in the brain?

Both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia occur in deaf people

What is a primary similarity in the visual receptive fields of LGN neurons and the ganglion cells that feed them?

Both have center-surround receptive fields

Which of the following is a brain mechanism for encoding sound intensity?

Both the number of active neurons an the firing rates of auditory neurons

The cns is composed of what

Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Spinal cord Thalamus Diencephalon Basal ganglia

Which of the following hippocampal preparations enhanced the study of LTP and LTD?

Brain Slices

What is is the basis of the sexual dimorphism is Onuf's nucleus in the sacral spinal cord?

Bulbocavernosus muscles are larger in males than females

What is the basis of sexual dimorphism in Onuf's nucleus in the sacral spinal cord?

Bulbocavernosus muscles are larger in males than females

How do neuroscientists identify the parts of the brain that are specialized for different behavioral functions related to the niche a species normally occupies?

By comparing the specializations of the brains different species

On what basis did Broca defend functional localization of the brain?

By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the left frontal lobe

What areas are most acceptable to a spinal cord injury

C1 C2 C5 c7

PNF is ?

Can be used to improve performance of functional task by increasing strength, flexibility, and range of motion.

Which of the following is the process of breaking down complex macromolecules?

Catabolism

What is an important development in the superior olive?

Cells receive inputs from both ears

Which of the following is the common characteristic in the receptive fields in the ganglion cells of the retina, the LGN, and striate cortex neurons in layer IVC?

Center surround

Postural control starts which way

Cephalad to caudal

To whom can we attribute the theory that behavior is among the heritable traits that could be developed?

Charles Darwin

Which of the following describes the chemoaffinity hypothesis as applied to target selection and establishing topographic maps?

Chemical markers on growing axons are matched with complementary chemical markers on their targets

Ms multiple sclerosis

Chronic debilitating From demyelination of the cns

Verbal input must be what

Clear simple and directional terms

Which of the following describes the basic scheme of the clock genes present in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

Clock genes perpetrate a cyclic negative feedback loop in which the clock gene expresses a protein whose presence decreases gene expression in a pattern consistent with circadian rhythms

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system

Cns and pns

James, age 22 years, was riding a motorbike when he had an accident. A neuropsychological test revealed that James suffered extensive damage to area V4 in the ventral stream. What is the most likely deficit resulting from a V4 lesion?

Color perception deficit

Which of the following is central to the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis?

Competition for trophic factors

Approximation does what in pnf

Compression of the joints, promotes stability and weight bearing

Which of the following is the most likely basis of visual perception?

Concerted activity of many neurons throughout the visual pathways

The Wernicke-geschwind model of language processing predicted a form of aphasia that would result from a lesion that disconnects Wernicke's area from Broca's area while leaving both areas in tact. What type of aphasia is this?

Conduction aphasia

Trigeminal touch pathway

Consists of three sensory neurons in series Primary sensory neuron - receptor to pons Second order neuron - pons to thalamus Third order neuron - thalamus to cortex

What is the auditory attenuation reflex?

Contraction of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles to make the chain of ossicles more rigid and diminish sound conduction

What is it called when the male refractory phase is shortened by the introduction of a novel female?

Coolidge effect

Which of the following represents Walter Freeman's idea the neural rhythms are used to coordinate activity between regions of the nervous system?

Cortical areas responding to the same object are synchronously active

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland when what neurochemical is released by parocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus?

Corticotropin- relasing hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland when what neurochemical is released by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Neuropathic pain

Damage to central or peripheral nervous system

Which type of memory can be assessed for conscious recollection?

Declarative memory

Ruffini endings

Deep touch (pressure) Adaptation - slow Receptive field - large

What is the basis of X-linked disorders?

Defect in the single X chromosome in males

What part of the nervous system is directly associated with the fluctuations and oscillations of an EEG pattern?

Dendrites of many pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex

What is the function of neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane?

Detect neurotransmitters

Pnf patterns are in what kinds of planes ?

Diagonal patterns

Timing of a movement is from what ?

Distal to proximal

Which of the following describes REM sleep behavior disorder?

Dreamers have no REM atonia and therefore act out their dreams

which of the following statements represents the activation-synthesis hypothesis proposed by Hobson and McCarley?

Dreams are the associations and memories of the cerebral cortex that are elicited by the random discharges of the pons during REM sleep

Which of the following statements represents the activation-synthesis hypothesis proposed by Hobson and McCarley?

Dreams are the associations and memories of the cerebral cortex that are elicited by the random discharges of the pons during REM sleep.

Referred pain

Due to a shared embryonic origin of where pain tracts are located and transmission of the sensation of pain. Visceral nociceptor activation is perceived as a cutaneous sensation.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of ECT?

ECT disrupts memories of events occurring about 6 months before treatment

How is the Wada procedure used to demonstrate hemispheric lateralization for speech?

Each hemisphere is anesthetized in turn to see the impact on speech

How is the Wada procedure used to demonstrate hemispheric lateralization for speech?

Each hemisphere is unsynthesized in term to see the impact of speech

Which of the following is true of the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain?

Each neuron influences many others, contacting more than 100,000 postsynaptic neurons.

In the proposed neural circuit for learned fear, the state of the ANS is altered by what neural connection?

Efferents from the central nucleus of the amygdala project to the hypothalamus

What is the dominant muscle in upper extremity flexion for brunnstrum

Elbow flexion-main Scapular retraction, external rotation, shoulder abduction to 90, for our supination, wrist/finger flexion

Traction does what in pnf

Elongates body segment, facilitates motion, decreases pain

Which of the following is the result of sympathetic activation during the male sexual response?

Emission

What is true of the Camon-Bard theory of emotion?

Emotional experience can be independent of emotional expression

Explain the cellular mechanism by which opiates and endorphins work to suppress pain

Endorphins and opiate receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system and can modulate nociceptive information (pain) Injections of morphine (opiate) or endorphins into the periaqueductal gray matter, the Raphe nuclei or the dorsal horn can produce analgesia

What are zeitgebers (German for "time-givers")?

Environmental cues that help biological clocks become entrained to the 12-hour day-night cycle and the 24-hour day

The EEG is primarily used to help diagnose certain neurological conditions, especially which of the following?

Epilepsy

What is the empirical evidence for the experience of unconscious emotions?

Experiments by Arne Ohman, Ray Dolan, and their colleagues showed autonomic responses to angry faces that had not been consciously perceived

Facilitation modalities

Exteroceptive Proprioceptive Ex:brushing fast, quick icing

Merkel's disk

Extremely sensitive-fine touch Adaptation - slow receptive field size - small

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for facial expressions of emotion?

Facial nerve

Rood technique is for

Facilitate and inhibit

what does the stretch reflex do in PNF

Facilitates muscle activity Elicits contractions Initiates voluntary movements, increases strength of voluntary contractions, eight and teaching motion, reflux he stimulates muscles not under voluntary control

A unilateral lesion in the auditory cortex will cause complete deafness. True or false?

False

Striate cortex blobs receive koniocellular input from layer IVC of the striate cortex. True or false?

False

The binocular visual field is the entire region of space that can be seen with both eyes fixated straight ahead. True or false?

False

The optic radiation is the projection from the LGN to the optic tract. True or false?

False, LGN to the cortex

The difference between fast pain and second pain and the axons that mediate each

Fast (sharp) pain - caused by Adelta fibers 2nd (dull) pain - caused by activation of C fibers

What is D1 flexion UE good for

Feeding

Who is higher to get ms

Female

Which of the following is the function of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?

Fixes sight on visual target during body movement by adjusting head, eye, and body positions.

What is a footplate?

Flat bottom portion of stapes that moves like a piston

What are the characteristics of Wernicke's aphasia?

Fluent speech and poor comprehension

Right hemisphere damage

For judgment and safety awareness and realistic expectations denial of disability or defects disturbances and body image irritability and with Lethargy

Which of the following is a characteristic of androgen insensitivity?

Genetic male with testes but female body appearance

Verbal input does what

Gives input directions to patient

Identify a type of hairless skin.

Glabrous

What are the key things of pnf application

Hand placement Body alignment Elongation of body part, quick stretch Verbal command with movement Resistance Normal timing Visual cues if need

Visual cueing during pnf does what

Helps to control and correct movement Promote stronger contraction Increase body alignment

Which of the following is perceived as having a higher pitch?

High-frequency sound waves

The nervous system is

Highly organized communication system

Trunk flexion resistance over flows to what with the irradiation process of pnf

Hip and ankle

Trunk extensor resistance over flows to what with the irradiation process of pnf

Hip and knee

D1 extension LE

Hip extension, hip abduction, internal rotation

D2 flexion lower extremity

Hip extension, hip adduction, external rotation

What is the dominant muscle of the lower extremity flexion for brunnstrum

Hip flexion Hip abduction, external rotation, knee flexion to 90, ankle Dorsi flexion/inversion/toe eversion

D1 flexion LE

Hip flexion, adduction, external rotation, crossing one leg over the other and sitting

D2 flexion LE

Hip flexion, hip abduction, internal rotation Leg begins past midline of the body, abduct opposite leg, like a fire hydrant. Used mostly when eversion with Dorsi- flexion is desired

Which muscles help the patient recover in a spinal cord injury

Hip flexors

Ans regulates what

Homeostasis

Which of the following describes neurohormones?

Hormones released into the blood stream.

What is contra indicated with stretch PNF

Hypermobility fracture or pain

Which of the following describes the ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome?

Hypothalamic lesions that cause overeating and obesity

What is the type of hand placement do you use for the Manual contacted PNF

In the direction of the desired movement and with a lumbarical grip

Why is movement at the oval window accompanied by a complementary motion at the round window?

Incompressible fluid in cochlea

Irradiation is

Increase in activity and related muscles in response to external resistance

What is irradiation

Increase in activity and related muscles in response to external resistance. Often use synonymously with overflow in reinforcement

Irradiation in pnf uses this process for what purposes

Increase muscular activity in the agonist muscles or two inhibit opposing antagonist muscle group

What's the purpose of hold relax in pnf

Increase passive joint mobility and decrease movement related pain

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits what response in humans?

Increased anxiety and fear

Injecting corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) into experimental animals can produce which of the following behavioral effects?

Increased behavioral expression of anxiety

Left parietal lobe does what

Individual to recognize words and to comprehend what has been read and math calculations

What is the mind-brain problem?

Individually, human mental capacities exist in the mind that is outside the brain.

The focus of PNF is?

Integration of these days assisted patient to establish head and trunk control, initiate and sustain movement, control shift in the center of gravity, and control the pelvis and trunk in the midline while the extremities move

Nervous system that's fully functioning does what?

Interact with their environment Perceive sensory experiences Initiate movement

When you facility what does it reduce during PNF

Internal resistance which alters neural firing patterns

Ans controls

Involuntary functions

The movement of what ion occurs in the rising phase of the action potential?

Inward Na+

How does myelin increase conduction velocity?

It provides electrical insulation

Pacinian corpuscle

Just below epidermal/dermal border Light touch Adaptation - rapid Receptive field - large

Meissner's corpuscle

Just below epidermal/dermal border Light touch Adaptation - rapid Receptive field - small

What is the dominant muscle for the lower extremity extension for brunnstrum

Knee extension Hip extension, hip adduction, internal rotation, ankle plantar flexion,inversion/toe flexion

Microglia

Known as phagocytes, engulf and digest pathogens and assist in nervous system repair after injury

Cerebrum is divided into what

L/R hemisphere

Left frontal and temporal lobes do what

Language is produced and process

Which of the following is a symptom of diabetes insipidus?

Large volumes of pale. watery urine.

Which of the following abnormalities in EEG voltage patterens is recorded synchronously across the entire brain during absence seizures?

Large, regular, and rhythmic

Anorexia can result from damage to which of the following parts of the brain?

Lateral hypothalamus

Evidence from patients with cerebrovascular disease suggests that damage to what area(s) may produce major depression?

Left frontal lobe and left basal ganglia

Where is the language area known as Wernicke's area located?

Left superior temporal lobe between the auditory cortex and the angular gyrus.

Which of the following represents delta rhythms, the hallmark of deep sleep?

Less than 4 Hz

Dorsal column nuclei

Lie at the junction of the spinal cord and medulla

Nociceptors

Location: all organs except the brain

Which of the following describes schizophrenia?

Loss of contact with reality and disruption of thought

Astrocytes

Maintain capillary endothelium, aid in vascular ink

What are three things that you use for External resistance during PNF

Manual mechanical and gravitational forces

Appropriate resistant facilitates what during PNF

Maximum motor response which equals a completion of the task

The dopaminergic system originates in the ventral tegmental area. This system innervates a circumscribed region of the telencephalon including the frontal cortex and parts of the limbic system. What term is used to refer to this dopaminergic projection?

Mesocorticolimbric dopamine system

Which of the following is the largest of the cytoskeletal elements?

Microtubule

Which of the following statements reflects a weakness in the Wernicke-Geschwind model of language processing?

Most aphasias involved in both comprehension and speech deficits

Where are mechanoreceptors located?

Mostly in the dermis with some in the hypodermis

Frontal lobe is for

Motor cortex

Pd affects

Motor system

Spinal cord injuries are caused by mostly what

Motor vehicle accidents MVA

In stages 1 2 3 of brunnstrum what do you do to the patient

Must facilitate reflex activities

Postganglionic cells of the sympathetic division

NE neurons

What skills are necessary for language?

Naming, articulation, grammar usage, comprehension

Which of the following is a role proposed for movement-sensitive neurons in the parietal area called MST?

Navigation

What is meant by the notion "the output of the cortex can influence the input of the cortex"?

Neurons of the thalamus and dorsal column are also controlled by cortical input.

Is a stage of recovery skipped and brunnstrum

No

Right hemisphere functions

Nonverbal and Artistic abilities. Allows individuals to process information and a complete or holistic fashion without specifically reviewing all the details Able to grasp or comprehend general subjects Visual perceptual functions including I hand coronation, spiritual relationships, perception of one's position in space are carried out in the right hemisphere. Communicate nonverbally and comprehend what is not been expressed right parietal lobe. Understanding facial gestures, recognizing visual relationships, awareness of body image Mathematical reasoning and judgement Sustaining a movement or posture and perceiving negative emotion anger

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter used by postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Norepinephrine

Which of the following is crucial for the tilt sensitivity of the macula?

Octoconia

Optogenetic techniques have been developed allowing researchers to do which of the following by introducing foreign genes into test animals?

Open ion channels in response to blue light

Which of the following contains auditory reception neurons?

Organ of Corti

Which of the following contributes to the pressure at the oval window being 20 times greater than that at the tympanic membrane?

Ossicles act like levers

What role does angular gyrus play in the process of the reading text aloud, according to the Wernicke-Geschwind model?

Output of the angular gyrus evokes the same pattern of activity in Wernicke's area as does the spoken word

What role does angular gyrus play in the process of reading text aloud, according to the Wernicke-Geschwind model?

Output of the angular gyrus evokes the same pattern of activity in Wernicke's area as does the spoken word.

Do not what with a ms patient

Over fatigue because it will make symptoms worse

Somatic pain

Pain receptors in periphery, easily localized to dermatomes and easy to describe

Spinothalamic pathway

Pain, temperature, some touch Dorsal root axons - Adelta, C Consists of three sensory neurons in series: Primary sensory neuron - nociceptor to substansia gelatinosa Second order neuron - substansia gelatinosa to thalamus Third order neuron - thalamus to cortex Decussates in the spinal cord

Describe the trigeminal pathway in terms of painful stimuli

Pain/temperature information from the face/head takes a path to the thalamus similar to the spinal path. Small diameter fibers in the trigeminal nerve synapse first on second-order sensory neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem...axons of the cells cross and then ascend to the thalamus and onto S1 (primary somatosensory cortex)

What is it called when an aphasic patient substitutes an incorrect word or sound while speaking?

Paraphasic Error

frenkles are for

Patients who lacks motor control Coordination exercises Parkinson's

Traction and approximation can be performed with what

Patterns or just with body positioning

Roods was made originally to treat what?

Pedis

Bilateral temporal lobectomy such as that sustained by H.M. is characterized by which of the following?

Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory

Telescoping is associated with

Phantom limb phenomenon

The gate theory of pain

Physical pain is not a direct result of activation of pain receptors, but rather its PERCEPTION is modulated by interaction between different neurons...thus activation of Aalpha or A beta mechanoreceptors because their rate/speed of conduction is faster can distract the sensory cortex if nociceptors (via C fibers) are being activated at the same time.

Manual contact for PNF is

Placing the hands on the skin stimulates pressure receptors in provides information to the patient about the desired direction of movement

Hair follicle

Position of hair shaft Adaptation - variable Receptive field - one hair

What is the development of postural control

Postural reactions follows righting reactions follows by protective reactions and then equilibrium reactions

What term is used to describe the mechanism for the regulation of [K+] by astrocytes

Potassium spatial buffering

The most distinct sexual dimorphisms in the mammalian brain are clustered around the third venricle in which structure?

Preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

What are the phases of verbal input

Preparatory - readies the patient Action -provides info about the action and signals the pt to start movement Correctional -tells pt how to modify it

How is irradation used in PNF

Process of irradiation to increase muscular activity in the agonist muscles or to inhibit person and tag and his muscle groups.

Which of the following examples correctly explains how benzodiazepines and barbiturates work to suppress seizures?

Prolong the inhibitory actions of GABA

What is D1 extension UE good for

Protective mechanism

Rapidly adapting

Quickly stop firing in response to a constant stimulus

Nerve cells do what

Receive Analyze Transmits all info

Which of the following are common symptoms of OCD?

Recurrent obsessions, instructive thoughts, images, or impulsing perceived as inappropriate, grotesque, or forbidden

Which of the following are the common symptoms of OCD?

Recurrent obsessions, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses perceived as inappropriate, grotesque,m or forbidden

Cog center of gravity

Refers to the distance of the center of mass of the patients body to the supporting surface

Which region of the brain is believed to be responsible for inhibiting the amygdala in extinction of conditioned fear, and is believed to be disrupted in individuals suffering from PTSD?

Region of the medial prefrontal cortex called the infralimbic cortex

The testes produce androgens, which trigger the masculinization of the nervous system early in development by which of the following mechanisms?

Regulating the expression of a variety of sex-related genes

How would a behaviorist treat maladaptive behavior disorders?

Reinforcing new behaviors

Ms factors

Remission Exacerbation(can get worse the disease)

What is the difference between replication and verification?

Replication is repeating the experiment in other subjects to rule out the possibility of chance. In verification, the experiment is repeated and the same observations are obtained by any scientist following the same protocol as the original observer.

Polymodal nociceptors

Respond to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli

Righting reactions

Responsible for orienting ahead and space and keeping the eyes and mouth horizontal

Parkinson's triad

Resting tremor Cogwheel rigidity Bradykinesa

A patient with brain trauma cannot remember events prior to the trauma. What amnesia does this symptom indicate?

Retrograde amnesia

Which factor other than the ionic concentration gradient determines the equilibrium potential for an ion?

Selective ionic permeability

Parietal lobe is for

Sensory cortex

Clinical features of ms

Sensory peripheral nerves Visual: acuity and nystagmus Motor weakness:unit or bilateral Clumsiness Coordination Balance Ataxia -uncoordinated wide Bos drunken state Scanning speech:slow with long pauses Fatigue: worse in heat Cognition and bowel\bladder

Which neurotransmitter is synthesized and released by the raphe-nuclei?

Serotonin

What happen first in a spinal cord injury

Shock

What is the upper extremity extension main dominant muscle for brunnstrum

Shoulder abduction, forearm pronation Scapular protraction, shoulder internal rotation, full elbow extension, wrist extension with the finger flexion

D2 extension UE

Shoulder extension, adduction, Internal rotation , forearm pronation, and ulna deviation Placing a sword in it sheath

D2 flexion UE is

Shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation, forearm supination, radial deviation. Arm begins across the body throwing a bouquet

D1 flexion ue is

Shoulder flexion, adduction, external rotation, for our supination, and radial deviation

Thermal nociceptors

Show selective responses to burning heat or extreme cold

Chemical nociceptors

Show selective responses to histamine and other chemicals

Mechanical nociceptors

Show selective responses to to strong pressure

Inhibitory modalities

Slow stroking Neutral warmth Slow rolling Pleasant odors, perfumes, soft music Prolonged icing Pressure on muscle insertion

A normal movement has what

Smooth and coordinated movements

Which of the following statements reflects the argument against a discrete emotion system?

Solid evidence indicates that some structures involved in emotions are also involved in other functions

What are transporters? What is their role?

Special proteins embedded in the vesicle membrane; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters inside the vesicle

How does the locus coeruleus (LC) make the neurons of the cerebral cortex more responsive to salient sensory stimuli?

Speeding information processing by the point-to-point sensory and motor systems

Explain the location and composition of the Cadua Equine

Spinal cord ends at approximately the 3rd lumbar vertebrae; the bundles/spinal nerves within lumbar/sacral column are called "horse's tail"

Which of the following describes spiny stellate cells in striate cortex?

Spiny stellate cells are found in layer IVC

What is the longest stage of the sleep cycle?

Stage 4 - the deepest stage of sleep and slowest rhythms.

What are three things that you use for internal resistance during PNF

Stiffness , length, Nuro influences

Traction and approximation do what in pnf

Stimulate the joint receptors

Hypothalamic neurons maintain homeostasis by responding to a sensory stimulus with humoral, visceromotor, and somatic motor responses. Which of the following describes the humoral response?

Stimulating or inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones

Hypothalamic neurons maintain homeostasis by responding to a sensory stimulus with humoral, viscermotor, and somatic motor responses. Which of the following describes the humoral response?

Stimulating or inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones.

What is capacitation?

Storage of electrical charge

What is an external force for

Strengthening

Where are the first binocular neurons encountered in the retinofugal projection?

Striate cortex layers and superficial to layer IVC

Where are the first binocular neurons encountered in the retinofugal projection?

Striate cortex layers superficial to layer IVC

Which of the following structures is necessary for procedural memory?

Striatum

Insulin levels are maximal during which of the following phases of short-term regulation of feeding behavior?

Substrate

Which of the following statements describes the disorder called panic attacks?

Sudden feelings of intense terror that occur without warning

What is the role of the hippocampus in the stress response?

Suppresses the release of corticotropin-relasing hormone from the hypothalamus

What is the role of the hippocampus in the stress response?

Suppresses the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

Guillain barre syndrome has what

Symmetrical ascending progressive loss of motor function and its DIStAL TO PROXIMAL

Ans is has what

Sympathetic/parasympathetic

Pnf patterns uses what kind of movement s? These movements initiate functional movements P

Synergistic

Brunnstrum uses what ?

Synergy

Roods tech are ?

Technique that restores the motor deficit by returning patient to specific activities related to the stage of development where these functions were established

What is the function of the thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

Temperature-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus are important in the physiological responses that maintain stable body temperature

Which androgen leads to the development of the male reproductive system?

Testosterone

What brain structure is known to act as a powerful pacemaker for the cerebral cortex?

Thalamus

Why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxical sleep?

The EEG for REM sleep is indistinguishable from an active, waking brain

Postural control

The ability to maintain alignment of the body specifically the alignment of the body parts relative to each other and the external environment

Identify the two structures that are separated by the tympanic membrane.

The auditory canal and the ossicles

At what point do axons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway cross to the opposite side of the CNS?

The axons from the cells of the dorsal column nuclei decussate in the medulla.

Bos "base of support" is

The base of support and Bob both the body surface in contact with supporting service in the area includes by the contacting body segments

Agnosia

The inability to recognize objects even though simple sensory skills seem to be normal

What type of ion channels do mechanoreceptors posses?

The mechanosensitive channels open, current flowing through channels generates a receptor potential and depolarization. Sodium Channels

What is the rationale behind the use of animal models to understand the human brain?

The nervous systems of different species of animals and humans share many common mechanisms

Which of the following represents the Marr-Albus theory of motor learning?

The parallel fiber synapse on the Purkinje cell dendrite if it is active at the same time as the climbing fiber input to the Purkinje cell

Receptive field

The region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron.

Which quality of the somatic sensory cortical organization does the distortion of the sensory homunculus reflect?

The relative size of the cortex that is devoted to each body part is correlated with the density of the sensory input received from that part.

How might a knowledge of dermatomes be important in clinical practice?

They delineate sets of bands on the body surface that may be used to detect the level and the amount of damage/trauma at spinal cord

Slowly Adapting

They do not stop firing, in general to the presence of the stimuli

Trigger zone

This region is responsible for initiating an action potential in sensory neurons

Which of the following offers evidence that language acquisition is an innate ability?

Three-month-old infants show brain activity in response to spoken words that is distributed in a manner similar to that of adults

For what purpose did Franz Joseph Gall study the dimensions of the human head?

To Understand the propensity for certain personality traits

What is pnf for ?

To enhance nerve control

How have toxins been used as a research tool?

To study the consequences of blocking action potentials

What senses does the somatic sensory system comprise?

Touch, temperature, pain and body position (all sensations except seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and balance)

Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

Touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception Dorsal root axons - Aalpha, Abeta, Adelta Consists of three sensory neurons in series:Primary sensory neuron - receptor/spinal cord to medulla Second order neuron - medulla to thalamus Third order neuron - thalamus to cortex Pathway decussates in the second order neuron in the medulla

A neural response triggered by a loud sound causes the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles to contract. This response is called the attenuation reflex. True or false?

True

Magnocellular LGN neurons project primarily to layer IVCα, and parvocellular LGN neurons project to layer IVCβ. True or false?

True

Ocular dominance columns are bands of cells extending through the thickness of the striate cortex. True or false?

True

One organizational principle of auditory cortex is the presence of columns of cells with binaural interaction in the auditory cortex. True or false?

True

The upper extremity resistance over flows to what with the irradiation process of pnf

Trunk.

A gene critical for normal human language has recently been discovered called FOXP2. What are the known differences between the human version of this gene and the corresponding gene in other primates?

Two amino acids

Which of the following triggers movement of the ossicles in the auditory pathway?

Tympanic membrane

Visceral pain

Vaguely localized; diffused (cramps, waves, general location)

When your stomach is full, mechanosensory in the stomach wall sense the distension and transmit the sensation to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla via what nerve?

Vagus

When your stomach is full, mechanosensory neurons in the stomach wall sense the distension and transmit the sensation to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla via which nerve?

Vagus

Left hemisphere is responsible for what

Verbal or analytic side of the brain Process information in a sequential, organized, logical, linear manner Language is processed through the left side Language of positive emotions happiness and love

Occipital lobe

Visual cortex

What does the Wernicke-Geschwind model propose as the role of Broca's area plays in the language processing?

Words are converted to a code for the muscular movements required for speech?

Oligodendrocytes

Wrap myelin sheaths around axons in white matter, AIDS in ion exchange

A common tell tale sign of significant brain damage is

a midline shift in the brain

Anxiety disorders have been related to which of the following?

all choices are correct

What is the term for the inability to find words?

anomia

Protective reactions are what

are extremity movements that occur in response to wrap a displacement of the body by diagonal or a horizontal forces

Preganglionic cells of the parasympathetic division

axons emerge in brain stem and sacral segment ACh neurons axons extend further than sympathetic preganglionic axons go from neurons in brain stem or sacral region and synapse on ganglion usually on the target organs

Preganglionic cells of the sympathetic division

axons emerge in middle 1/3 of the spinal cord ACh neurons lie in the intermediolateral gray matter send axons through ventral roots synapse on neurons in the sympathetic chain (lies adjacent to the spinal cord) or on the collateral ganglia in abdominal cavity

Which of the following is strong evidence linking the amygdala with fear?

bilateral amygdalectomy in profoundly reduces fear and aggression.

Hypophysiotropic hormones

bind to receptors on surface of pituitary cells and causes them to secrete or not secrete hormones

Diffuse modulatory systems of the brain

cells perform regulatory functions- modulating postsynaptic neurons makes cells more or less excitable, more or less synchronously active

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

chemical structure very close to serotonin agonist of serotonin receptors reduces outflow of serotoninergic diffuse modulatory effects

Neurohormones

chemical substances released into the blood by neurons

Autonomic ganglia

clusters of cell bodies of all autonomic lower motor neurons, which lie outside of the CNS

Serotonergic raphe nuclei

clusters of serotonin-containing neurons on either side as ridges on the brain stem fire most during wakefulness, quiet during sleep

Stimulants

cocaine, amphetamines- related to dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems block catecholamine reuptake: block NE and DA reuptake and stimulates release of DA

Parvocellular neurosecretory cells

communicates with targets via bloodstreamsecrete hypophysiotropic hormones into capillary bed in 3rd ventricledetermine whether the stimulus warrants a response

Components of the nervous system that operate in expanded space and time: part of the CNS

consists of different cell groups - highly divergent axonal projections, prolong actions via metabotrobic postsynaptic receptors diffuse modulatory systems of the brain- regulate level of arousal and mood

Ascending reticular activating system

consists of the locus coeruleus and the raphe nuclei implicates reticular "core" of brain stem in processes that arouse and awaken the forebrain involved in sleep-wake cycles, mood and emotional behavior

Components of the nervous system that operate in expanded space and time: autonomic nervous system

controlled by hypothalamus controls responses of many internal organs, blood vessels, and glands

Adrenaline

created from NE released into blood by the adrenal medulla- stimulates a sympathetic response

Pontomesoencephalotegmental complex

diffuse cholinergic system in pons and midbrain tegmentum act on dorsal thalamus to regulate the excitability of the sensory relay nuclei provide cholinergic link between the brain stem and basal forebrain complexes

Dopaminergic substantia nigra

diffuse modulatory system in the midbrain projects to striatum to facilitate initiation of voluntary movements: degeneration causes Parkinson's disease

Cholinergic basal forebrain complex

diffuse modulatory system with cholinergic neurons that lie scattered among related nuclei i.e. medial septal nuclei- innervation of the hippocampus i.e. basal nucleus of Meynert- innervation of neocortexmay have association with Alzheimer's disease

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

direct retinal innervation, sync circadian rhythms to light-dark cycle

Sympathomimetic

drugs that promote actions of NE or inhibit mAChRs of ACh- mimic activation of sympathetic division i.e. atropine- mAChR antagonist: causes dilation of pupils

Parasympathomimetic

drugs that promote muscarinic actions of ACh, inhibit NE i.e. propanolol- antagonists of beta receptor for NE: causes decrease in heart rate and blood pressure

How should the body. Position of the therapist be when performing PNF

dynamic clinician movement that mirrors the patients direction of the movement is essential to effective facilitation. The pelvis, shoulders, arms, and hands of the clinician should be placed in line with the movement

What is the main input to the hippocampus?

entorhinal cortex

Hyperalgesia

ex: a mother's soft touch to a child's burn would be extremely painful Bradykinin - depolarizes nicoceptors and increases thermal receptor sensitivity Prostaglandines - Increases sensitivity of pain receptors Substance P - released from nociceptor, causes swelling of blood capillaries

Neurosecretory neurons

extend axons to stalk of the pituitary gland

Autonomic nervous system

functions carried out automatically, not voluntarily2 divisions: sympathetic and parasympatheticdisynaptic pathway

Ventral tegmental area

group of dopaminergic cells- diffuse modulatory system innervate circumscribed region of the telencephalon- frontal cortex and parts of limbic system AKA mesocorticolimbic dopamine systeminvolved with "rewards" system

Adrenal glands

have 2 parts: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Sympathetic division

increases heart rate and blood pressure, decreases digestive function, increases mobilization of glucosefight, flight, fright, sex short term emergencies

Secretory hypothalamus

integrates somatic and visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain

Axons that remain on the same side of the brain as they project centrally are called _______________, whereas fibers that cross to the opposite side are called __________________.

ipsilateral, contralateral

Conditions of lowered blood volume and pressure

kidneys secrete renin (enzyme) renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin Iangiotensin I transformed into angiotensin IIangiotensin II can make kidneys and blood vessels to increase blood pressure subfornical organ detects angiotensin II and project to the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus

3 functional zones of the hypothalamus

lateral, medial, and periventricular

Periventricular zone

lies next to the wall of the third ventricle and has a mix of neurons 3 groups of cells: suprachiasmatic nucleus, cells that control ANS, neurosecretory neurons

Nucleus of the solitary tract

located in the medulla connected with the hypothalamus and is an important center for autonomic control integrates sensory information from internal organs- output to autonomic brain stem nuclei

Enteric sensory neurons

monitor tension and stretch of gastrointestinal walls, chemical status of contents, hormone levels in blood passes into to enteric output motor neurons- govern smooth muscle motility and production of mucous

Somatic motor system

monosynaptic pathway

Hypothalamopituitary portal circulation

network of blood vessels branch into anterior pituitary

Postganglionic neurons

neurons in the autonomic ganglia driven by preganglionic neuron in the spinal cord and brain stem

Magnocellular neurosecretory cells

part of posterior pituitary extend axons around optic chasm, down stalk of pituitary and into the posterior lobe can release chemicals into the capillaries of the posterior loberelease oxytocin and vasopressin

Cortisol secretion

parvocellular neurosecretory cells release peptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), into portal circulation CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release corticotropin/ adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)ACTH travels to adrenal cortex and stimulates cortisol secretion

Hallucinogens

psilocybe mushroom, peyote cactus, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Other cells that control ANS

regulate outflow of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of viscera

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone/ ADH)

regulates blood volume and salt concentrationwater retention and reduced urine production

Homeostasis

regulating process for body temperature, body composition, etc. in response to changing environment maintenance of the body' internal environment within a narrow physiological range

Oxytocin

released during final stages of childbirth- causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation

Parasympathetic division

reverses effects of the sympathetic division digestion, growth, immune response, energy storage long term good

A mental disorder characterized by recurring episodes alternating between elevated mood with depression that alternates or occurs with disorted preceptions was provides as a definition of

schizoaffective disorder

Components of the nervous system that operate in expanded space and time: secretory hypothalamus

secrete chemicals directly into the blood stream: influence functions throughout the brain and body

Anterior pituitary (gland)

secretes a wide range of hormones that regulate secretions in other parts of the body: the "master" gland receives input from the hypothalamusunder control by neurons in the periventricular area- parvocellular neurosecretory cells

Adrenal cortex

shell that produces cortisol

What is D1 extension UE ?

shoulder extension, abduction, internal rotation, forearm pronation, and ulna deviation

ANS circuits

somatic motor system + ANS = total neural output of CNS

Cortisol

steroid that mobilizes energy reserves, suppresses immune system, counteracts stress lipophilic because it is a cholesterol compound, can dissolve in lipid membrane to cross blood brain barrier

Postganglionic neurotransmitters

sympathetic division uses NE, which spreads farparasympathetic division uses ACH, for local effect and activates on mAChRs

At what synapse does habituation to gill reflex withdrawal occur in Aplysia?

synapse joining the sensory neuron and motor neuron

What brain structure is known to act as a powerful pacemaker for the cerebral cortex?

thalamus

Pituitary gland

the mouthpiece from which the hypothalamus speaks to the body

Explain the mechanism by which the neurons of the periaqueductal gray matter suppress pain

the periaqueductal gray matter in the midbrain can influence the raphe nuclei of the medulla which in turn can medulate the flow of nociceptive information through the dorsal horns of nuclei of the medulla which in turn can modulate the flow of nociceptive information through the dorsal horns of the spinal cord

Noradrenergic locus coeruleus

uses NE and is located in the pons axons leave locus and innervate every part of the brain: very diffuse involved in regulating attention, arousal, sleep-wake cycles, learning and memory, anxiety and pain, mood, brain metabolism best activated by new, unexpected, non-painful sensory stimuli least active when not vigilant may function to increase brain responsiveness

Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus respond to an increase in blood leptin levels?

αMSH/CART Neurons


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