NFS 1110 Chapter 6 Questions

What is true about the functions of proteins in the body? a. They provide an efficient energy source for the body. b. They transport substances throughout the body. c. They delay metabolic reactions. d. They function effectively in a wide range of pH levels.

b. They transport substances throughout the body.

Hemoglobin is an example of: a. a defense protein b. a transport protein c. an enzyme d. an immune protein (antibody)

b. a transport protein

The basic building blocks of proteins are: a. monosaccharides b. amino acids c. sterols d. ketone bodies

b. amino acids

A measure of protein quality determined by comparing the amount of nitrogen retained in the body with the amount absorbed from the diet is called the: a. chemical score b. biological value c. protein efficiency ratio d. net protein utilization

b. biological value

If the shape of a protein is altered due to a genetic mutation, the ______________ of the protein may be affected. a. nutritional value b. functionality c. taste d. texture

b. functionality

If a "limiting amino acid" is missing in the diet: a. it can be replaced with another during protein synthesis. b. it can be synthesized in the body if it is non-essential. c. gene expression will alter to compensate for it. d. it is usually due to the deamination and burning of that amino acid.

b. it can be synthesized in the body if it is non-essential.

Food Allergies: a. cause skin symptoms only. b. are rare in infants. c. are triggered by incompletely digested proteins. d. are worse the first time the offending food is eaten.

c. are triggered by incompletely digested proteins.

How are protein needs met through complementation? a. The body must produce the amino acids to complement the protein needed. b. Combining two plant proteins, rice and beans, will provide the essential amino acids needed. c. A protein of animal origin must complement the plant source of protein. d. Any plant proteins can be combined to provide the essential amino acids needed.

b. Combining two plant proteins, rice and beans, will provide the essential amino acids needed.

How are protein needs determined? a. Measure the changes in body weight over time. b. Compare nitrogen consumed with the amount excreted by the body. c. Utilize the levels established by the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). d. Estimate the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for age, gender, and activity.

b. Compare nitrogen consumed with the amount excreted by the body.

The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is determined by: a. the types of food proteins that a person consumes. b. DNA found in the nucleus of cells. c. GI tract peptidases. d. random interactions between free amino acids in the cytoplasm of cells.

b. DNA found in the nucleus of cells.

Which of the following is most likely to result from a chronic deficiency of protein and energy? a. PKU b. Marasmus c. Gallstones d. Increased resistance to infection

b. Marasmus

Why must some amino acids be consumed in the diet? a. They are more important than others. b. They cannot be synthesized by the body. c. They are more susceptible to environmental insults. d. They have a more complex structure than others.

b. They cannot be synthesized by the body.

Protein differs from carbohydrate and lipid in that protein: a. does not provide the body with a source of energy. b. is classified as an inorganic molecule. c. contains the element nitrogen. d. is not considered to be an essential nutrient.

c. contains the element nitrogen.

Complete protein sources can be found in which MyPyramid food group? a. fats and oils b. fruits and vegetables c. dairy d. grains

c. dairy

Heating a protein causes: a. transamination b. deamination c. denaturation d. all of these

c. denaturation

Isoflavones are chemically similar to the hormone: a. testosterone b. cortisol c. estrogen d. insulin

c. estrogen

The primary source of protein for most of the world's population is: a. meat b. dairy c. grains and vegetables d. fruits

c. grains and vegetables

Protein requirements are in part based on a person's: a. body weight b. age c. health status d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Vegetarians have a lower risk of: a. diabetes b. cardiovascular disease c. high blood pressure d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Gene expression and protein synthesis involve: a. messenger RNA b. transcription c. translation d. all of these choices

d. all of these choices

Which of the following functions is performed by proteins in the body? a. transport b. structure c. immunity d. all of these functions are performed by proteins

d. all of these functions are performed by proteins

Which nutrient(s) found in animal protein foods is not found in plant protein foods? a. Saturated fat b. B vitamins c. Phytochemicals d. None of these nutrients are found in plant protein foods

a. Saturated fat

An antibody: A. is a type of protein that helps protect the body from foreign substances. B. catalyzes chemical reactions in the body. C. helps circulate lipids in the blood. D. regulates the acid-base balance (pH) in the body.

A. is a type of protein that helps protect the body from foreign substances.

A limiting amino acid: a. does not supply the element nitrogen. B. is present in short supply relative to the body's need. C. cannot be used by the body during protein synthesis. D. is used to synthesize non-protein molecules that contain nitrogen.

B. is present in short supply relative to the body's need.

The amino acid pool refers to amino acids: A. which are soluble in bodily fluids. B. present in body tissues and fluids and that are available for protein synthesis or to generate ATP. C. which are used by the body for building muscle tissue. D. which the body is not able to make and must be supplied by the diet.

B. present in body tissues and fluids and that are available for protein synthesis or to generate ATP.

Protein quality is determined by: A. comparing the non-essential amino acid profile in a food with that in a reference protein. B. the biological activity of the actin and myosin filaments in meat products. C. how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins. D. the ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids present in a food.

C. how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins.

Positive nitrogen balance can occur: A. when an individual is wasting as a result of protein-energy malnutrition. B. if protein intake does not meet an individual's protein requirements. C. in a rapidly growing child. D. when total body nitrogen balance does not change for 30 days.

C. in a rapidly growing child.

Obtaining protein from plant foods may be advantageous because plant foods: A. are typically good sources of fiber. B. may contain healthy poly- and mono- unsaturated fats. C. may lower blood cholesterol when consumed regularly. D. All of these statements are correct.

D. All of these statements are correct.

Which statement about amino acid absorption is FALSE? a. Absorption of larger polypeptides occurs commonly in healthy adults. b. Groups of similar amino acids share the same transport system. c. If one amino acid is supplemented, it can slow the absorption of other amino acids. d. Dipeptides and tripeptides are broken down to individual amino acids before leaving the mucosal cells of the small intestine.

a. Absorption of larger polypeptides occurs commonly in healthy adults.

Which of the following statements is true regarding an amino acid pool? a. Amino acids in the pool can be metabolized for energy. b. All types of proteins are synthesized at a constant rate. c. Structural proteins have a quick rate of turnover. d. Only dietary protein is added to the amino acid pool.

a. Amino acids in the pool can be metabolized for energy.

Which metabolic waste product increases when amino acids are converted to other metabolic intermediates? a. Ammonia b. Pyruvate c. CO2 d. Bilirubin

a. Ammonia

Which group has the highest protein requirement (per unit of body weight)? a. Infants b. Adults who exercise regularly c. Adult women d. Elderly men

a. Infants

Why is the shape of a protein important? a. It determines the protein's function. b. It can sustain changes in environmental conditions. c. It can be synthesized by the body. d. It can be denatured.

a. It determines the protein's function.

What is true about protein-energy malnutrition? a. It is characterized by wasting and susceptibility to infection. b. It results from adequate protein but insufficient carbohydrate intake. c. It results from the breakdown of body fat. d. It occurs most often in breast-fed infants.

a. It is characterized by wasting and susceptibility to infection.

How does protein quality affect needs? a. More plant protein is needed to supply enough of all the essential amino acids. b. Animal proteins as compared to plant proteins are considered lower quality. c. Plant proteins are easier to digest and absorb. d. All the essential amino acids can be supplied by a single plant protein source.

a. More plant protein is needed to supply enough of all the essential amino acids.

Which of the following terms can be used to describe a protein? a. Polypeptide b. Branched amino acid chain c. Polysaccharide d. Monopeptide

a. Polypeptide

Which structure(s) is/are involved in protein translation? a. Ribosome and tRNA b. Nucleus and nucleosome c. Mitochondria d. Plasma membrane and trans-Golgi

a. Ribosome and tRNA

Protein denaturation can: a. alter the three-dimensional shape of a protein. b. decrease the nutritional value of a protein. c. alter the sequence of amino acids in a protein. d. break the peptide bonds holding a protein together.

a. alter the three-dimensional shape of a protein.

In the US, most dietary protein comes from: a. animal sources b. beans c. nuts d. vegetables

a. animal sources

Which of the following is a physical characteristic associated with Kwashiorkor? a. bloated abdomen b. excess sweating c. tall stature d. hypertrophic (enlarged) leg muscles

a. bloated abdomen

To estimate protein requirements, you must know a person's: a. body weight b. urinary ammonia output c. height d. all of these would be required

a. body weight

The enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin: a. break large polypeptides into smaller peptides. b. are needed to denature proteins. c. rearrange the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. d. are needed to make nonessential amino acids.

a. break large polypeptides into smaller peptides.

The synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids involves: a. deamination b. transcription c. translation d. transamination

a. deamination

A chemical score is calculated by comparing the amount of the limiting amino acid in the test protein with the amount of that amino acid in a reference protein such as: a. egg protein b. human muscle protein c. wheat protein d. soy protein

a. egg protein

Amino acids that cannot be made by the adult human body are termed: a. essential b. hydrolyzable c. incomplete d. complete

a. essential

Kwashiorkor is best characterized by: a. severe protein deficiency in young children. b. increased susceptibility to food allergies in adults. c. misshapen (sickle-shaped) red blood cells. d. the inability to digest proteins from soy and other plant proteins.

a. severe protein deficiency in young children.

Food allergies involve an interaction between a dietary protein and: a. the immune system b. the excretory system c. DNA d. RNA

a. the immune system

Transamination refers to: a. the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a carbon-containing molecule to form a nonessential amino acid. b. the removal of the amine group from an amino acid. c. the interaction of amino acid side chains important for protein folding. d. the formation of a peptide bond between adjacent amino acids.

a. the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a carbon-containing molecule to form a nonessential amino acid.

The process of ______________ involves copying the DNA code from the gene to a molecule of mRNA. a. transcription b. nuclear shuttling c. transamination d. translation

a. transcription

Protein complementation is most important for people who are: a. vegan vegetarians b. recovering from surgery c. lacto-ovo vegetarians d. consumers of both plant and animal foods

a. vegan vegetarians

Regular soy consumption may help: a. increase fertility b. lower blood LDL cholesterol levels c. improve athletic performance d. reduce muscle fatigue

b. lower blood LDL cholesterol levels

The three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the: a. ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids present in the polypeptide chain. b. sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. c. carbon to nitrogen ratio in the polypeptide chain. d. the number of peptide bonds present in the polypeptide chain.

b. sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Which of the following is the best dietary source of isoflavones? a. whole milk b. soy products c. citrus fruits d. beef

b. soy products

Where does chemical digestion of protein begin? a. mouth b. stomach c. small intestine d. large intestine

b. stomach

The waste product resulting from the deamination of a protein is: a. ketone bodies b. urea c. lactate d. CO2

b. urea

A pattern of food intake that eliminates all animal products is called: a. lacto-ovo vegetarian b. vegan vegetarian c. phyto vegetarian d. pesco vegetarian

b. vegan vegetarian

Protein-energy malnutrition is characterized by: a. increased susceptibility to food allergies. b. wasting and increased susceptibility to infection. c. excessive urinary output. d. hyperglycemia.

b. wasting and increased susceptibility to infection.

Of ______________ amino acids commonly found in food proteins, ______________ are dispensible. a. 20; 9 b. 11; 9 c. 20; 11 d. 24; 16

c. 20; 11

Which of the following is a TRUE statement? a. Protein requirements decrease during injury and illness. b. Most Americans do not consume enough protein. c. The amount of protein used by the body is estimated by calculating nitrogen losses. d. All of these statements are true.

c. The amount of protein used by the body is estimated by calculating nitrogen losses.

______________ are at increased risk of not getting adequate vitamin B12 in their diet. a. Lacto-ovo vegetarians b. Trained athletes c. Vegan vegetarians d. Pregnant and lactating women

c. Vegan vegetarians

All of the following components are always associated with an amino acid EXCEPT: a. an amino group b. an acid group c. a phosphate group d. a side chain (functional group)

c. a phosphate group

Food allergies can result when a protein in the diet: a. is not absorbed and is eliminated in the feces. b. is filtered out of the blood and into the urine. c. is absorbed without being completely digested. d. provides amino acids that are not normally found in the human body.

c. is absorbed without being completely digested.

What is a benefit of a vegetarian diet? a. it is low in fiber b. it is high in calories c. it is low in saturated fat d. it is high in iron and zinc

c. it is low in saturated fat

Adverse reactions including flushing, headache, rapid heartbeat, chest pain and weakness have been reported after the consumption of: a. phenylalanine b. isoflavones c. monosodium glutamate d. dipotassium phophate

c. monosodium glutamate

A complete dietary protein: a. contains the element sulfur. b. has been hydrolyzed so that digestion is not necessary. c. provides essential amino acids in the proportion needed to support protein synthesis. d. has a low biological value.

c. provides essential amino acids in the proportion needed to support protein synthesis.

The AMDR for protein intake is ______________% of energy intake. a. 20-35 b. 45-65 c. 30-45 d. 10-35

d. 10-35

Proteins regulate which of the following body processes? a. Acid-base balance b. Fluid balance c. Muscle contraction d. All of these are correct

d. All of these are correct

Vegan vegetarians may not get enough of which nutrient(s)? a. Iron and zinc b. Vitamin B12 c. Calcium and vitamin D d. All of these nutrients could be low

d. All of these nutrients could be low

Which of the following is TRUE of protein needs in athletes? a. Strength and endurance athletes may require 50-100% more protein than the RDA. b. Protein supplements are not typically necessary as long as kcal needs are met. c. It is unlikely that protein requirements in excess of the AMDR would be required. d. All of these statements are correct.

d. All of these statements are correct.

What is true about the protein in the modern American diet? a. Protein deficiency is common in the United States. b. People who choose a vegetarian diet are deficient in protein. c. Extra protein in the diet promotes weight loss. d. Approximately 2/3 of the dietary protein comes from meat.

d. Approximately 2/3 of the dietary protein comes from meat.

Which nutrient is found in plant protein foods but not in animal protein foods? a. Iron b. Zinc c. Calcium d. Fiber

d. Fiber

What is role of genes in synthesizing protein? a. Genes prevent protein degradation. b. Genes maintain a constant supply of amino acids. c. Genes must be obtained from the food supply. d. Genes provide the code to synthesize proteins.

d. Genes provide the code to synthesize proteins.

Which statement about dietary protein sources is FALSE? a. Animal products are the most highly concentrated sources of protein. b. Plant sources of protein are typically rich in fiber and phytochemicals. c. Legumes provide about as much protein per ½ cup serving as a cup of milk. d. Most people in the U.S. need protein supplements to meet dietary requirements.

d. Most people in the U.S. need protein supplements to meet dietary requirements.

Which of the following statements is true about protein digestion? a. Denaturation of protein takes place in the small intestine. b. Hydrochloric acid is used to convert peptides into amino acids. c. Much dietary protein is lost in the feces. d. Most protein digestion takes place in the small intestine.

d. Most protein digestion takes place in the small intestine.

Excessive intake of animal protein foods could cause: a. excessive bone mineralization, causing brittleness. b. a diet to be too low in energy. c. increased waste production overworking the liver. d. an increased risk of heart disease.

d. an increased risk of heart disease.

Individuals with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) should limit their intake of foods containing: a. carbohydrate b. iron c. monosodium glutamate d. aspartame

d. aspartame

Protein complementation is a technique which: a. increases the biological value of a protein. b. increases the nitrogen content of dietary protein sources. c. minimizes nitrogen loss in the urine. d. combines proteins from different sources so that essential amino acids requirements are met.

d. combines proteins from different sources so that essential amino acids requirements are met.

A(n) ______________ bond links one amino acid to the next. a. disulfide b. ionic c. glycosidic d. peptide

d. peptide