NINE WEEKS STUDY

The map shows urbanized areas. Which of the following additional types of quantitative data will be most helpful to a geographer analyzing expansion of the urbanized areas shown on the map?

A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in population density over a ten-year period

The photograph above shows high-density residential housing built in the early 2000s in Henderson, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas, developed to accommodate large increases in population in the area. Which of the following best explains the growth in population and housing shown in the image and the census data?

A cycle of rapid economic development and real estate investment

Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s?

Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.

Which of the following social or environmental impacts is most directly related to the use of chemicals in agriculture?

An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff

Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication?

Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.

Which of the following is an explanation for the similar impact of large-scale commercial agriculture in developed countries and plantation agriculture in developing countries?

Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities.

Which of the following best explains the reasons for the similarities and differences between the two land survey systems shown?

Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, the township-and-range system uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape.

Which of the following agricultural practices has the most significant long-term environmental impact in tropical regions?

Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity

Which of the following best explains why New York City has more specialized stores than do smaller urban places in the United States?

Central place theory

Which of the following best illustrates how the world cities in the table are connected globally in ways that transcend national borders?

Chinatown and the United Nations being located in New York City

Which of the following explains the role of commodity chains in the average size of farms?

Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products.

Which of the following best explains the economic advantage of the type of farm-produced goods shown in the images?

Compared to plain milk or fresh fruit, these value-added agricultural goods significantly increase the price of the farm products sold and increase earnings for farmers.

Which of the following spatial patterns is best explained by bid-rent theory?

Concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the midwestern United States

Which of the following exemplifies a smart-growth approach to urban planning?

Creation of walkable neighborhoods with mixed-use land and access to public transportation

Which of the following explains why multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of plants and animals arose across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia?

Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.

Which of the following explains an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers?

Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.

As old central business districts and industrial zones in more developed countries lost businesses and employment in the mid- to late twentieth century, suburban development expanded. Which of the following types of cities resulted from rapid suburban growth and the expansion of retail areas, office developments, business centers, and corporate headquarters to provide jobs and services in suburban areas?

Edge cities

In less developed countries, pesticides are typically applied by hand, whereas pesticides are typically applied by tractors or aircraft in more developed countries. Which of the following best explains the risks associated with pesticide applications?

Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.

The two images represent two different methods of raising livestock in the United States. Which of the following statements most accurately compares these two agricultural practices?

Feedlots can minimize costs associated with livestock production because feedlots do not use as much space as cattle ranching.

Which of the following best explains what the central business district data indicate?

Government policy makers and business partners have focused infrastructure efforts on creating a downtown work environment that is positive for economic development.

Based on the diagram of von Thünen's model of agricultural land use, which statement best explains the connection between land value and agricultural production regions?

Grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses.

Which of the following is a general theory in geography that can be used to quantify and predict the interaction between two cities based on population sizes, distance between the places, the number of migrants moving from one place to the other, or the flow of trade goods between the two locations?

Gravity model

Although gentrification can revitalize cities by rehabilitating residential areas, which of the following problems can be explained by the type of building renovations shown in the before and after images?

Higher rents causing displacement of existing residents

Which of the following explains the significance of the similarities between Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in terms of the percent of women working agriculture?

In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival.

Based on the different types of land use shown in the image, which of the following best explains why soil salinization is a concern in the arid landscape shown?

Irrigation increases the salt content of the soil, which disrupts the growth of crops and degrades soil fertility.

The galactic city model was developed in response to the growth of suburbs and the need for a more complex model than the sector and concentric zone models. Which of the following is a strength of the galactic city model?

It depicts exurban nodes.

With regard to environmental sustainability, which of the following explains an advantage of urban light-rail networks in Europe and East Asia compared to most light-rail systems in United States cities?

Light-rail is integrated with fast commuter railroad networks and subways and extends out to multiple suburbs.

Which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field?

Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

Compare the two maps and examine the data for Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Which of the following statements is supported by the comparison of the two maps?

Many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families, but not all are paid to do this work.

Which of the following best explains a geographic characteristic shared by megacities in the global periphery?

Megacities demonstrate unplanned growth patterns and often contain squatter settlements.

Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices?

Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China.

The model above represents zones that are present in many American cities. Which of the following design concepts of urban development is likely to have the most significant impact on the reduction of urban sprawl?

Mixed-use land development in zone 5 of the model

Palm oil, an edible vegetable oil used in processing packaged food products, is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree, grown only in the tropics. Which of the following explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia?

Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.

Many medium-sized metropolitan areas such as Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, or Charlotte, North Carolina, have added light-rail train systems to their public-transit networks. Which of the following best explains the goals of light-rail projects?

Reduce the ecological footprint of cities and reduce the air pollution created by vehicle exhaust

Which of the following best explains how the expansion of feedlots for raising cattle has affected environmental sustainability in rural areas?

Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies.

Which of the following best explains why the New England region, located in the northeastern United States, would specialize in market gardening agriculture rather than other types of agriculture, such as grain farming?

Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

Sheep production in New Zealand and poultry production in Arkansas produce food animals for human consumption. Which of the following best describes the differences in the agricultural practices and land use for these products?

Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.

During the Green Revolution, agricultural practices from more developed countries diffused to less developed countries in Asia and Africa. Which of the following best explains the Green Revolution's highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields?

Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.

Which of the following best explains the city planning trends shown in the data table?

Social development efforts have been made to improve the quality of life for city residents.

Which of the following models best represents an old colonial port zone and its surrounding commercial districts?

Southeast Asian city model

In the South Asian country of Sri Lanka, tea is farmed as a monoculture. Which of the following best explains why tea plantations are common in Sri Lanka and tea exports are important to the country's economy?

Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.

The images show devices developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution. Which of the following best describes the impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution?

Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

Which site factor best explains the linear pattern of urbanized areas extending between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York, and Boston?

The development of cities in the region was influenced by the abundance of deep-water harbors and waterfalls where the flat coastal plains met higher lands.

The map above shows percent change in population for counties in Texas from the 2000 to the 2010 census. The three largest metropolitan areas are Dallas-Fort Worth (Tarrant and Dallas Counties), Houston (Harris County), and San Antonio (Bexar County). Which of the following statements best explains urban growth in the period from 2000 to 2010 ?

The greatest percentage growth in population occurred in counties adjacent to the three largest metropolitan areas, indicating continued suburbanization.

The image shows a squatter settlement at the edge of a city in South Africa. What information regarding causes and effects does the image convey?

The image shows the living conditions of people in the squatter settlement, who are unable to acquire permanent housing within the city.

La Défense is an edge city constructed in the late twentieth century and characterized by high-rise office buildings. Which of the following best explains why La Défense is located on the outskirts of Paris?

The land at the center of Paris is filled with numerous historic buildings that residents do not want torn down.

Which of the following statements explains the cost and distance relationship illustrated in the model in relation to the urban area's residential patterns?

The lower cost of land farther from the CBD makes it affordable to build single-family homes in zones 4 and 5 for middle-income and high-income residents who desire to move into less crowded areas.

The images shown illustrate a change that took place as the Second Agricultural Revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution. Which of the following compares this geographic relationship between these revolutions?

The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce

The two images show different agricultural methods. In the context of the Second Agricultural Revolution, which of the following trends is represented in these images?

The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted.

Based on a comparison of the zones in the model shown, which of the following best explains how the model is limited in its representation of present-day urban land-use patterns?

The model does not show the cost-to-distance effects of multiple suburban central business districts and the pattern of residential areas that surround them.

Which of the following explains the diffusion and successful cultivation of many plants and animals in new regions of the world through the Columbian Exchange?

The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication.

Based on von Thünen's model of rural land use in an isolated state, which statement explains the most suitable place for a farmer to purchase a large parcel of land necessary for raising livestock?

The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.

The two images represent different agricultural land survey patterns. Comparing the two images, which survey system was more efficient in terms of trade?

The river in the long lot survey system provided better access to waterways to transport goods to market.

Which of the following statements best explains how the world cities listed in the table function within the world's urban hierarchy?

The top ten world cities have a significant impact on the international economy and are important drivers of globalization.

Which of the following best explains the differences between the patterns of land use in the township-and-range system and the long-lot system, as shown in the images?

The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.

Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change?

The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

Which of the following best explains the potential impact of rising global temperatures on agricultural regions?

The wheat belt will shift northward.

As migrants from rural areas continue to move to cities for jobs, cities face a variety of economic and social challenges. Which of the following economic or social challenges is best illustrated by the photograph shown of Mumbai, India?

There is a significant income gap between residents on the periphery of the city and residents in the city center.

Which of the following best explains the importance of stock exchanges in the cities of Mumbai, India and Shanghai, China?

These cities function as global economic centers in the semiperiphery.

Which of the following similarities best explains why cities such as Venice, Amsterdam, Hamburg, London, and Marseilles were early front-runners in urban development in Western Europe?

These port cities were centers of trade, serving as links in terms of capital and labor mobility.

Based on the map, which of the following explains the similarities of the world regions where at least 51 percent of women work in agriculture?

These regions are composed of less-developed countries with large rural populations.

According to the rank-size rule, which of the following is typically true of higher-order services, such as hospitals with a large number of medical specialties?

They have larger ranges and thresholds.

Which of the following best explains why countries such as Brazil, Burma (Myanmar), Kazakhstan, and Nigeria would construct a new capital city in a different location from the old capital city?

To build modern, planned cities and administrative centers

Which of the following best explains what the concentric zone model and bid-rent curve illustrate about patterns of urban areas?

Together they show how land prices rise exponentially closer to the central business district.

Which of the following correctly explains the placement of an agricultural product within von Thünen's agricultural land-use model?

Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain.

The presence of media hubs, coalitions focusing on specific environmental challenges, and headquarters for multinational corporations in major cities help explain how such cities

are linked globally in ways that transcend national political boundaries

An advantage of the Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model over the Burgess concentric zone model and the Hoyt sector model of internal city structure is that the multiple nuclei model

easily incorporates construction of a new airport on the urban periphery

New Urbanism is an example of sustainable urban development. This type of development is intended to

reduce the miles driven on personal vehicles

Transit-oriented development in Southeast Asian cities is an innovative strategy to minimize crippling traffic jams. One aspect of transit-oriented development is the use of dedicated rapid-transit bus lanes to more efficiently connect residential neighborhoods with activity nodes. An added benefit of this strategy that would appeal to advocates of sustainable city-development programs is the

reduction in carbon emissions