Nosocomial Infections

safe injection practices

a needle/syringe are disposable. there are some infections that mat be acquired by sharing of needles.

structure indicators

alcohol-based hand rub available at the point of care

Nosocomial Infection

also known as "hospital-acquired infections" (HAI), are healthcare associated infections that occur in patients under medical care. Infection is NOT present yet before the admission.

incubation period

duration from the exposure to the first manifestation of the signs and symptoms

process indicators

hand hygiene compliance: antimicrobial soap and water for visibly soiled hands. alcohol-based sanitizers for (the absence of the former) and not visibly soiled hands.

construction and renovation

protective measures related to building _____ and _____

disinfection

routine cleaning and _____ of environmental surfaces

contaminated

safe handling of _____ equipment, textiles, laundry

Measurement of Indicators

structure indicators, process indicators, and audits. "recognize-explain-intervene" concept

masks

use of _____ for catheter insertion, and lumbar puncture procedures

audits

using checklists to assess if correct procedures and equipment are in place

Escherichia coli

usual cause of UTI infection

Staphylococcus aureus

usual cause of blood infection

Enterococci

usual cause of blood, UTI, wound infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

usual cause of kidney, UTI, respiratory infections

Diagnosis

• (After hospitalizations look out for new) signs and symptoms, • Standardized criteria based on clinical, laboratory, microbiological, and imaging parameters.

disease

The term "nosocomial" comes from two Greek words: "nosus" meaning "_____" + "komeion" meaning "to take care of."

to take care of

The term "nosocomial" comes from two Greek words: "nosus" meaning "disease" + "komeion" meaning "_____."

Causes of Nosocomial infections

Bacteria, fungi, and viruses spread mainly through person-to-person contact. This includes unclean hands, and medical instruments such as catheters, respiratory machines, and other hospital tools. HAI cases also increase when there's excessive and improper use of antibiotics. This can lead to bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics.

Standard Precautions

Comprehensive set of recommendations that must be followed in each care process and across all health care settings, regardless of the presence of an infectious pathogen. Precautions represent the primary strategy to prevent pathogen transmission among patients and HCW.

healthcare facility

For an HAI, the infection must occur: in a _____ when someone was admitted for reasons other than the infection

30 days

For an HAI, the infection must occur: up to _____ after an operation

3 days

For an HAI, the infection must occur: up to _____ after discharge

48 hours

For an HAI, the infection must occur: up to _____ after hospital admission

antibiotics

HAI cases also increase when there's excessive and improper use of _____. This can lead to bacteria that are resistant to multiple _____.

compliance

HCWs' hands are the principal instruments in the course of complete nursing and highly invasive care in the ICU. Although hand hygiene is the single most important measure to prevent cross-transmission and to reduce the rate of nosocomial colonization and infection, _____ among HCWs is unacceptably low worldwide.

Control and Prevention

Measurement of Indicators and Infection Control Programme

hospital-acquired infections

Nosocomial infections are also known as _____.

person to person contact

Nosocomial infections are caused by Bacteria, fungi, and viruses spread mainly through _____.

hand hygiene

Performance of _____ according to pre-specified guidelines.

personal protective equipment

Use of _____.

Risk Groups

• Exposure to other patients, • Old age, especially if more than 70 years old, • Duration of antibiotic use, • Usage of urinary catheter, • prolonged ICU stay, • Patient in coma, • Patient who experienced shock, • Patient in trauma, and • Immunocompromised health

Infection Control Program

• one infection control nurse per 200-250 beds, • one epidemiologist per hospital (1000 beds), • organized surveillance for HAI, and • systematic feedback of HAI rates to administrators and HCW.