Nosocomial Infections
safe injection practices
a needle/syringe are disposable. there are some infections that mat be acquired by sharing of needles.
structure indicators
alcohol-based hand rub available at the point of care
Nosocomial Infection
also known as "hospital-acquired infections" (HAI), are healthcare associated infections that occur in patients under medical care. Infection is NOT present yet before the admission.
incubation period
duration from the exposure to the first manifestation of the signs and symptoms
process indicators
hand hygiene compliance: antimicrobial soap and water for visibly soiled hands. alcohol-based sanitizers for (the absence of the former) and not visibly soiled hands.
construction and renovation
protective measures related to building _____ and _____
disinfection
routine cleaning and _____ of environmental surfaces
contaminated
safe handling of _____ equipment, textiles, laundry
Measurement of Indicators
structure indicators, process indicators, and audits. "recognize-explain-intervene" concept
masks
use of _____ for catheter insertion, and lumbar puncture procedures
audits
using checklists to assess if correct procedures and equipment are in place
Escherichia coli
usual cause of UTI infection
Staphylococcus aureus
usual cause of blood infection
Enterococci
usual cause of blood, UTI, wound infections
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
usual cause of kidney, UTI, respiratory infections
Diagnosis
• (After hospitalizations look out for new) signs and symptoms, • Standardized criteria based on clinical, laboratory, microbiological, and imaging parameters.
disease
The term "nosocomial" comes from two Greek words: "nosus" meaning "_____" + "komeion" meaning "to take care of."
to take care of
The term "nosocomial" comes from two Greek words: "nosus" meaning "disease" + "komeion" meaning "_____."
Causes of Nosocomial infections
Bacteria, fungi, and viruses spread mainly through person-to-person contact. This includes unclean hands, and medical instruments such as catheters, respiratory machines, and other hospital tools. HAI cases also increase when there's excessive and improper use of antibiotics. This can lead to bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics.
Standard Precautions
Comprehensive set of recommendations that must be followed in each care process and across all health care settings, regardless of the presence of an infectious pathogen. Precautions represent the primary strategy to prevent pathogen transmission among patients and HCW.
healthcare facility
For an HAI, the infection must occur: in a _____ when someone was admitted for reasons other than the infection
30 days
For an HAI, the infection must occur: up to _____ after an operation
3 days
For an HAI, the infection must occur: up to _____ after discharge
48 hours
For an HAI, the infection must occur: up to _____ after hospital admission
antibiotics
HAI cases also increase when there's excessive and improper use of _____. This can lead to bacteria that are resistant to multiple _____.
compliance
HCWs' hands are the principal instruments in the course of complete nursing and highly invasive care in the ICU. Although hand hygiene is the single most important measure to prevent cross-transmission and to reduce the rate of nosocomial colonization and infection, _____ among HCWs is unacceptably low worldwide.
Control and Prevention
Measurement of Indicators and Infection Control Programme
hospital-acquired infections
Nosocomial infections are also known as _____.
person to person contact
Nosocomial infections are caused by Bacteria, fungi, and viruses spread mainly through _____.
hand hygiene
Performance of _____ according to pre-specified guidelines.
personal protective equipment
Use of _____.
Risk Groups
• Exposure to other patients, • Old age, especially if more than 70 years old, • Duration of antibiotic use, • Usage of urinary catheter, • prolonged ICU stay, • Patient in coma, • Patient who experienced shock, • Patient in trauma, and • Immunocompromised health
Infection Control Program
• one infection control nurse per 200-250 beds, • one epidemiologist per hospital (1000 beds), • organized surveillance for HAI, and • systematic feedback of HAI rates to administrators and HCW.
