NPL: 3250 Chapters 10-13 Test

Indirect costs are those items of expense proposed to be incurred for two or more programs. Which of the following is NOT an example of indirect costs? a. A copy machine used in the case management program b. Utilities c. Telephone service d. Building rent

*a. A copy machine used in the case management program

The rational-planning model views the budgetary process as a set of logical steps tied to a community, agency, or program-planning process that results in budgetary decisions based on all EXCEPT which of the following? a. Advocacy b. Needs c. Priorities d. Goals and objectives

*a. Advocacy

You are the program manager in a human service agency that has a number of different programs with different goals and objectives—all centered around self-sufficiency. This year your director tells the whole staff that their funding sources—governmental, private foundations and your parent organization—have all required evidence of the agency's programs reaching diverse populations matched to the demographics of your community, show evidence that funds from your budget are allocated to address the specific needs of each population AND show evidence that every staff person has been trained in cultural competency. So, first you and your staff... Create a scenario of the steps you would take to meet the funder's requirements for service to diverse populations, fund allocation, and the entire program staff has been trained in cultural competency.

*a. First divide the program staff into groups to 1) search for the demographics of the community, 2) research the peer-reviewed literature to understand how human service agencies have prepared a plan to reach and serve diverse populations and train staff in cultural competency, 3) the groups all come together for an extended retreat to share findings on community demographics, the literature review, report and brainstorm barriers to how you serve, do outreach, and re-design your services for each of the populations in your community, and 4) assign a cultural competency training to each staff member to be completed within the month. Prepare a program report to present to the agency director outlining your findings and plan for the future to be included in the funding requests. Answer Location: The Management Purposes

In an era of increased accountability in funding for human services, which of the following is NOT one of the components of accountability in human service agencies? a. For use in advocacy for agency funding b. Financial control over agency and program resources c. Revenues committed when they conform to agency or program budget d. Work toward the accomplishment of program plans, goals, and objectives

*a. For use in advocacy for agency funding

Because both functional and program budgeting systems are concerned with determining the total cost of the program operated by a human service agency, they have implementation steps in common. Which of the following steps is NOT part of either the functional or program budgeting process? a. Identifying the outcomes to be measured following the budgeting process b. Creating the cost allocation plan format c. Identifying direct and indirect costs d. Allocating indirect costs to programs and determining the total cost of each program

*a. Identifying the outcomes to be measured following the budgeting process

You are the director of a human service agency that offers day care to Alzheimer's patients. The federal budget crisis has just announced a $750,000 reduction in funding to your organization. Discuss the implications of the cutback on your agency and its programs in a line-item budget system, a functional budget system and a program budgeting system. You present the information and implications to your program staff and divide them into small groups to propose at least one possible way to re-structure the agency and/or program to deal with the cutback—one group in a line-item budget process, one group in a functional budget process and one group in a program budget process. Below describe at least one of the implications of the $750,00 cutback in each of the three major budgeting systems and next to each budget system and its implication list the possible way to re-structure that your staff proposes.

*a. Implications: 1) line-item budgeting system--reduce by 1.5 FTEs the number of staff; 2) functional budget system—reduce by 2,000 the number of days of service; 3) program budget system—reduce by 150 the number of clients who attend the program daily. Answer Location: Dealing With Revenue Increases and Decreases

You are director of an agency that works to decrease the school dropout rate. Your agency receives funding from the federal government, United Way and private foundations. All three funding sources require grantees to include output and outcome measures and accomplishments in their annual program reports. First, describe why the funding sources would require output, outcome, accomplishments and cost data to be included in your reports. Secondly, list at least two examples of outputs, outcomes, accomplishments. and cost data you might list in your reports—including hypothetical numeric/qualitative measures.

*a. It allows funding agencies to compare efficiency, effectiveness, and unit cost of similar programs: output—100 at-risk students have been enrolled in the program in the last year, outcome—of those 100 at-risk students, 80 are still in school at the end of the first year of the program, and impact—the dropout rate in the local high school has decreased by 10% in the first year of the program. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Budgeting in Human Service Agencies and Programs Today

The time period, called a fiscal year, usually follows one of three time frames. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of those time frames? a. June 1 to May 31 b. January 1 to Dec 31 c. July 1 to June 30 d. October 1 to September 30

*a. June 1 to May 31

There are three corresponding (to purposes of budgeting) major budgeting systems. Which one of the following is NOT one of those major budgeting systems? a. Planning b. Line-item. c. Functional d. Program

*a. Planning

Define theory success, theory failure. and program failure, describe the differences between them and give an example of each within a human service program.

*a. Theory success: there is an alignment between the program hypothesis and the implementation of the program design; implementation of the program design produces the desired outcome; if a jobs training program is implemented, then participants will find more job than the comparison group. Theory failure: there is an alignment between the program hypothesis; implementation of the program design but does not produce the desired result; a jobs training program is implemented according to the design but does not produce the desired result. Program failure: there is a misalignment of the program hypothesis; implementation of the program is not according to the design but does not produce the desired outcome; the hypothesis is that if a jobs training program is implemented according to the program design will produce the desired outcome but the implementation does not produce the desired outcome; a jobs training program is not implemented according to the design and does not produce the desired outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Impact Program Evaluation

Monitoring can provide the program administrator with feedback on the current status of a program to answer a number of questions, including all of the following EXCEPT a. What is the cost per unit of service and how does it compare to projections? b. What proportion of the community needs the program meeting? c. Are subgeographical areas and subgroups (e.g. Ethnic minorities, women, persons with disabilities) being served in appropriate numbers? d. What results are achieved in terms of outputs and outcomes?

*a. What is the cost per unit of service and how does it compare to projections?

An initial measurement in a single group pre-test/posttest design that includes the initial measurement of observation is called a pretest and takes place: a. before the program. b. during the implementation of the program. c. a result at the end of the program. d. at any point during implementation of the program.

*a. before the program.

The knowledge of a program's true unit costs is necessary for which of the following: a. determining the program costs of each program to determine efficiency of each program. b. setting of fees. c. operating under pay-for-performance contracts and grants. d. determining the true costs of providing its various programs.

*a. determining the program costs of each program to determine efficiency of each program.

During implementation, process data and information can be used to compare actual service delivery to planned service design to ensure conformance with all EXCEPT which of the following: a. if the services are within the planned cost per unit. b. service definitions. c. service standards. d. service tasks.

*a. if the services are within the planned cost per unit.

The incremental model of the budgetary process can operate at all EXCEPT which of the following levels: a. the agency level. b. the community level. c. the state level. d. program level.

*c. the state level.

An impact program evaluation can demonstrate that a human service program includes all EXCEPT which of the following answers: a. implemented with a poor program design. b. successful. c. unsuccessful due to theory failure. d. unsuccessful due to program failure.

*a. implemented with a poor program design.

The management purposes of budgeting deal with the relationship between all but EXCEPT which of the following: a. program design. b. revenues and outputs. c. quality outputs. d. service completions.

*a. program design.

Of major importance is the ability of a human services agency to select upfront the types of data that need to be collected and available for performance measurement, monitoring. and program evaluation. Which types of data would be required? all of the following are correct EXCEPT: a. strategic planning. b. performance measurement. c. monitoring. d. program evaluation.

*a. strategic planning.

Used at the end of a program, results (outcomes) data document all EXCEPT which of the following components: a. units of process (service) units required to produce the desired outcome. b. for policy and planning purposes the results achieved by a program. c. performance measurement reporting. d. determining a program's cost-effectiveness.

*a. units of process (service) units required to produce the desired outcome.

. Which of the following is NOT a part of the line-item budgetary process? a. The standardized line-item budget format b. A detailed justification for each expense c. The identification and discussion of where proposed expenses might be reduced d. Where additional revenues might be sought in order to bring the finalized budget into balance

*b. A detailed justification for each expense

. Line-item budgeting systems deal with inputs (revenues) and activities (expenses). Which of the following statements does NOT describe line-item budgeting? a. Represent a plan for where agency or program revenues will be secured and how agency or program funds will be spent b. Are used to ensure the budget will balance (revenues equal expenses) at the end of the year c. Deal only with monetary issues d. Are not concerned with other issues such as amount of service or product to be produced or the accomplishments

*b. Are used to ensure the budget will balance (revenues equal expenses) at the end of the year

In examining threats to internal validity history, selection bias and testing are described below. Which of the following is NOT a description of those threats? a. Events outside the program differentially affect the scores of the experimental or comparison group. b. Differences in the dropout rate between the experimental group and the comparison group differentially affect effect the scores between the two groups. c. Members of the experimental and comparison groups are not truly equal on all important factors. d. The pretest differentially affected the learning of the experimental or comparison group.

*b. Differences in the dropout rate between the experimental group and the comparison group differentially affect effect the scores between the two groups.

The use of the term "other operating costs" is used to those items of cost in a line-item budget that are not salary and wage related and tend to be indirect costs. Which of the following is NOT an example of other operating costs? a. Supplies b. Pension c. Printing and copying d. Travel

*b. Pension

The first step in developing either a functional or program budgeting system is the creation of a line-item budget that identifies all anticipated revenues and proposed expenses. The second step in the process includes which of the following: a. determining the human service agency's structure. b. estimating the cost per unit of service. c. determining the number of distinct programs. d. defining the terms included in the budgeting process.

*b. estimating the cost per unit of service.

A human services program director would do an impact program evaluation when there is a need to do all EXCEPT which of the following: a. compare two groups to determine if there is a difference between the level at which program clients show improvement. b. if there can be only one point of evaluation. c. to determine that the improvement is due to the program and not some external feature. d. what happens to clients who participate in the program versus those

*b. if there can be only one point of evaluation.

Cost-efficiency data are developed by computing all EXCEPT which of the following components: a. intermediate output. b. impact output. c. quality output. d. final inputs.

*b. impact output.

Needs assessment, planning, program design, and the establishment of goals and objectives create the groundwork for all of the following EXCEPT: a. performance measurement. b. information systems. c. monitoring. d. program evaluation.

*b. information systems.

Performance measurement can provide information to the most frequently asked questions of stakeholders, including all of the following EXCEPT a. how much product or service(output) does the program provide. b. program design. c. what is the quality (quality outputs). d. what outcomes (intermediate and final) does the program provide.

*b. program design.

Several different models of the budgetary process are all EXCEPT which of the following answers: a. the incremental model. b. the management by objective model. c. the political model. d. the rational-planning model.

*b. the management by objective model.

In self-learning systems all EXCEPT which of the following is used to make adjustments in program operation: a. receive data and information (feedback). b. use the results as ongoing education for program staff. c. a focus on collecting information about program operations. d. analyze it.

*b. use the results as ongoing education for program staff.

The purpose of comparison in impact program evaluation is to determine all of the following EXCEPT: a. what actually happens to clients as a result of client's participation in the program. b. which part of the program caused the client improvement. c. do program clients show improvement. d. how do we know for sure that the improvement is actually due to the program and not some external factor(s).

*b. which part of the program caused the client improvement.

The measurement or observation is related to the client characteristics. Which of the following does NOT describe a client characteristic: a. behavior b. knowledge c. time in the program d. condition

*c. time in the program

Impact data provide feedback on the most difficult assessment question of all. What happened to clients as a result of participation in a program that would not have happened in the program's absence? Which of the following strategies is NOT of part of that determination? a. Social science research techniques b. Use of statistics to measure the magnitude of the impact. c. Analysis of client satisfaction data d. Creating of a control group for comparison purposes

*c. Analysis of client satisfaction data

The principal purposes of budgeting are threefold. Which of the following is NOT one of those purposes? a. Financial control b. Management c. Comparing the efficiency of two different program d. Planning

*c. Comparing the efficiency of two different program

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps to move from a line-item budget system to a functional or program budgeting system. a. Selecting the program's intermediate output measure b. Computing the program's cost per intermediate output c. Determining the intermediate cost per client's per day of attendance d. Determining the program's final output objective

*c. Determining the intermediate cost per client's per day of attendance

There are several features of impact program: evaluation and performance measurement. Both share some features and some features are different. Which of the features listed below is NOT correct for performance measurement? a. Ongoing b. Attributes of outcomes are assumed c. Episodic d. Designed to address more specific performance issues that are constant over time

*c. Episodic

In a line-item budget expense category, which of the following would NOT be correct? a. Salaries and wages b. Rent c. Government contracts and grants d. Supplies

*c. Government contracts and grants

Funding sources have begun to require that contractors and grantees incorporate diverse populations and cultural competence in their program planning. Which of the following organizations is NOT one of the funding sources below that have demanded inclusion of diverse populations and cultural competence? a. Department of Labor b. Administration on Aging c. Homeland Security d. National Institutes of Health

*c. Homeland Security

The expense category of employee-related expenses would be operationally defined. Which of the following is NOT considered an employee-related expense? a. Salary and wage costs b. Social Security payments c. Office equipment used by employees d. Health and dental insurance costs

*c. Office equipment used by employees

The cost allocation methodology is used in allocating direct costs to a program. Which of the following is NOT a methodology used in cost allocation? a. Direct labor costs b. Direct costing c. Total expenses d. Total direct costs

*c. Total expenses

When two groups are compared in impact program evaluation, one of the following is NOT correct: a. one group serves as the experimental group and the other serves as the comparison group. b. a single group serves as the experimental group and also serves as the comparison group. c. all groups are tested at the end of the program and the scores added and divided by the number of participants. d. a counterfactual is evidence of what would have happened to participants if they were not in the program.

*c. all groups are tested at the end of the program and the scores added and divided by the number of participants.

Line-item budgeting systems are characterized by the use of all EXCEPT which of the following: a. standardized budget formats. b. common budget definitions. c. common lines of expenses or revenues. d. a structured budgetary process.

*c. common lines of expenses or revenues.

An analogy that describes how random assignment works would include all EXCEPT which of the components: a. people standing in a line. b. a coin is tossed in the air. c. every other person in the line is assigned to the comparison group. d. if the coin shows tails, the person is assigned to the experimental group.

*c. every other person in the line is assigned to the comparison group.

Coverage data provides all of the following EXCEPT: a. the extent to which the target group is being reached by the program. b. ensuring that individuals ineligible for the program not served. c. if the services offered by the human service agency is providing the right services clients. d. meeting community need.

*c. if the services offered by the human service agency is providing the right services clients.

Performance measurement is defined as the ongoing reporting of program accomplishments EXCEPT for which of the following: a. outputs (efficiency). b. quality. c. impact. d. outcomes (effectiveness).

*c. impact.

Functional budgeting systems are concerned with which of the following: a. outputs. b. efficiency. c. outcomes. d. productivity.

*c. outcomes.

The planning purposes of budgeting deal with the relationship between all EXCEPT which of the following: a. revenues. b. program results. c. process measures. d. impacts.

*c. process measures.

The perspective of performance measurements has an orientation toward all EXCEPT which of the following: a. financial. b. accounting auditing. c. program. d. management.

*c. program.

McDavid, Huse, and Hawthorne (2013) identify key features that are important in distinguishing impact program evaluation for performance measurement: Which of the following is NOT included in that list? a. Frequency b. Issue c. reporting of results d. Attribution of outcomes

*c. reporting of results

Program assessment data and information represent tools that can be used by human service administrators to respond to inquiries about their agencies and program. Examples of these uses include all EXCEPT which the following: a. a basis to show that community and political interest are satisfied. b. used to sell a program and to enlarge its support base in a community. c. so management can run the agency in a more efficient manner. d. data to meet the needs of external stakeholders.

*c. so management can run the agency in a more efficient manner.

Functional budgeting systems are plans for how much agency funding will be devoted to all of the following EXCEPT: a. individual programs. b. what amount of service or product the programs are expected to produce in return. c. the estimated unit cost (cost per output). d. a budgeting system which divides the agency budget into functions and estimates costs of each function.

*c. the estimated unit cost (cost per output).

In the political model of budgetary process, budgeting decisions are seen as end products of conflict and compromise between competing stakeholders. Which of the following is NOT one of the competing stakeholders listed in your text? a. Human service agencies and programs b. Funding sources c. Community leaders d. Current and potential clients

*d. Current and potential clients

Which of the statements below is NOT correct? a. Performance measurement uses program data for external reporting purposes. b. Monitoring uses program data during implementation for management purposes. c. Program evaluation uses program data after implementation for policy and planning purposes. d. Effectiveness-based program planning is used to determine efficiency.

*d. Effectiveness-based program planning is used to determine efficiency.

Program Evaluation determines the impact of a program; impact assessment necessitates establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Which of the following statements is NOT a product of program evaluation? a. The program (the cause) accounts for the achievement of the program outcomes (the effect) b. Uses the use of social science techniques c. The application of statistics d. External factors which play a role in the achievement of the program

*d. External factors which play a role in the achievement of the program

Three of the federal government organizations have played a significant role in requirements for agencies receiving federal funds to collect and report annual performance measurements. Which of the following organizations do NOT play a role? a. GPRA—Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 b. GPRA Modernizations Act of 2010 c. Governmental Accounting Standards Board d. Governmental Accounting Standards Board Revision of 2011

*d. Governmental Accounting Standards Board Revision of 2011

Theory failure describes a situation in which a human service program is implemented according to design, but the anticipated outcome is not achieved. Which of the features listed below does NOT describe theory failure? a. Comes about because of a flaw in the hypothesis underlying the program b. Certain causal processes will lead directly to the desired outcome c. The hypothesis is not supported when the program is implemented according to the program design, but the result is not the desired outcome d. It is designed to address specific stakeholder questions

*d. It is designed to address specific stakeholder questions

One of the primary purposes of budgeting deals with the determination of how revenues will be allocated. Which of the following is NOT one of the planning purposes of budgeting? a. Achieve agency or program results b. Achieve program accomplishments c. Achieve impacts (outcomes) d. Planning for future years of budgeting

*d. Planning for future years of budgeting

The creation of a line-item budgeting system for a human service agency or program involves three of the following steps. Which of the following is NOT a step commonly used in creating a line-item budget? a. Designing a standardized line-item budget format b. Defining common budget terms and identifying all revenues and expenses c. Balancing the budget d. Receiving input form program staff

*d. Receiving input form program staff

Every item of proposed expense can be classified as either direct cost or an indirect cost. Which of the following is NOT an example of direct costs? a. Salaries and wages of staff who work for only one program b. Materials and supplies used exclusively in one program c. Equipment used exclusively in one program d. The cost of custodial work for the building

*d. The cost of custodial work for the building

If a hypothesis has been tested, which of the following is NOT true? a. The program was implemented as designed. b. The desired results are achieved. c. The hypothesis is supported. d. The hypothesis is not supported unless the participant is not self-sufficient.

*d. The hypothesis is not supported unless the participant is not self-sufficient.

There is no best cost allocation methodology for a human service agency or program to use in allocating indirect costs. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? a. The total direct costs methodology is the simplest approach to implement. b. The direct labor costs methodology is said to be superior approach then the majority of an agency's programs are labor intensive. c. The direct costing method is said to be the most accurate for of cost allocation. d. The indirect costing method is used when labor is intensive but labor hours are not.

*d. The indirect costing method is used when labor is intensive but labor hours are not.

Which of the following is NOT a type of impact program design ? a. The single group pretest/posttest design b. The nonequivalent comparison group design c. The randomized experimental design d. The single group posttest design

*d. The single group posttest design

. Effort (output) data provide feedback on all EXCEPT which of the following statements: a. the amount of products and services (intermediate outputs) provided. b. the amount of quality products and services (quality outputs) provided. c. the number of service completions (final outputs) achieved. d. all subgroups in the community are included in services.

*d. all subgroups in the community are included in services.

Performance measurement is concerned only with the collection and reporting of performance data and information. Which of the following questions would be answered by performance measurement? a. was the program implemented as planned. b. what was the program's impact. c. did the program achieve its intended results. d. did the program follow the goals and objectives established in the annual plan.

*d. did the program follow the goals and objectives established in the annual plan.

. A program hypothesis does NOT do which of the following statements: a. makes explicit the assumptions underlining a human service program outcome (result). b. establishes a framework to bring internal consistency to the implementation of a human service program. c. enables inputs, process, outputs (including quality outputs), and outcomes to be examined for internal consistency. d. if followed by the correct program design, will result in the desired result.

*d. if followed by the correct program design, will result in the desired result.

The three principal purposes of budgeting combine to provide a comprehensive picture of the functioning of a human service agency and its programs that none is capable of providing separately. Which of the following is NOT one of the principal purposes of budgeting included in a comprehensive picture of a human service agency: a. the financial control functions of budgeting deal with keeping agency and program revenues in balance with agency and program expenses. b. the management purposes of budgeting deal with the utilization of agency and program revenues to maximize efficiency or productivity. c. the planning purposes of budgeting deal with the utilization of revenues to accomplish agency and program goals and objectives. d. the allocation of revenues that will lead to a budgeting system that hinders the achievement of agency and program goals and objectives.

*d. the allocation of revenues that will lead to a budgeting system that hinders the achievement of agency and program goals and objectives.

The central idea of performance measurement includes all EXCEPT which of the following: a. collect and report to stakeholders. b. make programs transparent. c. increase stakeholder support for programs. d. use data for additional funding.

*d. use data for additional funding.

. As Program Director you have been instructed to develop a thorough program evaluation, including the types of data that will be required and when it should be collected. Program Data requirements within a human service agency requires Coverage data, Equity data, Effort (output) data, Cost-efficiency data, Results (outcomes) data, Process data, Cost effectiveness and Impact data to conduct a Program Evaluation. Choose any four types of data: 1) define, 2) how/what it contributes to the program evaluation, and 3) an example of each.

. 1) Coverage data: provides feedback on the extent to which a program is a) meeting the community need and b) reaching its target populations. Used to document that only eligible clients were served and to assess the adequacy, or inadequacy, of current program funding and service levels to meet community need. Ex. What % of our clients had family incomes below the poverty level? Equity data: feedback on the extent to which specific sub-geographic areas of a community as well as specific sub-groups are being served by a program. Used to ensure adequate coverage of a sub-geographic areas and sub-groups to document that the program is reaching the target areas and sub-groups. Ex. What percent of our clients are minority and what percent live in the southern part of the city? Process Data: provides feedback on the extent to which a program is implemented as designed. Used to compare actual service delivery to planned service design to ensure conformance with such items as service definitions, service tasks, service standards, work statements and service specifications. Ex. Do our clients meet the ADA definition of "disabled"? Effort Data: provides feedback on the amount of products and services provided, the amount of quality products and services provided and the number of service completed. Used to monitor a program during implementation to compare actual effort to planned effort and to take corrective action when actual effort fails to coincide with planned effort. Ex. In the first quarter of the fiscal year, have we enrolled the number of clients that we planned to reach during that time period? Cost-Efficiency Data: provides feedback on the costs of providing program products and services. Used to compare actual cost data with planned costs. Ex. Are we within the cost of our program for the first quarter of the fiscal year. Results Data: provides feedback on the extent to which a program achieves its intended results, both intermediate and final. Used during implementation to compare actual results achieved with planned results. Ex. What percent of our students passed the GED test and how does that compare with our intended pass goals? Impact Data: provides feedback on the question: What happened to clients as a result of participation in our program that would not have happened in the program's absence? Used in human services to demonstrate the extent to which a program achieves measurable impacts with its clients. Ex. What percent of our GED graduates have found employment after graduating from our program? Answer Location: Program Evaluation

List and explain the four steps involved in the creation of a line-item budget.

1) Designing a standardized line-item budget format, 2) Developing common budget definitions and terms, 3) Identifying all revenues and expenses, and 4) Balancing the budget. Answer Location: Developing Line-Item Budgeting Systems

Functional budgeting systems are concerned with the outputs, efficiency and productivity of a human service agency's programs. 1) Define "functional budget system"; 2) Describe the categories of interest in a functional budget; 3) Give an example for each of the categories of interest.

1) Functional and program budgeting systems are generally developed only at the program level because the essential component is the inclusion of output measures and outcome measures that are generally only developed at the program level. 2) How much service or product do the agency's programs intend to provide as measured in terms of units of service, what is the anticipated cost per unit of service and per service completion. 3) The agency will provide 1,000 hours of service to the community, it is anticipated to cost $100,000, for a per unit cost of $1,00 per unit of service. Answer Location: The link Between Line-Item, Functional and Program Budgeting Systems

Define "Indirect costs", give at least three examples of costs that are considered indirect costs, and explain how an indirect cost get allocated to programs.

1) Indirect costs are those items of expense proposed to be incurred for two or more programs. 2) Examples are building rent, utilities, telephones, and janitorial services. 3) It is allocated through assigning indirect costs to a cost pool and then using one of the three methods of indirect allocation. Answer Location: Assigning Direct Costs and Indirect Costs to the Indirect Cost Pool

Process data can be used to monitor cultural competency, that the customs and needs of the persons being served are taken into consideration in the service definitions, service tasks, service standards, work statements service specifications, and other service requirements. 1) Define Process Data, 2) define how it is used within a human service agency to determine the extent to which a program is implemented as designed, 3) Explain at least three ways it can be used to monitor cultural competency, and 4) how it can be used to monitor that the customs and needs of the person being served are taken into consideration in a program.

1) process data provides feedback on the extent to which a program is implemented the way it was designed, 2) during implementation, can be used to compare actual service delivery to planned service design to ensure conformance, 3) when designing programs, including stakeholders from sub-geographic and sub-demographic stakeholders and 4) by taking into consideration in the service definitions, service tasks, service standards, work statement service specifications. Answer Location: Process Data

Describe the two ways comparison in impact program evaluation is achieved and give an example of each.

1) two different groups are compared 2) one group is compared to itself; 1) an experimental and a comparison group of clients is made by random assignment; a jobs training program is implemented for the experimental group but not for the comparison group and then the two groups are compared 2) a jobs training program is offered to a single group of clients, the group participants are tested before the program begins and again following the completion of the program. The two mean test results are compared. Answer Location: Research Design for Impact Program Evaluation

Impact program evaluation attempts to determine if a human service program actually works. In order to make a cause-and-effect statement a counterfactual has to be created that would identify what would have happened to individuals had they not participated in the program?

You are the program director of a program that works with young women to improve their parenting skills and you are charged to evaluate the program to determine if the program has made a difference in knowledge and behaviors of the women who participated in the program. Describe 1) the program hypothesis, 2) which of the two ways that you will use to compare two groups, 3) create the cause-and-effect statement and, if necessary, create a counterfactual that identifies what would happen if participants would not have participated in the program, and 4) describe the desired result that should be the outcome of the program and how you would determine if it had been achieved. *a. 1 & 2) if a parenting improvement program is implemented, then the group of young women will improve in their knowledge of and behavior following participation in the program 3) counterfactual: a group of young women do not participate in a parenting improvement program which is implemented to improve the knowledge of and behaviors of parenting, the desired improvement will not happen, and testing scores will remain the same. Answer Location: Summary