NR 302 Health Assessment Review Questions-Chapters 15,16,17
exotosis
Benign bony outgrowth, usually capped by cartilage, that protrudes from the surface of a bone.
Vertigo (Dizziness) Etiology
Caused by two etiologies: the vertigo may be from a harmless problem of the inner ear (benign positional vertigo), or it may be caused due to damage in a specific center of the brain (possible CVA)
movement of the extra ocular muscles stimulated by three cranial nerves
Cranial 6-abducens Cranial 4-trochlear Cranial 3-oculomotor
otitis externa
Infection of the outer ear (ear canal)
Which of the following is an expected response on the cover test?
The covered eye maintains its position when uncovered. A normal response to the cover test is a steady fixed gaze. If muscle weakness is present, the covered eye will drift into a relaxed position. A normal response to the cover test is a steady fixed gaze. When the eye is uncovered, if it jumps to reestablish fixation, eye muscle weakness exists.
Which of the following statements regarding the results obtained from use of the Snellen chart is true?
The larger the denominator, the poorer the vision. Using the Snellen chart, the larger the denominator, the poorer the vision.
tinnitus treatment
avoid excessive noise and ototoxic drugs, mask with music, oral antidepressants
Epulis
benign tumor arising from periodontal mucous membranes
Geographic tongue (migratory glossitis)
normal coating interspersed with bright red, shiny, circular bald areas with raised pearly boarders. Pattern resembles a map and changes in a few days. Unknown cause
upward palpebral slant
normal in many children, when combined with epicentral folds, hypertelorism, and Brushfield spots, indicates Down syndrome.
exothalmos
protruding eyeballs
bednar aphthae
traumatic areas or ulcers on the posterior hard palate on either side of the midline. result from abrasions while sucking
Which of the following questions would the examiner ask to determine whether an individual has epistaxis?
"Do you experience nosebleeds?" Epistaxis is the medical term for a nosebleed. Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. Rhinorrhea is the medical term for a runny nose.
atrophic glossitis
A smooth, glossy tongue that occurs with pernicious anemia
Choanal atresia
Abnormality of the nasal septum that obstructs one or both nasal passages.
An enlarged tongue (macroglossia) may accompany
Down syndrome. Macroglossia occurs with Down syndrome; it also occurs with cretinism, myxedema, and acromegaly. A transient swelling also occurs with local infections.
Which of the following pairs of sinuses is absent at birth, is fairly well developed between 7 and 8 years of age, and is fully developed after puberty?
Frontal The frontal sinuses are absent at birth, are fairly well developed between 7 and 8 years of age, and reach full size after puberty. The maxillary sinuses are present at birth and reach full size after all permanent teeth have erupted. The sphenoid sinuses are minute at birth and develop after puberty. The ethmoid sinuses are present at birth and grow rapidly between 6 and 8 years of age and after puberty.
meth mouth
Informal name for the rampant tooth decay caused by heavy methamphetamine use
If the labyrinth becomes inflamed what happens
It feeds the wrong information to the brain, creating a staggering gait and a strong spinning, whirling sensation called vertigo
Decreased vision in an older patient may be due to which of the following conditions?
Macular degeneration Decreased vision in older patients is most commonly caused by cataracts, glaucoma, or macular degeneration. Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina that usually affects children younger than 6 years old. Fixation is a reflex direction of the eye toward an object attracting a person's attention; fixation is impaired by drugs, alcohol, fatigue, and inattention. The lens in an older adult loses elasticity and becomes hard and glasslike; this decreases the lens' ability to change shape to accommodate for near vision and is called presbyopia.
Tonic Pupil (Adie's Pupil)
Sluggish reaction to light accommodation. usually Unilateral, a large regular pupil that does react, but sluggishly after long latent time. No pathological significance
Bullous Myringitis
Small vesicles containing blood on the drum; accompany mucoplasma pneumonia and virus infections
abnormal findings/lesions on the eyelids
blepharitis chalazion hordeolum dacryocytisis
scotoma
blind spot in vision
strabismus
crossed eyes
ectropion
lower eyelid loose and rolling outward
tinnitus
ringing or buzzing in the ears
Anisorcoria
unequal pupil size
Conductive hearing loss causes
"foreign body, hematoma, perforated tympanic membrane, otitis media, externa and otosclerosis (an abnormal growth of bone near the middle ear. ) (MIDDLE EAR, MEMBRANE, INNER EAR,)"
iritis
'Circumcorneal Redness' - Deep, dull red halo around iris and cornea
Acute Tonsillitis
- Occurs when tonsils become inflamed & reddened - Small patches of yellow-ish pus may be visible - Can block nose & throat (interfere w/ normal breathing, nasal & sinus drainage, sleeping, swallowing, speaking) - Can disrupt normal functioning of eustachian tube (impede hearing) - May become chronic
Candidiasis in Adult
- Overgrowth of Candida occurs with steroid inhaler use, HIV infection, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or corticosteroids, leukemia, malnutrition, or reduced immunity
Conductive hearing loss causes
-Cerumen impaction (MC) or other obstruction -Eustachian tube dysruption (due to URI) -Middle ear effusion -Otosclerosis -Ossicular disruption -Chronic ear infection
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
-Erosion of tooth surface causing infection. -S&S-Mild toothache, hypersensitivity to sweets and temp. extremes ~Acid plaque eroding tooth enamel causing formation of cavity
Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG)
-acute glaucoma -sudden onset, emergency -narrowed angle, forward displacement of iris obstructs outflow of aqueous humor
most common causes of decreased visual functioning in older adults are
-cataract formation -glaucoma -age related macular degeneration (AMD) -diabetic retinopathy
tympanic membrane (eardrum) functions
-conducts sound vibrations -protects inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds -eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure of each side of the TM so that it does not rupture
Star-Shaped Opacity—Cortical Cataract
-shows as asymmetric, radial, white spokes with black center -through ophthalmoscope, black spokes are evident against red reflex -forms in outer cortex of lens, progressing faster than nuclear cataract
When an otoscopic examination is performed on an older adult patient, the tympanic membrane may be
-whiter than that of a younger adult. -pinker than that of a younger adult -more mobile than that of a younger adult. During otoscopy, the tympanic membrane of an older adult may be whiter in color than that of a younger adult. The tympanic membrane may also appear more opaque and dull. A yellow-amber eardrum color occurs with otitis media with effusion. A red color occurs with acute otitis media. The tympanic membrane of an older adult may be thicker compared with that of a younger adult. Hypomobility is an early sign of acute otitis media.
tonsil grading scale
1+: visible 2+: halfway b/w tonsillar pillars and uvula 3+: touching uvula 4+: touching each other
Retention "Cyst" (Mucocele)
A round, well-defined, translucent nodule that may be very small or up to 1 to 2 cm. It is a pocket of mucus that forms when a duct of a minor salivary gland ruptures. The benign lesion also may occur on the buccal mucosa, on the floor of the mouth, or under the tip of the tongue.
color blindness
A sex-linked trait in which an individual cannot perceive certain colors.
A slight protrusion of the eyeballs may be noticed when examining individuals who come from which ethnic/cultural group?
African American African Americans normally may have a slight protrusion of the eyeball beyond the supraorbital ridge.
Which of the following children is at risk for recurrent otitis media (OM)?
An 18-month-old infant who has had three episodes of ear infections in a 5-month period A first episode of OM that occurs within 3 months of life increases risk for recurrent OM. Recurrent OM is three episodes within the past 3 months or four episodes within the past year.
Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)
An amber-yellow drum suggests serum in middle ear that transudates to relieve negative pressure from the blocked eustachian tube.
Corneal Light Reflex (Hirschberg Test)
Assess the parallel alignment of the eye axes by shining a light toward the person's eyes.
Which of the following tests provides a precise quantitative measure of hearing?
Audiometer test An audiometer gives a precise quantitative measure of hearing by assessing the person's ability to hear sounds of varying frequency. The tuning fork tests (Weber and Rinne) are inaccurate and should not be used for general screening. The Romberg test assesses the ability of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear to help maintain standing balance. The whispered voice test is nonquantitative; this test documents the presence of hearing loss but does not measure the degree of loss.
Oral Kaposi Sarcoma
Bruiselike, dark red or violet, confluent macule, usually on the hard palate, may be on soft palate or gingival margin. Oral lesions may be among the earliest lesions to develop with AIDS.
Battle sign
Bruising behind an ear over the mastoid process that may indicate a skull fracture.
nuclear cataract
Central gray opacity. Opaque gray surrounded by black background as it forms in the center of lens nucleus. Through ophthalmoscope, it looks like a black center against the red reflex. Begins after 40 and develops slowly, gradually obstructing vision.
Romberg's sign
Falling to one side when standing with feet together and eyes closed, indicating abnormal cerebellar function or inner ear dysfunction
Which of the following behaviors demonstrated by an individual may be indicative of hearing loss?
Frequently asking for the question to be repeated Hearing loss is indicated when a person frequently asks to have statements repeated. Hearing loss is indicated when a person lip reads or watches faces and lips closely. Hearing loss is indicated when a person has a flat, monotonous tone of voice. Hearing loss is indicated when speech sounds are garbled, vowel sounds are distorted, and the person uses an inappropriately loud voice.
The examiner notices a fine tremor when the patient sticks out his or her tongue. What disorder is consistent with this finding?
Hyperthyroidism A fine tremor of the tongue occurs with hyperthyroidism. A patient in diabetic ketoacidosis would have a sweet, fruity breath odor. Halitosis is a term used to describe any breath odor. A coarse tremor occurs with alcoholism.
Causes for otitis externa include:
Infectious agents, irritation, allergic reactions
Cellulitis of ear
Inflammation of loose, subcutaneous connective tissue. Shows as thickening and induration of auricle with distorted contours
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva due to a reaction from allergy-causing substances such as pollen or pet dander.
acute rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold
whispered voice test
Initial screening to determine need for further testing of client's hearing (Use fingers to close one ear while whisper some numbers into other ear)
sebaceous cyst
Large protruding pocket like lesion filled with sebum
Tooth Avulsion
Occurs when a force results in the tooth being completely removed from the socket
Inspection of Ocular Fundus
Ophthalmoscope enlarges your view of eye so that you can inspect media (anterior chamber, lens, vitreous) and the ocular fundus (internal surface of retina) Recall that ophthalmoscope contains set of lenses that control focus Unit of strength of each lens is diopter Black numbers indicate positive diopter; they focus on nearer objects Red numbers show negative diopter and focus on objects farther away
osteoma
Single, stony hard, rounded nodule that obscures the drum; nontender; overlying skin appears normal
When inspecting the eyeballs of an African American individual, which of the following might the examiner expect to observe?
Small brown macules on the sclera Dark-skinned people may normally have small brown macules on the sclera.
Tophi
Small, whitish yellow, hard, nontender nodules in or near helix or antihelix; contain greasy, chalky material of uric acid crystals and are a sign of gout.
Binocularity
The ability to use both eyes together; results in depth perception/stereopsis; lack of results in double vision or lack of depth perception/stereopsis
Test for accommodation
The person focuses on a distant object and then shifts the gauge to a near object about 6 inches away. At near distance, you would expect the pupils to converge, and the axes of the eyes to construct
Darwin tubercle
Thickened rim of cartilage (Heterosygous)
On examination of the mouth of an American Indian, the examiner notices the presence of a bifid uvula. How should this finding be interpreted?
This is an expected variation associated with this individual. Bifid uvula is a condition in which the uvula is split either completely or partially. This condition occurs in 18% of individuals in some American Indian groups. Bifid uvula may indicate a submucous cleft palate. Bifid uvula is not associated with oral cancer. The incidence of bifid uvula is common in American Indians.
how do you test pupillary light reflex?
To test the pupillary light reflex, darken the room and ask the person to gaze into the distance. (This dilates the pupils.) Advance a light in from the side* and note the response. Normally you will see (1) constriction of the same-sided pupil (a direct light reflex) and (2) simultaneous constriction of the other pupil (a consensual light reflex).
What is the major cause of decreased saliva production in older adults?
Use of anticholinergic medications The major cause of decreased saliva flow is the use of medications that have anticholinergic effects. Normal aging is a secondary cause of decreased saliva flow. Decreased fluid intake is not the major cause of decreased saliva production in an older adult. Diminished sense of taste and smell associated with aging may decrease an older adult's interest in food and may contribute to malnutrition.
visual acuity testing
Use of tools such as a Snellen chart to screen for visual impairments
Which of the following groups of individuals need to be tested for the presence of color blindness (deficiency)?
White boys between the ages of 4 and 8 years Color blindness is an inherited recessive X-linked trait affecting about 8% of white boys and 4% of black boys. Test only boys for color vision once between the ages of 4 and 8 years.
Pingueculae
Yellowish nodules that are thickened areas of the bulbar conjunctiva. Caused by prolonged exposure to sun, wind, and dust.
cleft lip
a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
torus palatinus
a bony protuberance in the midline of the hard palate
Canker sores/apthous ulcers
a common canker sore that is a vesicle at first and then small punched out ulcer with a white base surrounded by a red halo.
bifid uvula
a condition in which the uvula is split either completely or partially
Brachial remnant and ear deformity
a facial remnant or leftover of the embryologic branchial arch usually appears as a skin tag
presbycusis
a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages
confrontation test
a gross measure of peripheral vision
perforated septum
a hole in the septum (usually cartilage part) caused from snorting cocaine, chronic infection, trauma of picking crusts or nasal surgery
perforation
a hole through the wall of a structure from acute otitis media
carcinoma
a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
chalazion
a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland
sucking tubercle
a small pad in the middle of the upper lip from friction of breastfeeding or bottle feeding
Herpes Simplex Virus
a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but that can also cause brain damage
atresia
absence of a normal body opening; occlusion; closure
Sinusitis caused by
accumulation of infected secretions in the paranasal sinuses
who does color blindness occur more frequently in
affecting 8% of white males
allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
affects the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and throat
paranasal sinuses
air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skull
Absence of iris color occurs with
albinism
what do you look for in the iris?
appears flat, round regular shape and even coloration
macula
area of keenest vision, is absent at birth but mature by 8 months yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc
How to test for accommodation
ask the person to focus on a distant object. This process dilates the pupils. Then have the person shift the gaze to a near object such as your finger held about 7 to 8cm (3inches) from the persons nose. A normal response includes: 1. pupillary constriction 2. convergence of the axes of the eyes
cerumen is drier with aging because
atrophy of apocrine glands
The external structure of the ear is identified as the
auricle. The auricle or pinna is the external structure of the ear. The atrium is the upper chamber of the heart.
General Inspection
begins as soon as you meet the patient and includes: - physical appearance and hygiene - body structure and position - body movement - emotional and mental status and behavior
Drusen
benign deposits on the ocular fundus that show as round yellow dots and occur commonly with aging
nasal polyps
benign mucous membrane masses that form slowly in response to repeated inflammation of the sinus or nasal mucosa and project into the nasal cavity.
Leukoedema
benign, milky, bluish-white opaque appearance of the buccal mucosa that occurs commonly in African Americans
leukoedema
benign, milky, bluish-white opaque appearance of the buccal mucosa that occurs commonly in African Americans
infants by 3&4 months, they establish
binocularity
Hyphema
blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
Furuncle of ear
boil; a painful nodule formed in the skin by inflammation originating in a hair follicle; caused by staphylococcosis
furuncle
boil; suppurative inflammatory skin lesion due to infected hair follicle
Choanal atresia
bony or membranous septum between the nasal cavity and pharynx of a new born
The nasal mucosa of an individual with rhinitis would be
bright red and swollen. The nasal mucosa is bright red and swollen with rhinitis. Normally, the nasal mucosa is red with a smooth and moist surface. The nasal mucosa is swollen, boggy, pale, and gray with chronic allergies. Bright red bleeding occurs with epistaxis (bleeding from the nose).
The tympanic membrane of a child with acute otitis media would be
bulging with a distinct red color The tympanic membrane would be bulging and red with acute otitis media. A normal tympanic membrane is flat and slightly pulled in at the center. A normal tympanic membrane is mobile and flutters with the Valsalva maneuver. A normal tympanic membrane is shiny and translucent, with a pearly gray color.
outer 1/3 of canal is
cartilage
oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
When Cilia becomes coarse and stiff
cerumen(wax) to accumulate and oxidize which reduces hearing
In addition to initiating digestion of food, saliva
cleans and protects the mucosa. Saliva moistens and lubricates the food bolus, starts digestion, and cleans and protects the mucosa.
mixed hearing loss
combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss
receding gums
common in elderly, abnormal in youth
dysphagia
condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful
cleft lip and palate
congenital split of the lip and roof of the mouth (cleft indicates a fissure) ***Most common in asians.
ophthalmia neonatorum
conjunctivitis of the newborn
Red Eye - Vascular Disorders
conjuntivitis allergic conjunctivitis iritis subconjunctival hemmorrhage herpes simplex virus
extraocular muscles
control eye movement; under voluntary control; attached to the sclera by tendons
Test for strabismus
corneal light reflex
The normal color of the optic disc is
creamy yellow-orange to pink.The color of a normal optic disc ranges from creamy yellow-orange to pink.
diabetic retinopathy
damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes
Frostbite
damage to the skin and tissues caused by extreme cold
how to text pupillary light reflex?
darken room, ask person to gaze into distance and advance light in from side and note response. you will see constriction of same-sided pupil
Fissure or Scrotal Tongue
deep furrows divide the papillae into small irregular rows
scarred drum
dense, white patches on eardrum from repeated ear infections, no not necessarily affect hearing
otorrhea
discharge from the ear
Nystagmus occurs with
disease of the semicircular canals in the ears, a paretic eye muscle, multiple sclerosis, or brain lesion
Baby Bottle Tooth Decay (BBTD)
distinct patterns of tooth decay in infants and young children.
Visual fields test
done by a confrontation test
ptosis
drooping upper lid
Horner syndrome symptoms
droopy eyelid, mitotic pupil
xerostoma
dry mouth
purulent otorrhea
ear drainage
vibratility
ear drum should move a little with puff of air (if no movement--middle ear infection)
cerumen
ear wax
otalgia
earache
Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
effusion in the middle ear that occurs suddenly and is associated with other signs of illness
Pseudostrabismus
epicanthal folds give a false appearance of malalignment
The labyrinth of the inner ear is responsible for maintaining the body's
equilibrium. The labyrinth maintains the body's equilibrium. Binaural interaction is controlled by the brainstem and permits locating the direction of a sound. The normal pathway of hearing is by air conduction. The eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane.
Mydriasis (of pupil)
excessive or prolonged dilation of the pupil of the eye
Snellen eye chart
eye chart used by eye care professionals and others to measure visual acuity.
what do you look for in the eyeballs?
eyeballs are aligned normally in their sockets with no protrusion or sunken appearance
otomycosis
fungal infection of the ear
arcus senilis
gray-white arc or circle around the limbus of the iris that is common with aging
otosclerosis
hardening of the bony tissue in the ear
otoscerosis
hardening of the ossicles, particularly the stapes
Rinne test
hearing acuity test performed with a vibrating tuning fork that is first placed on the mastoid process and then in front of the external auditory canal to test bone and air conduction
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness
The position of the tympanic membrane in the neonate is more ________________, making it more difficult to visualize with the otoscope.
horizontal The position of the eardrum is more horizontal in the neonate, making it more difficult to see completely and harder to differentiate from the canal wall. By 1 month of age, the eardrum is in the oblique position similar to an older child, and examination is easier.
Binaural interaction at the level of the brainstem permits
identification and location of the direction of the sound. The function at the brainstem level is binaural interaction, which permits locating the direction of a sound in space as well as identifying the sound.
presbyopia
impairment of vision as a result of old age
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
infant line of vision by 1 month
infant can fixate and follow light or bright toy
infant line of vision by 6-10 months
infant can fixate and follow toy in all directions
infant line of vision 2-4 weeks
infant can fixate on an object
infant line of vision by 3-4 months
infant can fixate, follow and reach for toy
angular cheilitis
inflammation of the corners of the mouth
blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid
dacryocystitis
inflammation of the lacrimal sac
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinus
labryinth
inner ear
otoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the ear
nystagmus
involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes
esotropia
inward turning of the eye
diagnostic positions test
lead the eyes through the six cardinal positions of gaze will elicit any muscle weakness during movement. ask person to hold head steady and follow finger. progress clockwise in each direction. a normal response is parallel tracking of the object with both eyes
Subconjuctival hemorrhages are caused by ____
leakage of blood outside vessels
One of the purposes of the paranasal sinuses is to
lighten the weight of the skull bones. The paranasal sinuses lighten the weight of the skull bones. Nasal mucosa and nasal turbinates warm, humidify, and filter the inhaled air. The paranasal sinuses serve as resonators for sound production. Olfactory receptors (responsible for the sensation of smell) are located in the nasal cavity and septum and merge into the olfactory nerve.
clues that indicate hearing loss
lip reading, frowning or straining forward to hear, posturing head to catch sounds, misunderstand question, ask you to repeat, irritability when you raise your voice, speech is garbled
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
located in the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat)
entropion
lower eyelid rolling inward
Malalignment
mal- bad; inadequate align/o- arranged in a straight line -ment action; state
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
function of mouth
mastication & start breakdown of carbs w/ amylase
otitis media
middle ear infection
frenulum
midline fold of tissue that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth
basal cell carcinoma in the eye
most often on the lower lid and presents as a small painless nodule with central ulceration and sharp rolled out pearly edges occurs in older adults associated with UV exposure and light skin locally invasive, metastasis is rare
conjuctiva
mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball
Epstein pearls
multiple small, white-yellowish, epithelial inclusion cysts found in the midline of the palate in newborn infants
The cover test is used to assess for:
muscle weakness
olfactory receptors
nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell
peripheral vision is intact in
newborn infant
Epitaxis
nosebleed
Myopia (nearsightedness)
occurs when the image is focused in front of the retina
inner two thirds consist
of bone covered by thin sensitive skin
The location in the brain where optic nerve fibers from the temporal fields of vision cross over is identified as the
optic chiasm At the optic chiasm, nasal fibers (from both temporal visual fields) cross over. The fovea centralis is the area of the retina that has the sharpest and keenest vision. The optic disc is the area in which fibers from the retina converge to form the optic nerve. The choroid is the middle vascular layer of the eye; the choroid has dark pigmentation to prevent light from reflecting internally and is heavily vascularized to deliver blood to the retina.
Monocular blindness is caused by
optic nerve lesion
Red reflex test
orange glow from light reflecting back off retina
common cause of hearing loss in young adults from 20-40 years old is due to
otosclerosis
exotropia
outward turning of the eye, away from the nose
black hair tongue
over growth or fungi due to antibiotic therapy.
gingival hyperplasia
overformation of gum tissue
Chlolesteatoma
overgrowth of epidermal tissue in the middle ear or temporal bone white cheesy appearance
Keloid on Ear
overgrowth of scar tissue
Chrondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicus
painful nodules developed on the rim of helix
auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)
passage leading through the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane lined with glands that secret cerumen, a yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects ear
abnormal findings/ eyelid abnormalities
periodical edema exophthalmos enophthalmos ptosis upward palpebral slant ectropion entropion
Conjunctivitis
pink eye
Insertion of tympanostomy tubes
polyethylene tubes are inserted surgically into the eardrum to relieve middle ear pressure and promote drainage of chronic or recurrent middle ear infections. Tubes extrude spontaneously in 12 to 18 months
macular degeneration
progressive damage to the macula of the retina
Horner's syndrome
ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
PERRLA stands for
pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accomodation
Hypopyon
pus in the anterior chamber of the eye
The extraocular muscles consist of four straight or ________ muscles and two slanting or ______ muscles.
rectilinear; diagonal The four straight, or rectus, muscles are the superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus muscles. The two slanting, or oblique, muscles are the superior and inferior muscles.
cheilitis
red, scaling, shallow, painful fissures at corners of mouth
gingivitis
red, swollen gum margins that bleed easily
Otitis Media/OM (Middle ear infection)
redness and swelling. canal may be completely closed with swelling.
The lens of the eye functions as a
refracting medium. The lens serves as a refracting medium, keeping a viewed object in continual focus on the retina. The muscle fibers of the iris function as the mediator of light. The cornea is very sensitive to touch. The intraocular pressure is determined by a balance between the amount of aqueous humor produced and resistance to its outflow at the angle of the anterior chamber.
Infant's line of vision at birth to 2 weeks
refusal to reopen eyes after exposure to bright light; increasing alertness to object
nasopharynx
region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate
If the tympanic membrane has white dense areas, the examiner suspects
scarring from recurrent ear infections. White dense areas indicate scarring on the tympanic membrane from recurrent ear infections. Dark oval areas indicate perforation from a ruptured tympanic membrane. Air or fluid levels or air bubbles indicate serous fluid from serous otitis media. Black or white dots indicate a fungal infection.
cornea abrasion
scratch on the cornea
structure and function of external ear(auricle or pinna)
shape and serve to funnel sound waves into the auditory canal
extraorcular muscles
six muscles attach eyeball to its orbit and direct eye to points of a person's interest
Fordyce granules
small, isolated, white or yellow papules on oral mucosa
Xanthelasma
soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on the skin at the inner corners of the eyes
hordeolum
sty; an acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid
Enophthalmos
sunken eyes. Caused by loss of fat in the orbits and occurs with dehydration and chronic wsting illness
periorbital edema
swelling surrounding the eye or eyes
what do you look for with the eyebrows?
symmetry between the two eyes
tuning fork test
test of ear conduction using a vibration source (tuning fork)
Allen test
test that determines the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery
confrontation test
tests peripheral vision
The duct in the parotid gland that opens into the mouth opposite the second molar is
the Stensen duct. The duct in the parotid gland is the Stensen duct; it runs forward to open on the buccal mucosa opposite the second molar. The Wharton's duct (for the submandibular gland) runs up and forward to the floor of the mouth and opens at either side of the frenulum. The mouth contains three pairs of salivary glands, which are the parotid gland, the submandibular gland, and the sublingual gland. The sublingual gland lies within the floor of the mouth under the tongue.
acute rhinitis
the common cold; the sudden onset of nasal inflammation
palpebral fissure
the elliptical open space between the eyelids
ocular fundus
the internal surface of the retina that can be seen by the ophthalmoscope.
sensorineural hearing loss
the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness; caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
pterygium
thin tissue growing into the cornea from the conjunctiva, usually caused from sun exposure
Blue Drum (Hemotympanum)
this indicates blood in the middle ear, as in trauma resulting in skull fracture
carcinoma (ear)
ulcerated, crusted nodule with indurated base that fails to heal; bleeds intermittently; must refer for biopsy; usually occurs on the superior rim of the pinna
Aniscoria
unequal diameter of pupils
what to look for in eyelids and lashes?
upper lids normally overlap superior part of iris, and approximate completely with lower lids when closed
Retracted drum is caused by
vacuum in middle ear with obstructed eustachian tube
cholesteatoma
yellow, waxy tumor arising in the middle ear
Scleral icterus
yellowing of the sclera due to jaundice
pupil size drecrease as
you get older but pupils should be equal
corona light reflex test is when
you shine a light towards the eyes.