NR 302 Health Assessment Review Questions-Chapters 15,16,17

exotosis

Benign bony outgrowth, usually capped by cartilage, that protrudes from the surface of a bone.

Vertigo (Dizziness) Etiology

Caused by two etiologies: the vertigo may be from a harmless problem of the inner ear (benign positional vertigo), or it may be caused due to damage in a specific center of the brain (possible CVA)

movement of the extra ocular muscles stimulated by three cranial nerves

Cranial 6-abducens Cranial 4-trochlear Cranial 3-oculomotor

otitis externa

Infection of the outer ear (ear canal)

Which of the following is an expected response on the cover test?

The covered eye maintains its position when uncovered. A normal response to the cover test is a steady fixed gaze. If muscle weakness is present, the covered eye will drift into a relaxed position. A normal response to the cover test is a steady fixed gaze. When the eye is uncovered, if it jumps to reestablish fixation, eye muscle weakness exists.

Which of the following statements regarding the results obtained from use of the Snellen chart is true?

The larger the denominator, the poorer the vision. Using the Snellen chart, the larger the denominator, the poorer the vision.

tinnitus treatment

avoid excessive noise and ototoxic drugs, mask with music, oral antidepressants

Epulis

benign tumor arising from periodontal mucous membranes

Geographic tongue (migratory glossitis)

normal coating interspersed with bright red, shiny, circular bald areas with raised pearly boarders. Pattern resembles a map and changes in a few days. Unknown cause

upward palpebral slant

normal in many children, when combined with epicentral folds, hypertelorism, and Brushfield spots, indicates Down syndrome.

exothalmos

protruding eyeballs

bednar aphthae

traumatic areas or ulcers on the posterior hard palate on either side of the midline. result from abrasions while sucking

Which of the following questions would the examiner ask to determine whether an individual has epistaxis?

"Do you experience nosebleeds?" Epistaxis is the medical term for a nosebleed. Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. Rhinorrhea is the medical term for a runny nose.

atrophic glossitis

A smooth, glossy tongue that occurs with pernicious anemia

Choanal atresia

Abnormality of the nasal septum that obstructs one or both nasal passages.

An enlarged tongue (macroglossia) may accompany

Down syndrome. Macroglossia occurs with Down syndrome; it also occurs with cretinism, myxedema, and acromegaly. A transient swelling also occurs with local infections.

Which of the following pairs of sinuses is absent at birth, is fairly well developed between 7 and 8 years of age, and is fully developed after puberty?

Frontal The frontal sinuses are absent at birth, are fairly well developed between 7 and 8 years of age, and reach full size after puberty. The maxillary sinuses are present at birth and reach full size after all permanent teeth have erupted. The sphenoid sinuses are minute at birth and develop after puberty. The ethmoid sinuses are present at birth and grow rapidly between 6 and 8 years of age and after puberty.

meth mouth

Informal name for the rampant tooth decay caused by heavy methamphetamine use

If the labyrinth becomes inflamed what happens

It feeds the wrong information to the brain, creating a staggering gait and a strong spinning, whirling sensation called vertigo

Decreased vision in an older patient may be due to which of the following conditions?

Macular degeneration Decreased vision in older patients is most commonly caused by cataracts, glaucoma, or macular degeneration. Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina that usually affects children younger than 6 years old. Fixation is a reflex direction of the eye toward an object attracting a person's attention; fixation is impaired by drugs, alcohol, fatigue, and inattention. The lens in an older adult loses elasticity and becomes hard and glasslike; this decreases the lens' ability to change shape to accommodate for near vision and is called presbyopia.

Tonic Pupil (Adie's Pupil)

Sluggish reaction to light accommodation. usually Unilateral, a large regular pupil that does react, but sluggishly after long latent time. No pathological significance

Bullous Myringitis

Small vesicles containing blood on the drum; accompany mucoplasma pneumonia and virus infections

abnormal findings/lesions on the eyelids

blepharitis chalazion hordeolum dacryocytisis

scotoma

blind spot in vision

strabismus

crossed eyes

ectropion

lower eyelid loose and rolling outward

tinnitus

ringing or buzzing in the ears

Anisorcoria

unequal pupil size

Conductive hearing loss causes

"foreign body, hematoma, perforated tympanic membrane, otitis media, externa and otosclerosis (an abnormal growth of bone near the middle ear. ) (MIDDLE EAR, MEMBRANE, INNER EAR,)"

iritis

'Circumcorneal Redness' - Deep, dull red halo around iris and cornea

Acute Tonsillitis

- Occurs when tonsils become inflamed & reddened - Small patches of yellow-ish pus may be visible - Can block nose & throat (interfere w/ normal breathing, nasal & sinus drainage, sleeping, swallowing, speaking) - Can disrupt normal functioning of eustachian tube (impede hearing) - May become chronic

Candidiasis in Adult

- Overgrowth of Candida occurs with steroid inhaler use, HIV infection, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or corticosteroids, leukemia, malnutrition, or reduced immunity

Conductive hearing loss causes

-Cerumen impaction (MC) or other obstruction -Eustachian tube dysruption (due to URI) -Middle ear effusion -Otosclerosis -Ossicular disruption -Chronic ear infection

Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)

-Erosion of tooth surface causing infection. -S&S-Mild toothache, hypersensitivity to sweets and temp. extremes ~Acid plaque eroding tooth enamel causing formation of cavity

Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG)

-acute glaucoma -sudden onset, emergency -narrowed angle, forward displacement of iris obstructs outflow of aqueous humor

most common causes of decreased visual functioning in older adults are

-cataract formation -glaucoma -age related macular degeneration (AMD) -diabetic retinopathy

tympanic membrane (eardrum) functions

-conducts sound vibrations -protects inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds -eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure of each side of the TM so that it does not rupture

Star-Shaped Opacity—Cortical Cataract

-shows as asymmetric, radial, white spokes with black center -through ophthalmoscope, black spokes are evident against red reflex -forms in outer cortex of lens, progressing faster than nuclear cataract

When an otoscopic examination is performed on an older adult patient, the tympanic membrane may be

-whiter than that of a younger adult. -pinker than that of a younger adult -more mobile than that of a younger adult. During otoscopy, the tympanic membrane of an older adult may be whiter in color than that of a younger adult. The tympanic membrane may also appear more opaque and dull. A yellow-amber eardrum color occurs with otitis media with effusion. A red color occurs with acute otitis media. The tympanic membrane of an older adult may be thicker compared with that of a younger adult. Hypomobility is an early sign of acute otitis media.

tonsil grading scale

1+: visible 2+: halfway b/w tonsillar pillars and uvula 3+: touching uvula 4+: touching each other

Retention "Cyst" (Mucocele)

A round, well-defined, translucent nodule that may be very small or up to 1 to 2 cm. It is a pocket of mucus that forms when a duct of a minor salivary gland ruptures. The benign lesion also may occur on the buccal mucosa, on the floor of the mouth, or under the tip of the tongue.

color blindness

A sex-linked trait in which an individual cannot perceive certain colors.

A slight protrusion of the eyeballs may be noticed when examining individuals who come from which ethnic/cultural group?

African American African Americans normally may have a slight protrusion of the eyeball beyond the supraorbital ridge.

Which of the following children is at risk for recurrent otitis media (OM)?

An 18-month-old infant who has had three episodes of ear infections in a 5-month period A first episode of OM that occurs within 3 months of life increases risk for recurrent OM. Recurrent OM is three episodes within the past 3 months or four episodes within the past year.

Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)

An amber-yellow drum suggests serum in middle ear that transudates to relieve negative pressure from the blocked eustachian tube.

Corneal Light Reflex (Hirschberg Test)

Assess the parallel alignment of the eye axes by shining a light toward the person's eyes.

Which of the following tests provides a precise quantitative measure of hearing?

Audiometer test An audiometer gives a precise quantitative measure of hearing by assessing the person's ability to hear sounds of varying frequency. The tuning fork tests (Weber and Rinne) are inaccurate and should not be used for general screening. The Romberg test assesses the ability of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear to help maintain standing balance. The whispered voice test is nonquantitative; this test documents the presence of hearing loss but does not measure the degree of loss.

Oral Kaposi Sarcoma

Bruiselike, dark red or violet, confluent macule, usually on the hard palate, may be on soft palate or gingival margin. Oral lesions may be among the earliest lesions to develop with AIDS.

Battle sign

Bruising behind an ear over the mastoid process that may indicate a skull fracture.

nuclear cataract

Central gray opacity. Opaque gray surrounded by black background as it forms in the center of lens nucleus. Through ophthalmoscope, it looks like a black center against the red reflex. Begins after 40 and develops slowly, gradually obstructing vision.

Romberg's sign

Falling to one side when standing with feet together and eyes closed, indicating abnormal cerebellar function or inner ear dysfunction

Which of the following behaviors demonstrated by an individual may be indicative of hearing loss?

Frequently asking for the question to be repeated Hearing loss is indicated when a person frequently asks to have statements repeated. Hearing loss is indicated when a person lip reads or watches faces and lips closely. Hearing loss is indicated when a person has a flat, monotonous tone of voice. Hearing loss is indicated when speech sounds are garbled, vowel sounds are distorted, and the person uses an inappropriately loud voice.

The examiner notices a fine tremor when the patient sticks out his or her tongue. What disorder is consistent with this finding?

Hyperthyroidism A fine tremor of the tongue occurs with hyperthyroidism. A patient in diabetic ketoacidosis would have a sweet, fruity breath odor. Halitosis is a term used to describe any breath odor. A coarse tremor occurs with alcoholism.

Causes for otitis externa include:

Infectious agents, irritation, allergic reactions

Cellulitis of ear

Inflammation of loose, subcutaneous connective tissue. Shows as thickening and induration of auricle with distorted contours

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva due to a reaction from allergy-causing substances such as pollen or pet dander.

acute rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold

whispered voice test

Initial screening to determine need for further testing of client's hearing (Use fingers to close one ear while whisper some numbers into other ear)

sebaceous cyst

Large protruding pocket like lesion filled with sebum

Tooth Avulsion

Occurs when a force results in the tooth being completely removed from the socket

Inspection of Ocular Fundus

Ophthalmoscope enlarges your view of eye so that you can inspect media (anterior chamber, lens, vitreous) and the ocular fundus (internal surface of retina) Recall that ophthalmoscope contains set of lenses that control focus Unit of strength of each lens is diopter Black numbers indicate positive diopter; they focus on nearer objects Red numbers show negative diopter and focus on objects farther away

osteoma

Single, stony hard, rounded nodule that obscures the drum; nontender; overlying skin appears normal

When inspecting the eyeballs of an African American individual, which of the following might the examiner expect to observe?

Small brown macules on the sclera Dark-skinned people may normally have small brown macules on the sclera.

Tophi

Small, whitish yellow, hard, nontender nodules in or near helix or antihelix; contain greasy, chalky material of uric acid crystals and are a sign of gout.

Binocularity

The ability to use both eyes together; results in depth perception/stereopsis; lack of results in double vision or lack of depth perception/stereopsis

Test for accommodation

The person focuses on a distant object and then shifts the gauge to a near object about 6 inches away. At near distance, you would expect the pupils to converge, and the axes of the eyes to construct

Darwin tubercle

Thickened rim of cartilage (Heterosygous)

On examination of the mouth of an American Indian, the examiner notices the presence of a bifid uvula. How should this finding be interpreted?

This is an expected variation associated with this individual. Bifid uvula is a condition in which the uvula is split either completely or partially. This condition occurs in 18% of individuals in some American Indian groups. Bifid uvula may indicate a submucous cleft palate. Bifid uvula is not associated with oral cancer. The incidence of bifid uvula is common in American Indians.

how do you test pupillary light reflex?

To test the pupillary light reflex, darken the room and ask the person to gaze into the distance. (This dilates the pupils.) Advance a light in from the side* and note the response. Normally you will see (1) constriction of the same-sided pupil (a direct light reflex) and (2) simultaneous constriction of the other pupil (a consensual light reflex).

What is the major cause of decreased saliva production in older adults?

Use of anticholinergic medications The major cause of decreased saliva flow is the use of medications that have anticholinergic effects. Normal aging is a secondary cause of decreased saliva flow. Decreased fluid intake is not the major cause of decreased saliva production in an older adult. Diminished sense of taste and smell associated with aging may decrease an older adult's interest in food and may contribute to malnutrition.

visual acuity testing

Use of tools such as a Snellen chart to screen for visual impairments

Which of the following groups of individuals need to be tested for the presence of color blindness (deficiency)?

White boys between the ages of 4 and 8 years Color blindness is an inherited recessive X-linked trait affecting about 8% of white boys and 4% of black boys. Test only boys for color vision once between the ages of 4 and 8 years.

Pingueculae

Yellowish nodules that are thickened areas of the bulbar conjunctiva. Caused by prolonged exposure to sun, wind, and dust.

cleft lip

a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development

torus palatinus

a bony protuberance in the midline of the hard palate

Canker sores/apthous ulcers

a common canker sore that is a vesicle at first and then small punched out ulcer with a white base surrounded by a red halo.

bifid uvula

a condition in which the uvula is split either completely or partially

Brachial remnant and ear deformity

a facial remnant or leftover of the embryologic branchial arch usually appears as a skin tag

presbycusis

a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages

confrontation test

a gross measure of peripheral vision

perforated septum

a hole in the septum (usually cartilage part) caused from snorting cocaine, chronic infection, trauma of picking crusts or nasal surgery

perforation

a hole through the wall of a structure from acute otitis media

carcinoma

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

chalazion

a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland

sucking tubercle

a small pad in the middle of the upper lip from friction of breastfeeding or bottle feeding

Herpes Simplex Virus

a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but that can also cause brain damage

atresia

absence of a normal body opening; occlusion; closure

Sinusitis caused by

accumulation of infected secretions in the paranasal sinuses

who does color blindness occur more frequently in

affecting 8% of white males

allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

affects the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and throat

paranasal sinuses

air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skull

Absence of iris color occurs with

albinism

what do you look for in the iris?

appears flat, round regular shape and even coloration

macula

area of keenest vision, is absent at birth but mature by 8 months yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc

How to test for accommodation

ask the person to focus on a distant object. This process dilates the pupils. Then have the person shift the gaze to a near object such as your finger held about 7 to 8cm (3inches) from the persons nose. A normal response includes: 1. pupillary constriction 2. convergence of the axes of the eyes

cerumen is drier with aging because

atrophy of apocrine glands

The external structure of the ear is identified as the

auricle. The auricle or pinna is the external structure of the ear. The atrium is the upper chamber of the heart.

General Inspection

begins as soon as you meet the patient and includes: - physical appearance and hygiene - body structure and position - body movement - emotional and mental status and behavior

Drusen

benign deposits on the ocular fundus that show as round yellow dots and occur commonly with aging

nasal polyps

benign mucous membrane masses that form slowly in response to repeated inflammation of the sinus or nasal mucosa and project into the nasal cavity.

Leukoedema

benign, milky, bluish-white opaque appearance of the buccal mucosa that occurs commonly in African Americans

leukoedema

benign, milky, bluish-white opaque appearance of the buccal mucosa that occurs commonly in African Americans

infants by 3&4 months, they establish

binocularity

Hyphema

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye

Furuncle of ear

boil; a painful nodule formed in the skin by inflammation originating in a hair follicle; caused by staphylococcosis

furuncle

boil; suppurative inflammatory skin lesion due to infected hair follicle

Choanal atresia

bony or membranous septum between the nasal cavity and pharynx of a new born

The nasal mucosa of an individual with rhinitis would be

bright red and swollen. The nasal mucosa is bright red and swollen with rhinitis. Normally, the nasal mucosa is red with a smooth and moist surface. The nasal mucosa is swollen, boggy, pale, and gray with chronic allergies. Bright red bleeding occurs with epistaxis (bleeding from the nose).

The tympanic membrane of a child with acute otitis media would be

bulging with a distinct red color The tympanic membrane would be bulging and red with acute otitis media. A normal tympanic membrane is flat and slightly pulled in at the center. A normal tympanic membrane is mobile and flutters with the Valsalva maneuver. A normal tympanic membrane is shiny and translucent, with a pearly gray color.

outer 1/3 of canal is

cartilage

oropharynx

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

When Cilia becomes coarse and stiff

cerumen(wax) to accumulate and oxidize which reduces hearing

In addition to initiating digestion of food, saliva

cleans and protects the mucosa. Saliva moistens and lubricates the food bolus, starts digestion, and cleans and protects the mucosa.

mixed hearing loss

combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss

receding gums

common in elderly, abnormal in youth

dysphagia

condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful

cleft lip and palate

congenital split of the lip and roof of the mouth (cleft indicates a fissure) ***Most common in asians.

ophthalmia neonatorum

conjunctivitis of the newborn

Red Eye - Vascular Disorders

conjuntivitis allergic conjunctivitis iritis subconjunctival hemmorrhage herpes simplex virus

extraocular muscles

control eye movement; under voluntary control; attached to the sclera by tendons

Test for strabismus

corneal light reflex

The normal color of the optic disc is

creamy yellow-orange to pink.The color of a normal optic disc ranges from creamy yellow-orange to pink.

diabetic retinopathy

damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes

Frostbite

damage to the skin and tissues caused by extreme cold

how to text pupillary light reflex?

darken room, ask person to gaze into distance and advance light in from side and note response. you will see constriction of same-sided pupil

Fissure or Scrotal Tongue

deep furrows divide the papillae into small irregular rows

scarred drum

dense, white patches on eardrum from repeated ear infections, no not necessarily affect hearing

otorrhea

discharge from the ear

Nystagmus occurs with

disease of the semicircular canals in the ears, a paretic eye muscle, multiple sclerosis, or brain lesion

Baby Bottle Tooth Decay (BBTD)

distinct patterns of tooth decay in infants and young children.

Visual fields test

done by a confrontation test

ptosis

drooping upper lid

Horner syndrome symptoms

droopy eyelid, mitotic pupil

xerostoma

dry mouth

purulent otorrhea

ear drainage

vibratility

ear drum should move a little with puff of air (if no movement--middle ear infection)

cerumen

ear wax

otalgia

earache

Acute Otitis Media (AOM)

effusion in the middle ear that occurs suddenly and is associated with other signs of illness

Pseudostrabismus

epicanthal folds give a false appearance of malalignment

The labyrinth of the inner ear is responsible for maintaining the body's

equilibrium. The labyrinth maintains the body's equilibrium. Binaural interaction is controlled by the brainstem and permits locating the direction of a sound. The normal pathway of hearing is by air conduction. The eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane.

Mydriasis (of pupil)

excessive or prolonged dilation of the pupil of the eye

Snellen eye chart

eye chart used by eye care professionals and others to measure visual acuity.

what do you look for in the eyeballs?

eyeballs are aligned normally in their sockets with no protrusion or sunken appearance

otomycosis

fungal infection of the ear

arcus senilis

gray-white arc or circle around the limbus of the iris that is common with aging

otosclerosis

hardening of the bony tissue in the ear

otoscerosis

hardening of the ossicles, particularly the stapes

Rinne test

hearing acuity test performed with a vibrating tuning fork that is first placed on the mastoid process and then in front of the external auditory canal to test bone and air conduction

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness

The position of the tympanic membrane in the neonate is more ________________, making it more difficult to visualize with the otoscope.

horizontal The position of the eardrum is more horizontal in the neonate, making it more difficult to see completely and harder to differentiate from the canal wall. By 1 month of age, the eardrum is in the oblique position similar to an older child, and examination is easier.

Binaural interaction at the level of the brainstem permits

identification and location of the direction of the sound. The function at the brainstem level is binaural interaction, which permits locating the direction of a sound in space as well as identifying the sound.

presbyopia

impairment of vision as a result of old age

Glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision

infant line of vision by 1 month

infant can fixate and follow light or bright toy

infant line of vision by 6-10 months

infant can fixate and follow toy in all directions

infant line of vision 2-4 weeks

infant can fixate on an object

infant line of vision by 3-4 months

infant can fixate, follow and reach for toy

angular cheilitis

inflammation of the corners of the mouth

blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelid

dacryocystitis

inflammation of the lacrimal sac

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinus

labryinth

inner ear

otoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the ear

nystagmus

involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes

esotropia

inward turning of the eye

diagnostic positions test

lead the eyes through the six cardinal positions of gaze will elicit any muscle weakness during movement. ask person to hold head steady and follow finger. progress clockwise in each direction. a normal response is parallel tracking of the object with both eyes

Subconjuctival hemorrhages are caused by ____

leakage of blood outside vessels

One of the purposes of the paranasal sinuses is to

lighten the weight of the skull bones. The paranasal sinuses lighten the weight of the skull bones. Nasal mucosa and nasal turbinates warm, humidify, and filter the inhaled air. The paranasal sinuses serve as resonators for sound production. Olfactory receptors (responsible for the sensation of smell) are located in the nasal cavity and septum and merge into the olfactory nerve.

clues that indicate hearing loss

lip reading, frowning or straining forward to hear, posturing head to catch sounds, misunderstand question, ask you to repeat, irritability when you raise your voice, speech is garbled

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

located in the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat)

entropion

lower eyelid rolling inward

Malalignment

mal- bad; inadequate align/o- arranged in a straight line -ment action; state

tonsils

masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

function of mouth

mastication & start breakdown of carbs w/ amylase

otitis media

middle ear infection

frenulum

midline fold of tissue that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth

basal cell carcinoma in the eye

most often on the lower lid and presents as a small painless nodule with central ulceration and sharp rolled out pearly edges occurs in older adults associated with UV exposure and light skin locally invasive, metastasis is rare

conjuctiva

mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball

Epstein pearls

multiple small, white-yellowish, epithelial inclusion cysts found in the midline of the palate in newborn infants

The cover test is used to assess for:

muscle weakness

olfactory receptors

nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell

peripheral vision is intact in

newborn infant

Epitaxis

nosebleed

Myopia (nearsightedness)

occurs when the image is focused in front of the retina

inner two thirds consist

of bone covered by thin sensitive skin

The location in the brain where optic nerve fibers from the temporal fields of vision cross over is identified as the

optic chiasm At the optic chiasm, nasal fibers (from both temporal visual fields) cross over. The fovea centralis is the area of the retina that has the sharpest and keenest vision. The optic disc is the area in which fibers from the retina converge to form the optic nerve. The choroid is the middle vascular layer of the eye; the choroid has dark pigmentation to prevent light from reflecting internally and is heavily vascularized to deliver blood to the retina.

Monocular blindness is caused by

optic nerve lesion

Red reflex test

orange glow from light reflecting back off retina

common cause of hearing loss in young adults from 20-40 years old is due to

otosclerosis

exotropia

outward turning of the eye, away from the nose

black hair tongue

over growth or fungi due to antibiotic therapy.

gingival hyperplasia

overformation of gum tissue

Chlolesteatoma

overgrowth of epidermal tissue in the middle ear or temporal bone white cheesy appearance

Keloid on Ear

overgrowth of scar tissue

Chrondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicus

painful nodules developed on the rim of helix

auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)

passage leading through the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane lined with glands that secret cerumen, a yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects ear

abnormal findings/ eyelid abnormalities

periodical edema exophthalmos enophthalmos ptosis upward palpebral slant ectropion entropion

Conjunctivitis

pink eye

Insertion of tympanostomy tubes

polyethylene tubes are inserted surgically into the eardrum to relieve middle ear pressure and promote drainage of chronic or recurrent middle ear infections. Tubes extrude spontaneously in 12 to 18 months

macular degeneration

progressive damage to the macula of the retina

Horner's syndrome

ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis

PERRLA stands for

pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accomodation

Hypopyon

pus in the anterior chamber of the eye

The extraocular muscles consist of four straight or ________ muscles and two slanting or ______ muscles.

rectilinear; diagonal The four straight, or rectus, muscles are the superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus muscles. The two slanting, or oblique, muscles are the superior and inferior muscles.

cheilitis

red, scaling, shallow, painful fissures at corners of mouth

gingivitis

red, swollen gum margins that bleed easily

Otitis Media/OM (Middle ear infection)

redness and swelling. canal may be completely closed with swelling.

The lens of the eye functions as a

refracting medium. The lens serves as a refracting medium, keeping a viewed object in continual focus on the retina. The muscle fibers of the iris function as the mediator of light. The cornea is very sensitive to touch. The intraocular pressure is determined by a balance between the amount of aqueous humor produced and resistance to its outflow at the angle of the anterior chamber.

Infant's line of vision at birth to 2 weeks

refusal to reopen eyes after exposure to bright light; increasing alertness to object

nasopharynx

region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate

If the tympanic membrane has white dense areas, the examiner suspects

scarring from recurrent ear infections. White dense areas indicate scarring on the tympanic membrane from recurrent ear infections. Dark oval areas indicate perforation from a ruptured tympanic membrane. Air or fluid levels or air bubbles indicate serous fluid from serous otitis media. Black or white dots indicate a fungal infection.

cornea abrasion

scratch on the cornea

structure and function of external ear(auricle or pinna)

shape and serve to funnel sound waves into the auditory canal

extraorcular muscles

six muscles attach eyeball to its orbit and direct eye to points of a person's interest

Fordyce granules

small, isolated, white or yellow papules on oral mucosa

Xanthelasma

soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on the skin at the inner corners of the eyes

hordeolum

sty; an acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid

Enophthalmos

sunken eyes. Caused by loss of fat in the orbits and occurs with dehydration and chronic wsting illness

periorbital edema

swelling surrounding the eye or eyes

what do you look for with the eyebrows?

symmetry between the two eyes

tuning fork test

test of ear conduction using a vibration source (tuning fork)

Allen test

test that determines the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery

confrontation test

tests peripheral vision

The duct in the parotid gland that opens into the mouth opposite the second molar is

the Stensen duct. The duct in the parotid gland is the Stensen duct; it runs forward to open on the buccal mucosa opposite the second molar. The Wharton's duct (for the submandibular gland) runs up and forward to the floor of the mouth and opens at either side of the frenulum. The mouth contains three pairs of salivary glands, which are the parotid gland, the submandibular gland, and the sublingual gland. The sublingual gland lies within the floor of the mouth under the tongue.

acute rhinitis

the common cold; the sudden onset of nasal inflammation

palpebral fissure

the elliptical open space between the eyelids

ocular fundus

the internal surface of the retina that can be seen by the ophthalmoscope.

sensorineural hearing loss

the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness; caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

pterygium

thin tissue growing into the cornea from the conjunctiva, usually caused from sun exposure

Blue Drum (Hemotympanum)

this indicates blood in the middle ear, as in trauma resulting in skull fracture

carcinoma (ear)

ulcerated, crusted nodule with indurated base that fails to heal; bleeds intermittently; must refer for biopsy; usually occurs on the superior rim of the pinna

Aniscoria

unequal diameter of pupils

what to look for in eyelids and lashes?

upper lids normally overlap superior part of iris, and approximate completely with lower lids when closed

Retracted drum is caused by

vacuum in middle ear with obstructed eustachian tube

cholesteatoma

yellow, waxy tumor arising in the middle ear

Scleral icterus

yellowing of the sclera due to jaundice

pupil size drecrease as

you get older but pupils should be equal

corona light reflex test is when

you shine a light towards the eyes.