NRES 103
How long can humans last without water?
3-4 days
Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle
80 million tons
what prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes?
Niagara Falls
Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by
cyanobacteria blue-green algae microcystis
native mussels in the great lakes helped to maintain water clarity by
filtering organic material from the water column eating algae
Eutrophication
is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion
The St. Lawrence divide
is generally more of a hill than a mountain runs through southern Canada runs through the western part of Chicago
Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution
is harder to track is more difficult to regulate
Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that
it has a single entry point for foreign freighters
who eats who in lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because
it is quite large yet eat small prey items
For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense
it must be favorable to an organism's survival it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce It must be heritable
ballast serves a key function on freighters because
it provides stability to an empty ship it is heavy, readily available, and basically free
Water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because
people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water
bighead and silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they
starve their competitors by eating plankton
There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it
they are actually one lake
Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining
water quality
The concept of a food chain is
An oversimplification
botulism
a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum
Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because
it focuses on trophic relationships as a network
The alewife is a
Native of north america Non-native of the great lakes
Increases in high precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct results will be
More runoff from agricultural fields
of the five great lakes, lake erie
has the most fish is the most productive
it's thought that lampreys first entered Lake Ontario
through the erie canal
the primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was
to find a passage to the great south sea and cathay
The food chain is Lake Powell
. was very simple was predicted to collapse in less than a decade
For a given set of 100 species introductions, how many on average will become invasive?
1
Of the world's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to
12%
The last glacier withdrew from North America about
12,000 years ago
Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, recreational boating and tourism are most affected by
?Algal blooms Low water High water High water temperature?
Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also
Harmed the reproductive potential of the trout
The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that
Have a low reproductive rate
one example of a hugely expensive project that's been implemented to transfer water across a continent is
In china
The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because
Of so much environmental degradation
Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14'' an hour using their foot, they can rapidly reach new locations because
Offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents
Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because
Planted after 6 months
Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for the Great Lakes Initiative?
Removal of toxins Invasive species control Nonpoint source pollution control
What feature makes lake ontario somewhat separate from the other lakes in terms of connectivity?
The height of Niagra falls
one of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is
The illinois river
According to the film the st.lawrence seaway system
Tourists from all over the world sail through the seaway on luxury cruise ships The seaway was one of the top 10 public works of the 20th century All cargo is tracked as it makes its way through the system
A key commercial use of the great lakes from the days of La sell involves
Transportation
when General John Peabody took charge of the situation for USACE, he
Turned on the barriers kept the voltage to ¼ of capacity
Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is
Very difficult to do
A unique feature of the great lakes in summer is the tendency to
Warm from the shore out
The diet of the round goby includes
Young zebra and quagga mussels Zooplankton Eggs of other fish Young of larger fish
Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron
a number of native fish species began to increase in number fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue the round goby proved to be a key food source for some native fish species
Cladaphora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and became a nuisance in the 1960s due to
adverse impacts of human activities excess phosphorus inputs
Which of the following factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes?
all of the above
Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to
an extremely high reproductive rate
Eventually, the round goby
became the dominant forage fish helped to keep mussel populations in check depressed populations of sculpins and darters
The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act
because they thought it was relatively harmless because doing so would reduce administrative costs even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so
Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after
being ingested by invasive mussels gobies ate toxic mussels birds consumed toxic gobies
What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?
bioaccumulation
Most invasive species are introduced
by humans
The effects of lead poisoning
can last for decades are especially pronounced in children
Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former
can tolerate much deeper water
In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with
data
to help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint
decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River decided to build its own water pipeline
since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has
declined
dead zones in the great lakes are created by
decomposition of algal cells excessive nutrient inputs run away algal growth
One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is that
effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there
The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in
elevation
The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because
encountered impassible rapids
Which lake has the highest seichal fluctuation
erie
The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because
every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock
Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including
extremely high reproduction rate all the above lack of predators good dispersers
Canada is supportive of efforts to close the seaway to ocean-going freighters
false
When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan
five states took USACE and Illinois to court
In the film Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae, Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first
focus on water treatment plants
The Clean Water Act
focused on point-source pollution ignored nonpoint pollution
in recent decades, what is the primary factor has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?
global connectivity
At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes?
human ignorance
Collectively, western states in the U.S. have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels?
hundreds of millions of dollars
the Pacific Northwest is vulnerable to mussel invasion because
hundreds of thousands of boats use the lakes and reservoirs there every year it's impossible to guard every boat ramp no state or water body has been able to stop the mussel from invading
The second set of barriers funded by Congress
included three clusters of electrodes was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo were more powerful than the original
Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change?
increase in water temperature increase in the number of heavy rainfall events
In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but
it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species such systems aren't required until 2021 it's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply
Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was
lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others
As described in Silent Invaders, zebra mussels have an inhalant siphon and an exhalant siphone. What is removed in between?
large algae
In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include
lawn fertilizer leaky septic fields inputs from the Detroit River none of the above
When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish
let some of them go
The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby
likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas First appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair
Some strategies for getting rid of carp include
making fertilizer from them making pet food from them making fish cakes from them
A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that
minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm people should have a voice in decisions that affect them
For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is
moderate to high
Zooplankton are in turn eaten by
mollusks Crustaceans bait-sized fish All the above
Cities tended to be constructed
near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths where timber resources were
invasive species are harmful because
of where they are
The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by
preying on their young outcompeting them for food
successful invasive species tend to
produce a lot of offspring be very good dispersers
Tanner's overarching objective as Michigan's Chief of Fisheries was A) reduce or eliminate invasive species
provide the best experience possible in recreational fishing
In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake Huron was no safer than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech
provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive
by far, the best predictors of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are
race
Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody
refused to close the locks
Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by
taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water being able to live on a boat outside water for days
A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with
target conditions
on an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage
than the Panama and Suez Canals combined
At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to
the Atlantic Ocean
The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because
the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was
The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was
the Illinois and Michigan Canal
There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to one another and to the Atlantic Ocean. The reason is that
the Lakes are relatively young
Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of
the Safe Water Drinking Act
bioaccumulation
the accumulation of toxic substances, such as pesticides, in an organism. It occurs when an organism absorbs the substance at a rate faster than that at which the substance is lost by metabolism or excretion
After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by
the buckeye traction ditcher
Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on
the creeks where lampreys nest
the deadliest fire in US history was
the peshtigo fire
Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because
the residents were mostly poor and African American the residents were not viewed as credible The complaints of the residents were not taken seriously
Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found
the soils were incredibly rich they had the most productive land in the country
According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not
the stormiest
All energy is derived from
the sun
Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include
their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age the ability of females to produce so many eggs a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes their high filtration rate
Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because
their stomach muscles began to enlarge
In reality, wetland serve many useful purposes. For example,
they filter the water they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl hey slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out
the drought in California is a national problem
they grow 90% of the nation's produce
Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because
they had no teeth
invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because
they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate
in the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was
to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships
a key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves
transportation
the concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships?
trophic
In the us, the coastline of the great lakes is longer than the atlantic coastline, the coast on the gulf of mexico, or the pacific coast(not counting alaska and hawaii)
true
Superior is not the stormiest
true
if ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is
very high
DNA barcoding
was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast is meant to identify species
Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon
were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers
On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration on
wetlands
the scientific method is initiated
with observations
The primary mission of the early french explorers of the great lakes was
Find the south sea and cathay
Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the great lakes, but this is offset by
Outflow
A key difference between exploitation of the environment by europeans and native americans was that the latter
They have less people
One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that
They spawn up to three times per summer They are voracious egg eaters They drive other fish form their spawning beds
the amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently
could be carried by two freight trains per day
The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening.
false
Phosphorus
is required by every living organism does not exist naturally in the environment
In the film clip Invasive Species - Asian Carp, Kay Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because
the general public has the impression this is a quick fix
sea in the former soviet union
was once the world's fourth largest lake
The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time helped to sanitize Chicago's water reversed the flow of the Chicago River
Detractors of the st. lawrence seaway believed
That it would ruin the business of us ports on the eastern seaboard
currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the seaway each day is
2
most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada?
2
How much of the planet s available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes?
20%
annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost
200 million
Of the 10 largest lakes in the world by surface area, how many great lakes are included
4
The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels
600 million
Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port?
99%
A key problem with the st. lawrence seaway was
The 9 month shipping season That the locks and channels were too small
A goal in constructing the erie canal was
All the above→ to help organize the territories west of the original 13 colonies, new york city a port of global significance, connect the eastern seaboard to the interior of the continent
Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to
Be greater Be less predictable
The welland canal was constructed to
Circumvent niagra falls Enable canada to compete with the erie canal Enable ships rather than barges to reach the great lakes
the early immigrants who encountered the great black swamp and decided to settle in the region
Decided to drain it were in awe
What is the shallowest of the great lakes?
Erie
According to the film Great Lakes Water Level Changes, the three major factors in the Great Lakes water budget include
Evaporation from the lakes Precipitation directly on the lakes Runoff into the lakes
When relatively large predators are absent in an ecosystem, populations of prey species
Explode
The paleo indians are thought to have played a role in
Killing the elephant
Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be
Habitat generalists
Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly
Inhibiting their ability to open their shells
The round goby is a highly successful invasive species because
It is very aggressive
There were two water features that had to be addressed to achieve connectivity for shipping across all five lakes.
One was niagra falls. The other was the fall of st. mary
The massive die-off in 1967 involved an estimated 20 billion alewives and was caused by
Their own physiology
Alewife populations crashed because
There was so much predation pressure from salmon The invasive mussels took up so much plankton
In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes region because
They are used as bait to catch larger fish
One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that
They both seemed limitless
The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the atlantic ocean to reach the great lakes, even over many generations, because
They could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth
Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has
decreased
which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans?
downdrafts
The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie
has resulted in dead zones around the world has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico
Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines
have increased flows in the river have made the river more turbid have increased nutrient inputs to the river
in cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to
increase in area increase runoff during storm events result in inputs to rivers and the lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure
the film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by
rising land surface after the glacier a retreat
An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a
seiche
in a sense, it could be said that the clean water act had its origins in
the cuyahoga river
which river is one of the worst in place pollutant problems in the great lakes system
the detroit
It was surprising that a year after the zebra mussel was discovered in Lake St. Clair, the species was found at extremely high densities in southern Lake Michigan, surprising because
this movement would have been against the lake's currents
at this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the great lakes is
to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean