NSC 207 CH 6 & 14
A single visual pattern is presented under two conditions. Under one condition, the viewer is conscious of it, and under the other, the viewer is not. How does the activity differ in the brain, if at all?
Activity is more intense and spreads more widely during conscious perception.
Nonfluent aphasia, in which the victim is unable to speak fluently, is due to brain damage that includes ____.
Broca's area
Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?
More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
A person with Broca's aphasia would have the most difficulty saying which phrase?
No ifs, ands, or buts.
____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.
Opsins; photopigments
Noam Chomsky and other advocates of the language acquisition device argue that humans ____.
are born with language
What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?
bar in a particular orientation
The major differences that exist between adults and children in learning a second language are that adults are ____.
better at the vocabulary, but worse at pronunciation
The strongest evidence for a critical period for human language development is the ____.
difficulty deaf children have learning sign language if they start late
In foveal vision, ____.
each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone
Children with Williams syndrome are characterized by ____.
good language abilities despite low overall intelligence
Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?
lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
A split-brain patient who sees something in his left visual field can point to it with the ____.
left hand but cannot name it
Split-brain patients suffer ____.
little or no impairment of overall intellectual performance
The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to ____.
magnocellular neurons in the periphery
Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape's ____.
mirror-reversal
The love-enhancing hormone is ____.
oxytocin
Oxytocin helps ____.
people who have trouble recognizing expressions, helping them mainly with fairly easy expressions
In what order does visual information pass through the retina?
receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells (RBG)
A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____.
recognize visual objects
Dyseidetic dyslexics have the most difficulty with ____.
recognizing whole words
In the phenomenon of binocular rivalry, when one eye sees one pattern and the other eye sees another, what do you perceive?
temporary alternation between one pattern and the other
In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.
thalamus; cortex
Several months after split-brain surgery, the number of incidents of conflicts between the two hemispheres diminishes because ____.
the hemispheres learn ways of cooperating with each other
At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.
trichromatic; opponent process
Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision? 1*It is very sensitive to detail. 2*It is not very sensitive to light. 3*It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects. 4*It is most sensitive to color, which helps to differentiate multiple objects clearly.
3* It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.
relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.
law of specific energies
Activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same type of information in the brain
V4
Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy.
trichromatic; opponent process
At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.
ganglion cells
Bipolar cells send their messages to ____, which are located close to the center of the eye.
Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?
Complex
Most of the information passing from one hemisphere to the other does so by passing through which structure?
Corpus callosum
left eye
Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____.
A condition in which brain neurons have repeated episodes of excessive, synchronized activity is called ____.
Epilepsy
According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors. True or False
False
In relation to their interests, aptitudes, and skills, people are either predominantly right-hemisphere or left-hemisphere. True or False
False
The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object's shape on the surface of the cortex. True or False
False
Wernicke's aphasia is primarily a problem of speech production. True or False
False
are more sensitive to dim light
In comparison to cones, rods ____.
receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
In what order does visual information pass through the retina?
the left half
Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?
The view that only minds really exist and that the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it is known as ____.
Mentalism
may return to the primary visual cortex
Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it ____.
movement
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to ____.
____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.
Photopigments
Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the ____.
Primary visual cortex
Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____.
Pupil
The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the ____.
Receptive Field
The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.
Receptive field
Peripheral vision mainly depends upon ____.
Rods
recognizing faces
Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____.
Dysphonetic dyslexics have the most difficulty with ____.
Sounding out words
two types of long-wavelength cones
The ability of some women to detect slightly finer discriminations of color than other women is most likely due to having ____.
magnocellular neurons in the periphery
The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to ____.
trichromatic
The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision.
have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina
The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ____.
In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages ____.
To bipolar cells within the retina
Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?
To the lateral geniculate
The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision.
Trichromatic
The left and right hemispheres exchange information through a set of axons called the corpus callosum. True or False
True
When heterosexual men were given oxytocin or a placebo prior to meeting an attractive woman, the oxytocin had no effect on single men, but it caused those in a monogamous relationship to stand farther away. True or False
True
repeating stripes on a flag
V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.
An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called ____.
Visual agnosia
bar in a particular orientation
What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?
trouble describing the shapes of objects
What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)?
complex
Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?
cones only
Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?
It has the greatest perception of detail.
Which statement characterizes the fovea?
The brain has ____ control of the facial muscles.
bilateral
A specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas is referred to as ____.
dyslexia
Someone with Broca's aphasia is least likely to use ____.
prepositions and conjunctions
