NSC Chapter 6

_________ comprise about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. they are often referred to as fats and oils

triglycerides

what are some things you can do to reduce fat intake

trim fat from meat, choose lean meats, and bake meats

when a person complains of frequent chest pain, the term used to describe this is angina

true

which of the following are traits of a mediterranean diet/lifestyle?

using heart-healthy unsaturated fats, frequent physical activity, and drinking one glass of wine a day

steps according to how alcohol can lead to CVD disease

1. excessive alcohol intake 2. increased VLDL production in the liver 3. increased blood triglycerides 4. cholesterol in HDL decreases

list the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries

1. damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. plaque is deposited at the sit of the initial damage 3. as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow and lose elasticity 4. pressure in artery is increased 5. clot or spasm in plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attacks

List the steps of dietary fat absorption

1. absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2. triglycerides are reassembled 3. lipids are assembled into chylomicrons 4. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

describe the transformation of triglycerides when energy is needed

1. adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules 2. fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream 3. cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood 4. cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy

outline the process of enterophepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine

1. bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. bile salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile

Arteriosclerosis is described by which of the following?

1. commonly called "hardening of the arteries" 2. decreases flexibility to the artery 3. contributes to the development of hypertension

process of recycling bile salts

1. most bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine 2. bile salts travel in the blood stream to the liver 3. liver recycles bile sals to create new bile

According to the dietary guidelines for americans, cholesterol intake should not be greater than _____ miligrams per day

300

the small intestine absorbs about ____ percent of dietary cholesterol

50

which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of fatty acids?

trans

a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver

HDL

what types of fatty acids are associated with increased risk of CVD?

trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids

A lipoprotein that has a high cholesterol content is

LDL

lipoprotein that has a high cholesterol count

LDL

cells use _____ to synthesize a variety of substances including vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone

cholesterol

an omega-6 fatty acid can be identified by

a double bond located six carbons from the omega end

which of the following are components of a lipoprotein

cholesterol, trglycerides, phospholipids, and protein

which of the following aids in transmission of messages between nerve cells

choline

trans fats

fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of saturated fats, however, due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process they are harmful to health.

what acids can be saturated or unsaturated

fatty

______ cells are commonly called "fat cells" because they are designed to store fat

adipose

Which of the following fatty acids are produced from other essential fatty acids

arachidonic acid, docasahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

What is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls

atherosclerosis

the underlying cause of most cases of heart disease and stroke is

atherosclerosis

a diet high in fiber may reduce cholesterol by

binding the bile salts that contain cholesterol and excreting them in feces

triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL

borderline high

which of the following products contain high amounts of saturated fat

cheese, sausage, and palm oil

LDL is responsible for delivering ___________ to the tissues

cholesterol

What is the only lipid found in foods that contain animal products

cholesterol

a lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called

cholesterol

In effort to move lipids through lymph and blood, the body coats lipids with a layer of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol to form what?

chylomicrons, a type of lipoprotein

Without the presence of bile salt, lipid digestion would result in

clumped lipids in fatty globules

what is the best way to ensure that you are consuming the recommended amount of fat intake?

consume both high-fat and low-fat foods

structure of a phospholipid molecule

contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base

Saturated fatty acid

contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

monounsaturated fatty acid

contains one carbon-carbon double bond

Examples of food sources that contain cholesterol

eggs, chicken, ice cream

additional risk factors for atherosclerosis include

elevated triglycerides, genetics, stress

manufacturers often add _________ to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from separating during storage

emulsifiers

Why is it important to have fat in your diet and in the body?

fat provides insulation, fat cushions organs, and fat maintains cell membranes

What can lead to the removal of bile salts in the small intestine

fiber

Adipose tissue is comprised of

glycerol and fatty acids

Arteriosclerosis leads to a ________ of the arteries

hardening

Individuals with hypertension are at risk for _________ if it remains uncontrolled

heart failure, stroke, and kidney disease

cholesterol >/= 240 mg/dL

high

Which of the following health contributions do essential fatty acids make

hormone like substance production and regulating blood pressure

The process of ______ creates trans fatty acids which are less likely to become rancid

hydrogenation

_________ is very serious and can increase a person's risk for developing a stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease

hypertension

what is a chronic condition that is characterized by high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed

hypertension

what are some of the reasons why fat is added to foods in spite of the negative health implications of consuming a high-fat diet

it is healthful to include some fat in the diet, many favors in foods are enhanced by fat, and fat improves mouth feel of foods

common example of a phospholipid

lecithin

egg yolks, wheat germ, peanut butter and soybeans are all rich sources of the phospholipid

lecithin

inflammation in an artery can stimulate cells to form arterial plaque in the

lining of the artery wall

essential fatty acid examples

linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

what enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream

lipase

What characteristics apply to lipids

lipids are organic nutrients, and oils, fats, and cholesterol are lipids

__________ are water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream

lipoproteins

Oils tend to be ______ at room temperature

liquid

Which cuts of meat are the leanest

loin, arm roast and top round

HDL Cholesterol < 40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women

low

populations that tend to eat greater amounts of foods like avocados and nuts tend to have a _____ risk of heart disease

lower

What is a lipid that has a single fatty acid attached to the glycerol backbone

monoglyceride

in absorptive cells, which fats are reassembled into triglycerides

monoglycerides and fatty acids

infants who are deficient in essential fatty acids are at risk of having underdeveloped

nervous system

_______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet

nonessential

LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dL

optimal

The damage when free radicals come in contact with LDL causes the molecule to become

oxidized

When blood flow in an artery is disrupted the cells supplied by the artery die because they lack ___________

oxygen

When blood vessels that carry blood to all tissues except to the heart or brain have atherosclerotic plaques, the condition is called

peripheral vascular disease

what prevents separation of compounds in foods

phospholipids and emulsifier

how does the immune system respond to vascular irritation

producing inflammation

which foods contribute to a high amount of saturated fat to the diet of americans

sausage, hot dogs, cheese, and ice cream

majority of fat digestion occurs in the

small intestine

foods high in saturated fat tend to be ______ solid at room temperature

solid

what drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels

statins

Most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US are

stroke and coronary artery disease

very-low density lipoproteins are formed from

the remnants of chylomicrons

what is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common

they are mostly in the form of triglycerides

What is the purpose of bile salts?

to keep liquids suspended as small particles in chyme

major functions of lipids in the body

to provide energy, absorption of fat-soluable vitamins, and to insulate and protect the body

possible risk factors for CVD

tobacco use, family history of CVD and diabetes

crackers, pastries and other processed foods commonly contain the largest amount of ______________ fatty acids

trans

What can be affected by peripheral vascular disease

veins and arteries