NSC Chapter 6
_________ comprise about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. they are often referred to as fats and oils
triglycerides
what are some things you can do to reduce fat intake
trim fat from meat, choose lean meats, and bake meats
when a person complains of frequent chest pain, the term used to describe this is angina
true
which of the following are traits of a mediterranean diet/lifestyle?
using heart-healthy unsaturated fats, frequent physical activity, and drinking one glass of wine a day
steps according to how alcohol can lead to CVD disease
1. excessive alcohol intake 2. increased VLDL production in the liver 3. increased blood triglycerides 4. cholesterol in HDL decreases
list the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries
1. damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. plaque is deposited at the sit of the initial damage 3. as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow and lose elasticity 4. pressure in artery is increased 5. clot or spasm in plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attacks
List the steps of dietary fat absorption
1. absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2. triglycerides are reassembled 3. lipids are assembled into chylomicrons 4. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
describe the transformation of triglycerides when energy is needed
1. adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules 2. fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream 3. cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood 4. cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy
outline the process of enterophepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine
1. bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. bile salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile
Arteriosclerosis is described by which of the following?
1. commonly called "hardening of the arteries" 2. decreases flexibility to the artery 3. contributes to the development of hypertension
process of recycling bile salts
1. most bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine 2. bile salts travel in the blood stream to the liver 3. liver recycles bile sals to create new bile
According to the dietary guidelines for americans, cholesterol intake should not be greater than _____ miligrams per day
300
the small intestine absorbs about ____ percent of dietary cholesterol
50
which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of fatty acids?
trans
a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver
HDL
what types of fatty acids are associated with increased risk of CVD?
trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids
A lipoprotein that has a high cholesterol content is
LDL
lipoprotein that has a high cholesterol count
LDL
cells use _____ to synthesize a variety of substances including vitamin D, and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
cholesterol
an omega-6 fatty acid can be identified by
a double bond located six carbons from the omega end
which of the following are components of a lipoprotein
cholesterol, trglycerides, phospholipids, and protein
which of the following aids in transmission of messages between nerve cells
choline
trans fats
fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of saturated fats, however, due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process they are harmful to health.
what acids can be saturated or unsaturated
fatty
______ cells are commonly called "fat cells" because they are designed to store fat
adipose
Which of the following fatty acids are produced from other essential fatty acids
arachidonic acid, docasahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid
What is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls
atherosclerosis
the underlying cause of most cases of heart disease and stroke is
atherosclerosis
a diet high in fiber may reduce cholesterol by
binding the bile salts that contain cholesterol and excreting them in feces
triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL
borderline high
which of the following products contain high amounts of saturated fat
cheese, sausage, and palm oil
LDL is responsible for delivering ___________ to the tissues
cholesterol
What is the only lipid found in foods that contain animal products
cholesterol
a lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called
cholesterol
In effort to move lipids through lymph and blood, the body coats lipids with a layer of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol to form what?
chylomicrons, a type of lipoprotein
Without the presence of bile salt, lipid digestion would result in
clumped lipids in fatty globules
what is the best way to ensure that you are consuming the recommended amount of fat intake?
consume both high-fat and low-fat foods
structure of a phospholipid molecule
contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base
Saturated fatty acid
contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
monounsaturated fatty acid
contains one carbon-carbon double bond
Examples of food sources that contain cholesterol
eggs, chicken, ice cream
additional risk factors for atherosclerosis include
elevated triglycerides, genetics, stress
manufacturers often add _________ to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from separating during storage
emulsifiers
Why is it important to have fat in your diet and in the body?
fat provides insulation, fat cushions organs, and fat maintains cell membranes
What can lead to the removal of bile salts in the small intestine
fiber
Adipose tissue is comprised of
glycerol and fatty acids
Arteriosclerosis leads to a ________ of the arteries
hardening
Individuals with hypertension are at risk for _________ if it remains uncontrolled
heart failure, stroke, and kidney disease
cholesterol >/= 240 mg/dL
high
Which of the following health contributions do essential fatty acids make
hormone like substance production and regulating blood pressure
The process of ______ creates trans fatty acids which are less likely to become rancid
hydrogenation
_________ is very serious and can increase a person's risk for developing a stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease
hypertension
what is a chronic condition that is characterized by high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed
hypertension
what are some of the reasons why fat is added to foods in spite of the negative health implications of consuming a high-fat diet
it is healthful to include some fat in the diet, many favors in foods are enhanced by fat, and fat improves mouth feel of foods
common example of a phospholipid
lecithin
egg yolks, wheat germ, peanut butter and soybeans are all rich sources of the phospholipid
lecithin
inflammation in an artery can stimulate cells to form arterial plaque in the
lining of the artery wall
essential fatty acid examples
linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
what enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream
lipase
What characteristics apply to lipids
lipids are organic nutrients, and oils, fats, and cholesterol are lipids
__________ are water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream
lipoproteins
Oils tend to be ______ at room temperature
liquid
Which cuts of meat are the leanest
loin, arm roast and top round
HDL Cholesterol < 40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women
low
populations that tend to eat greater amounts of foods like avocados and nuts tend to have a _____ risk of heart disease
lower
What is a lipid that has a single fatty acid attached to the glycerol backbone
monoglyceride
in absorptive cells, which fats are reassembled into triglycerides
monoglycerides and fatty acids
infants who are deficient in essential fatty acids are at risk of having underdeveloped
nervous system
_______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet
nonessential
LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dL
optimal
The damage when free radicals come in contact with LDL causes the molecule to become
oxidized
When blood flow in an artery is disrupted the cells supplied by the artery die because they lack ___________
oxygen
When blood vessels that carry blood to all tissues except to the heart or brain have atherosclerotic plaques, the condition is called
peripheral vascular disease
what prevents separation of compounds in foods
phospholipids and emulsifier
how does the immune system respond to vascular irritation
producing inflammation
which foods contribute to a high amount of saturated fat to the diet of americans
sausage, hot dogs, cheese, and ice cream
majority of fat digestion occurs in the
small intestine
foods high in saturated fat tend to be ______ solid at room temperature
solid
what drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels
statins
Most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US are
stroke and coronary artery disease
very-low density lipoproteins are formed from
the remnants of chylomicrons
what is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common
they are mostly in the form of triglycerides
What is the purpose of bile salts?
to keep liquids suspended as small particles in chyme
major functions of lipids in the body
to provide energy, absorption of fat-soluable vitamins, and to insulate and protect the body
possible risk factors for CVD
tobacco use, family history of CVD and diabetes
crackers, pastries and other processed foods commonly contain the largest amount of ______________ fatty acids
trans
What can be affected by peripheral vascular disease
veins and arteries