NSG 1520

4 A's

Ask Affirm Assess Act

disease

pathologic change in the structure or function of the body or mind

What are the nursing aims (goals)

promoting health, preventing illness, restoring health, facilitating coping with disability or death

acute illness

rapid onset, short duration

Private Law

regulates relationships among people

Public Law

regulates relationships between individuals and government

human dignity

respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations.

rewarding and punishing

rewarded for demonstrating good values, punished for demonstrating unacceptable values

Ethics

systematic study of principles of right and wrong

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

illness

the response of the person to a disease; it is an abnormal process in which the person's level of functioning is changed when compared with a previous level.

autonomy

the right to self determination

Utilarianism

the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action

Responsible choice

there are choices, allows exploration of competing values

Moralizing

to reflect on or express opinions about something in terms of right and wrong,

Social Justice

upholding moral, legal, and humanistic principles

Agent-Host-Environment Model

views the interaction between an external agent, a susceptible host, and the environment as causes of disease in a person

Modes of Transfer (Link 4)

* Direct personal contact with body excreta or drainage from an ulcer, infected wound, boil, or chancre * Indirect contact with contaminated inanimate objects, such as needles, eating utensils, and dressings * Vectors, such as mosquitoes, that harbor infectious agents and transmit through bites and stings * Droplet infection, or contamination by the aerosol route through sneezing and coughing * Spread of infection from one body part to another

Reservoir (Link 2)

A place where the pathogen grows and reproduces

Health Belief Model

Addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors

Three Outcomes of Malpractice Litigation

All parties work toward fair settlement. Case is presented to malpractice arbitration panel. Case is brought to trial court.

choosing

Choosing freely from alternatives after careful consideration of the consequences of each alternative

acting

Combining choice into one's behavior with consistency and regularity on the value

Elements of Informed Consent

Disclosure Comprehension Competence Voluntariness

Portal of Entry (Link 5)

Enter the body through eyes, mouth, nose, trachea, skin, mucous membranes

altruism

a concern for others; generosity

Susceptible Host (Link 6)

a human host may be susceptible by virtue of age,state of health, broken skin.

health disparity

a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage

infectious agent (Link 1)

a pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus that can cause a disease

Laissez-faire

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

nursing ethics

a subset of bioethics; formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing and of the analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgments

tort

a wrong committed against a person or the person's property

Virulence

ability to produce disease

veracity

accountability, privacy and confidentiality

integrity

acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards of practice. .

Wellness

active state of being healthy, including living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental and emotional health

chronic illness

an illness that begins gradually and is ongoing

Defendant

an individual or group being sued or charged with a crime

Portal of Exit (Link 3)

any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave

health equity

attainment of the highest level of health for all people

characteristics of the care based approach to bioethics

centrality, dignity and respect, attention to the individual, responsiveness to others, moral skills and virtues

How did Florence Nightingale decrease death rates?

cleaning the wards, ventilation, sanitation, nutrition

Criminal Law

concerns state and federal criminal statutes

Roles of Nurses in Legal Proceedings

defendant, fact witness, expert witness

Deontology

defines actions as right or wrong regardless of consequences

Health Promotion Model

defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease

Nonmaleficence

do no harm

secondary stage of illness prevention

ex) assessing children for normal growth and development, encouraging regular medical, dental, and vision exams.

primary stage of illness prevention

ex) immunization clinics, family planning services, poison control information, accident-prevention education

tertiary stage of illness prevention

ex) rehab, patient teaching

Factors affecting health

genetics, cognitive abilities, education level, race, culture, age, gender, developmental level, lifestyle, socioeconomic status

Justice

give each his or her due and act fairly

chain of infection

infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

Legal Safeguards for Nurses

Competent practice Informed consent or refusal Contracts Collective bargaining Patient education Executing physician orders Documentation Adequate staffing Whistle-blowing Professional liability insurance Risk management programs Incident, variance, or occurrence reports Sentinel events and Never events Patients' rights Good Samaritan Laws

information contained in incident reports

Complete name of person and names of witnesses Factual account of incident Date, time, and place of incident Pertinent characteristics of person involved Any equipment or resources being used Any other important variables Documentation by physician of medical examination of person involved

Reasons for Suspending or Revoking a License

Drug or alcohol abuse Fraud, deceptive practice Criminal acts, previous disciplinary actions Gross or ordinary negligence Physical or mental impairments including age

Categories of Malpractice Claims

Failure to follow standards of care Failure to use equipment in responsible manner Failure to assess and monitor Failure to communicate Failure to document Failure to act as a patient advocate

Attracting minorities to the profession of nursing is an important consideration for the future of nursing. Which key historical nursing figure set a precedent in this area?

Mary Eliza Mahoney

The nurse has identified an ethical dilemma that has the potential to interfere with a client receiving optimal care. The nurse discussed this issue with the charge nurse on the unit. What action should the nurse choose next?

Monitor for resolution of the problem

Laws affecting nursing practice

Occupational Safety and Health National Practitioner Data Bank Reporting obligations Controlled substances Discrimination and sexual harassment Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Restraints People with disabilities Legal issues related to death and dying (wills, advance directives)

Plantiff

One who begins a lawsuit

QSEN competencies

Patient-Centered Care Teamwork and Collaboration Evidence-Based Practice Quality Improvement Safety Informatics

factors influencing health disparities

Racial and ethnic groups Poverty Gender; age Mental health Educational level Disabilities Sexual orientation Health insurance and access to health care

autonomy (moral rule)

Respect the rights of patients or their surrogates to make health care decisions.

illness behaviors

Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms Stage 2: Assuming the sick role Stage 3: Assuming a dependent role Stage 4: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation

Guidelines for nursing practice

Standards of Nursing Practice Nurse Practice Acts and Licensure Nursing Process Nursing Code of Ethics

Theory of Animism

The belief that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and endowed power. Good spirits brought health; evil spirits brought sickness and death.

a living will

The client being admitted to the oncology unit conveys wishes regarding resuscitation in the event of cardiopulmonary arrest. The nurse advises the client that it would be in the client's best interest to obtain which document?

Bioethics

The study of ethics related to issues that arise in health care.

Beneficence

benefit the patient

health-illness continuum

description of a person's health status as a range with anchors that include poor health or imminent death on one end of the continuum to high-level wellness on the other end

Four Elements of Liability

duty, breach of duty, causation, damages

Examples of roles nurses take on

educators, collaborators, counselors

Infection

entry of an infectious agent into the body; a microorganism

Prizing (treasuring)

involves pride, happiness, and public affirmation

fidelity

keep promises

normal flora

large number of microorganisms that reside on the surface and deep layers of the skin, in saliva and oral mucosa, and in intestinal walls. Apart of the body's natural defense system.

microorganisms are classified by

morphology, need for oxygen, and gram staining

Defenses against infection

normal flora, body system defenses, inflammation, immune response

The client's plan of care is created by the nurse using which guideline for nursing practice?

nursing process

Health

optimal state of well being