NSG 1520
4 A's
Ask Affirm Assess Act
disease
pathologic change in the structure or function of the body or mind
What are the nursing aims (goals)
promoting health, preventing illness, restoring health, facilitating coping with disability or death
acute illness
rapid onset, short duration
Private Law
regulates relationships among people
Public Law
regulates relationships between individuals and government
human dignity
respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations.
rewarding and punishing
rewarded for demonstrating good values, punished for demonstrating unacceptable values
Ethics
systematic study of principles of right and wrong
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
illness
the response of the person to a disease; it is an abnormal process in which the person's level of functioning is changed when compared with a previous level.
autonomy
the right to self determination
Utilarianism
the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action
Responsible choice
there are choices, allows exploration of competing values
Moralizing
to reflect on or express opinions about something in terms of right and wrong,
Social Justice
upholding moral, legal, and humanistic principles
Agent-Host-Environment Model
views the interaction between an external agent, a susceptible host, and the environment as causes of disease in a person
Modes of Transfer (Link 4)
* Direct personal contact with body excreta or drainage from an ulcer, infected wound, boil, or chancre * Indirect contact with contaminated inanimate objects, such as needles, eating utensils, and dressings * Vectors, such as mosquitoes, that harbor infectious agents and transmit through bites and stings * Droplet infection, or contamination by the aerosol route through sneezing and coughing * Spread of infection from one body part to another
Reservoir (Link 2)
A place where the pathogen grows and reproduces
Health Belief Model
Addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors
Three Outcomes of Malpractice Litigation
All parties work toward fair settlement. Case is presented to malpractice arbitration panel. Case is brought to trial court.
choosing
Choosing freely from alternatives after careful consideration of the consequences of each alternative
acting
Combining choice into one's behavior with consistency and regularity on the value
Elements of Informed Consent
Disclosure Comprehension Competence Voluntariness
Portal of Entry (Link 5)
Enter the body through eyes, mouth, nose, trachea, skin, mucous membranes
altruism
a concern for others; generosity
Susceptible Host (Link 6)
a human host may be susceptible by virtue of age,state of health, broken skin.
health disparity
a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage
infectious agent (Link 1)
a pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus that can cause a disease
Laissez-faire
a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.
nursing ethics
a subset of bioethics; formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing and of the analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgments
tort
a wrong committed against a person or the person's property
Virulence
ability to produce disease
veracity
accountability, privacy and confidentiality
integrity
acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards of practice. .
Wellness
active state of being healthy, including living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental and emotional health
chronic illness
an illness that begins gradually and is ongoing
Defendant
an individual or group being sued or charged with a crime
Portal of Exit (Link 3)
any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave
health equity
attainment of the highest level of health for all people
characteristics of the care based approach to bioethics
centrality, dignity and respect, attention to the individual, responsiveness to others, moral skills and virtues
How did Florence Nightingale decrease death rates?
cleaning the wards, ventilation, sanitation, nutrition
Criminal Law
concerns state and federal criminal statutes
Roles of Nurses in Legal Proceedings
defendant, fact witness, expert witness
Deontology
defines actions as right or wrong regardless of consequences
Health Promotion Model
defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease
Nonmaleficence
do no harm
secondary stage of illness prevention
ex) assessing children for normal growth and development, encouraging regular medical, dental, and vision exams.
primary stage of illness prevention
ex) immunization clinics, family planning services, poison control information, accident-prevention education
tertiary stage of illness prevention
ex) rehab, patient teaching
Factors affecting health
genetics, cognitive abilities, education level, race, culture, age, gender, developmental level, lifestyle, socioeconomic status
Justice
give each his or her due and act fairly
chain of infection
infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
Legal Safeguards for Nurses
Competent practice Informed consent or refusal Contracts Collective bargaining Patient education Executing physician orders Documentation Adequate staffing Whistle-blowing Professional liability insurance Risk management programs Incident, variance, or occurrence reports Sentinel events and Never events Patients' rights Good Samaritan Laws
information contained in incident reports
Complete name of person and names of witnesses Factual account of incident Date, time, and place of incident Pertinent characteristics of person involved Any equipment or resources being used Any other important variables Documentation by physician of medical examination of person involved
Reasons for Suspending or Revoking a License
Drug or alcohol abuse Fraud, deceptive practice Criminal acts, previous disciplinary actions Gross or ordinary negligence Physical or mental impairments including age
Categories of Malpractice Claims
Failure to follow standards of care Failure to use equipment in responsible manner Failure to assess and monitor Failure to communicate Failure to document Failure to act as a patient advocate
Attracting minorities to the profession of nursing is an important consideration for the future of nursing. Which key historical nursing figure set a precedent in this area?
Mary Eliza Mahoney
The nurse has identified an ethical dilemma that has the potential to interfere with a client receiving optimal care. The nurse discussed this issue with the charge nurse on the unit. What action should the nurse choose next?
Monitor for resolution of the problem
Laws affecting nursing practice
Occupational Safety and Health National Practitioner Data Bank Reporting obligations Controlled substances Discrimination and sexual harassment Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Restraints People with disabilities Legal issues related to death and dying (wills, advance directives)
Plantiff
One who begins a lawsuit
QSEN competencies
Patient-Centered Care Teamwork and Collaboration Evidence-Based Practice Quality Improvement Safety Informatics
factors influencing health disparities
Racial and ethnic groups Poverty Gender; age Mental health Educational level Disabilities Sexual orientation Health insurance and access to health care
autonomy (moral rule)
Respect the rights of patients or their surrogates to make health care decisions.
illness behaviors
Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms Stage 2: Assuming the sick role Stage 3: Assuming a dependent role Stage 4: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation
Guidelines for nursing practice
Standards of Nursing Practice Nurse Practice Acts and Licensure Nursing Process Nursing Code of Ethics
Theory of Animism
The belief that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and endowed power. Good spirits brought health; evil spirits brought sickness and death.
a living will
The client being admitted to the oncology unit conveys wishes regarding resuscitation in the event of cardiopulmonary arrest. The nurse advises the client that it would be in the client's best interest to obtain which document?
Bioethics
The study of ethics related to issues that arise in health care.
Beneficence
benefit the patient
health-illness continuum
description of a person's health status as a range with anchors that include poor health or imminent death on one end of the continuum to high-level wellness on the other end
Four Elements of Liability
duty, breach of duty, causation, damages
Examples of roles nurses take on
educators, collaborators, counselors
Infection
entry of an infectious agent into the body; a microorganism
Prizing (treasuring)
involves pride, happiness, and public affirmation
fidelity
keep promises
normal flora
large number of microorganisms that reside on the surface and deep layers of the skin, in saliva and oral mucosa, and in intestinal walls. Apart of the body's natural defense system.
microorganisms are classified by
morphology, need for oxygen, and gram staining
Defenses against infection
normal flora, body system defenses, inflammation, immune response
The client's plan of care is created by the nurse using which guideline for nursing practice?
nursing process
Health
optimal state of well being