NTR108 Test 2

Obesity has been associated with an increased risk for __________. -diabetes -cancer -heart disease and stroke -All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct. Obesity is a risk factor for several chronic diseases, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer.

What secretions are needed to digest complex proteins into single amino acids for absorption? -saliva from the salivary glands in the mouth -All of the listed responses are correct. -hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach -proteases secreted from the pancreas and the small intestine

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following foods would have the lowest amount of protein per serving? -grains -fruits -milk -beans

fruits

________ is a hormone that controls the release of pepsin and the production of hydrochloric acid.

gastrin

A segment of DNA that encodes for the production of a specific protein is called a(n) ________

gene

Food containing protein is crushed and moistened here.

mouth

An amino acid chain made up of three amino acids joined together is called a ________.

tripeptide

Antioxidants must be consumed in our diet because our bodies cannot make them. -True -False

true

Beta-carotene is a precursor of retinol. -True -False

true

Obesity is defined as a BMI, or body mass index, greater or equal to 30. -True -False

true Body mass index is a measure of an adult's weight in relation to his or her height.

Supplementation with large doses of niacin may result in __________. -dementia -"flushing" -pellagra -rapid weight loss

"flushing" Niacin supplementation can cause burning, tingling, itching, and redness known as the "niacin flush."

Order these steps of taking a bite of a peanut butter sandwich -Proteases break down polypeptides into mostly tripeptides and Dipeptides -Food containing protein is crushed and moistened with saliva -Pepsin breaks down proteins into single amino acids and Polypeptides. -Proteins are denatured by hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen is activated. -Proteases from the pancreas are secreted into the small Intestine. -Tripeptides and dipeptides are broken down into single amino acids.

1.Food containing protein is crushed and moistened with saliva 2.Proteins are denatured by hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen is activated. 3.Pepsin breaks down proteins into single amino acids and Polypeptides. 4.Proteases from the pancreas are secreted into the small Intestine. 5.Proteases break down polypeptides into mostly tripeptides and Dipeptides 6.Tripeptides and dipeptides are broken down into single amino acids.

Part A - LO 1, Identify and Discuss the Contributions of Three Trace Minerals to Blood Health Iron is an essential nutrient; however, too much iron promotes free radical production and is toxic. Therefore, iron homeostasis is tightly regulated through iron absorption, transport, storage, and excretion. Select the statements below that correctly describe factors affecting the absorption of iron. Select all that apply. -Adding tomatoes and green peppers to a bean burger helps the body absorb the iron found in beans. -Eating brown rice with dinner aids in iron absorption. -The iron in cooked spinach is absorbed just as easily as the iron in steak is. -Drinking milk with a dinner of pork chops will affect absorption of iron. -Chicken breast can be used as a source of heme iron.

-Adding tomatoes and green peppers to a bean burger helps the body absorb the iron found in beans. -Drinking milk with a dinner of pork chops will affect absorption of iron. -Chicken breast can be used as a source of heme iron. Meat and fish are good sources of heme iron, which is more absorbable than the nonheme iron found in vegetables.

The body needs adequate amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin to function properly. What are the potential side effects and deficiency diseases associated with inadequate intake of these nutrients? Choose the correct statements about deficiency disorders. Select all that apply. -Alcohol-related thiamin deficiency is called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. -Beriberi is rare in the United States. -Thiamin deficiency causes diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia. -Since humans can synthesize niacin from tryptophan, they do not need to consume it. -Most adults get adequate riboflavin in their diets.

-Alcohol-related thiamin deficiency is called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. -Beriberi is rare in the United States. -Most adults get adequate riboflavin in their diets.

How does your body use the protein once it has been ingested? Consider the following statements and select the correct ones regarding protein use. Select all that apply. -If you ingest more protein than your body needs, the protein is stored in muscle. -Amino acids are used to create new proteins. -If calorie intake is inadequate, amino acids can be used for production of energy. -The liver uses amino acids to create glucose.

-Amino acids are used to create new proteins. -If calorie intake is inadequate, amino acids can be used for production of energy. -The liver uses amino acids to create glucose.

Part E - LO 5, Develop a Diet, Exercise, and Behavioral Plan for Healthful Weight Loss There are a variety of options for approaching weight loss, but each has pros and cons. While success will vary for different individuals, there are several evidence-based strategies that are more likely to contribute to success. From the list below, choose all the correct statements for healthful weight loss. Select all that apply. -Severely restricting fat or carbohydrates may result in weight loss, but these diets may provide inadequate nutrients and can have related health risks. -Weight loss goals should be specific, reasonable, and measurable to increase the likelihood of success. -A healthful weight loss strategy involves losing weight as quickly as possible. -If reduced-Calorie foods are chosen, portion size is not important. -People who exercise regularly are more likely to lose weight and maintain weight loss.

-Severely restricting fat or carbohydrates may result in weight loss, but these diets may provide inadequate nutrients and can have related health risks. -Weight loss goals should be specific, reasonable, and measurable to increase the likelihood of success. -People who exercise regularly are more likely to lose weight and maintain weight loss. There are countless options for losing weight, but the most successful strategies tend to be those that promote gradual change, emphasize healthful habits, and involve realistic and sustainable lifestyle changes.

DNA contains all the genetic information necessary for production of every protein the body makes. Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding the role of DNA in protein synthesis. Select all that apply. -DNA stands for ribonucleic acid. -The DNA unwinds in order for a copy to be made of a gene, in the form of an mRNA molecule. -Nuclear DNA cannot leave the nucleus. -A gene is a segment of RNA that codes for a specific protein.

-The DNA unwinds in order for a copy to be made of a gene, in the form of an mRNA molecule. -Nuclear DNA cannot leave the nucleus.

Part F - LO 6, Name Two Fat-Soluble Vitamins That Support Bone Health and Explain Their Roles Vitamin D contributes to bone health by maintaining blood calcium and phosphorus levels within the normal range. Unlike any other vitamin, the body can produce vitamin D from exposure to ultraviolet light. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about vitamin D. Select all that apply. The liver converts cholecalciferol into the active form of vitamin D. -Vitamin D is necessary for the normal calcification of bone. -Vitamin D decreases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys. -Vitamin D promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine. -Factors that enhance UV-light-mediated vitamin D synthesis include living north of 37° latitude, having darker skin pigmentation, and being obese.

-Vitamin D is necessary for the normal calcification of bone. -Vitamin D promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine. By enhancing calcium and phosphorus absorption in the small intestine and increasing calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, vitamin D helps maintain the proper blood levels of these bone minerals.

Part A - LO 1, Explain What Is Meant by a Healthful Body Weight There is no single "ideal" weight or size. Instead, individuals should aim for a weight that encourages healthful habits and does not increase risk of weight-related health conditions. Complete the sentence about healthful weight. A healthful weight ____________. -is the result of good eating habits and regular physical activity -can be maintained as long as you count Calories every day -is acceptable to your friends and family -is more likely to be associated with normal blood pressure, blood lipid levels, and glucose tolerance

-is the result of good eating habits and regular physical activity -is more likely to be associated with normal blood pressure, blood lipid levels, and glucose tolerance A healthful weight should be supportive of overall health and fitness and should not be dictated by anyone's expectations about appearances

For protein synthesis to continue successfully, adequate amounts of energy and essential amino acids need to be available in the body. Which of the following scenarios describing dietary intake is most likely to result in inadequate protein intake that could interfere with protein synthesis? -Although Dakota enjoys red meat on occasion, he considers himself a semivegetarian. Recently, he put himself on a very-low-energy diet in his efforts to lose 4 lb per week. -Nadia is trying to gain weight and has been exceeding her energy needs by 100 kcal per day. -Carmichael has been vegan for about 6 months and consistently practices mutual supplementation. His favorite dish is a 3-bean salad with wild rice. -Julianne is a lacto-ovovegetarian of normal weight. She enjoys foods like cheese and veggie omelettes and broccoli and cheese chowder.

Although Dakota enjoys red meat on occasion, he considers himself a semivegetarian. Recently, he put himself on a very-low-energy diet in his efforts to lose 4 lb per week.

Beta-carotene is considered a carotenoid. Carotenoids are plant pigments found in fruits and vegetables that are orange, yellow, red, and dark green. Select the statement that correctly describes beta-carotene. -Beta-carotene is an essential nutrient. -Beta-carotene is a type of active vitamin A. -Excess intake of beta-carotene from food can lead to harmful toxicity symptoms. -Beta-carotene is better absorbed from cooked foods.

Beta-carotene is better absorbed from cooked foods.

Part E - LO 5, Identify and Discuss the Contributions of Three Major Minerals and One Trace Mineral to Bone Health Calcium is stored in and provides structure to bones, but calcium has other important roles as well. Select the statement below that correctly describes a function of calcium in the body or a condition associated with calcium. -High calcium in the blood can make muscles too relaxed. -Calcium ions flow from one nerve cell to another to transmit nerve impulses. -Calcium found in the blood helps maintain acid-base balance by keeping the blood slightly acidic. -Calcium provides structure to bone and teeth as an important component of hydroxyapatite crystals.

Calcium provides structure to bone and teeth as an important component of hydroxyapatite crystals. Calcium's functions in the body go beyond its role in bone and teeth. Calcium plays a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the blood, the normal transmission of nerve impulses, proper muscle contraction, and keeping blood pressure within a healthy range.

Instructions on how to build all proteins are stored in this molecule's genetic code.

DNA

The ________ contains all of the instructions for building the hundreds of thousands of proteins that are found in the human body.

DNA

The digestion of polypeptides begins in the mouth with the enzyme pepsin. -True -False

False

Part B - LO 2, Distinguish Five Categories of Body Weight and Three Methods You Can Use to Evaluate Your Body Weight There are a variety of tools and measurements available to assess body composition and health risks, each with some limitations. Some examples are BMI, fat patterning, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. Choose the correct statement about body composition evaluation methods. -Fat stored around the waist can lead to unhealthful changes in blood cholesterol, insulin, glucose levels, and blood pressure. -A healthy BMI falls in the range of 18.5 to 30. -For females, the waist-to-hip ratio should be below 0.8, and waist circumference should be below 40 in. -Pear-shaped fat patterning significantly increases a person's risk for chronic diseases.

Fat stored around the waist can lead to unhealthful changes in blood cholesterol, insulin, glucose levels, and blood pressure. Health risks are significantly higher for those with a BMI of 30 or above, an apple-shaped fat pattern, and a high waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio.

While excessive intakes of manganese can lead to neuromuscular impairments, adequate intakes are necessary to help facilitate important functions in the body. Which of these statements about manganese is true? -It is a component of an antioxidant enzyme system. -Manganese is considered a major mineral. -It is not involved in macronutrient metabolism. -Magnesium enhances function of insulin

It is a component of an antioxidant enzyme system.

Choose the correct statement about essential, nonessential, and conditionally essential amino acids. -Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized in the body, so they do not need to be consumed in the diet. -Conditionally essential amino acids only need to be consumed every few months. -Essential amino acids are found in food but can also be made by the body. -Essential amino acids are not used to make proteins. -There are 20 essential amino acids.

Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized in the body, so they do not need to be consumed in the diet.

Beta-carotene is a __________. -mineral -neurotransmitter -carotenoid -cancer-causing agent

carotenoid

Part D - LO 4, Identify Several Biological, Cultural, Economic, and Social Influences on Body Weight In addition to biological influences on body weight, cultural, economic, and social factors play a role as well. Some of these factors, such as the pressure to overindulge on holidays, are nearly ubiquitous, whereas others, such as living in a community in which it is unsafe to walk or exercise, affect certain people more than others. Choose the statement about cultural, economic, and social influences on body weight that is not correct. -Living in an unsafe community is an example of a social factor that can lead to being less physically activity. -People with lower incomes have lower rates of obesity than people with higher incomes. -Media images of male and female models may encourage young adults to follow dangerous diet and exercise plans. -Larger body size is culturally acceptable among certain ethnic groups.

People with lower incomes have lower rates of obesity than people with higher incomes. Many social, cultural, and economic factors influence weight. Factors such as lack of physically active role models and excessive engagement in sedentary activities (including playing games on hand-held devices) are associated with decreased levels of physical activity. Factors such as the pervasiveness of vending machines and fast-food restaurants conspire to increase energy intake. Other factors influence weight in more complex ways. For example, having a lower income or less education is associated with a higher risk of obesity.

Which of the following statements regarding protein absorption is true? -Protein is absorbed as single amino acids or small peptide chains by the process of active transport. -Protein is absorbed by facilitated diffusion. -Dipeptides and tripeptides cannot be absorbed.

Protein is absorbed as single amino acids or small peptide chains by the process of active transport.

Which agency reports data on the trends in adult obesity in the United States? -The USDA tracks and reports trends in obesity with the Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). -Data have not yet been reported on adult obesity in the United States. -The FDA tracks and reports trends in obesity with the Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). -The CDC tracks and reports trends in obesity with the Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

The CDC tracks and reports trends in obesity with the Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began collecting data on obesity rates by state in 1985 through the Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

What is the MOST accurate description of B-vitamins? -B-vitamins provide the most energy of any of the micronutrients. -B-vitamins are important to synthesize adequate homocysteine. -The primary role of many B-vitamins is to act as coenzymes in metabolic processes. -With nine B-vitamins to choose from, the body almost always has enough of one or two of them to support metabolism.

The primary role of many B-vitamins is to act as coenzymes in metabolic processes. Many B-vitamins are particularly important in assisting energy metabolism.

The body uses two types of amino acids: essential and nonessential. Which of the following statements about essential and nonessential amino acids is correct? -There are 11 nonessential amino acids. -The body can produce essential amino acids when the amino acid pools are diminished. -Nonessential amino acids cannot be produced in the body. -There are 11 nonessential amino acids.

There are 11 nonessential amino acids.

Which of the following statements about vitamin D is FALSE? -Vitamin D is produced partially in the large intestine by gastrointestinal flora. -Vitamin D can be found in fatty types of fish. -Vitamin D can be produced in your skin using the energy from sunlight. -Vitamin D continuously regulates blood calcium levels.

Vitamin D is produced partially in the large intestine by gastrointestinal flora.

Part B - LO 2, Name Four Vitamins that Help Maintain Healthy Blood and Explain Their Roles Vitamin K, one of the fat-soluble vitamins, plays a role in both bone health and blood clotting. Choose the correct statement about vitamin K. -Excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may cause vitamin K toxicity. -Vitamin K helps increase blood clotting time. -The major source of vitamin K in our diets is from fortified grains. -Vitamin K deficiency inhibits the blood's ability to clot.

Vitamin K deficiency inhibits the blood's ability to clot. Vitamin K is important in the synthesis of several proteins, including prothrombin and proteins called procoagulants that are needed for blood to coagulate. Although deficiency is rare, it can occur in those with diseases that lead to fat malabsorption, or in those whose healthful GI flora have been decreased by antibiotics. Prolonged use of antibiotics may result in the plummeting of populations of healthful bacteria in the colon that produce vitamin K.

Which is the correct equation to use when calculating body mass index? -Weight (kg)^2/Height (m)^2 -Weight (kg)/Height (m)^2 -Weight (kg)/Height (m) -Weight (lb)/Height (inches)^2

Weight (kg)/Height (m)^2 Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of an adult's weight in relation to his or her height. Specifically, the adult's weight in kilograms is divided by the square of his or her height in meters.

Part C - LO 3, Discuss the Concept of Energy Balance and the Limitations of the Energy Balance Equation The classic energy balance equation states that when energy intake equals energy expenditure, energy balance exists and weight remains stable. If energy intake exceeds expenditure by about 3500 kcal over a period of time, an individual should gain 1 lb of fat; and if energy intake falls short of expenditure by 3500 kcal, he or she should lose 1 lb. Choose the statement that explains why the energy balance equation does not always accurately predict the amount of weight gained or lost when a person consumes more or less energy than required. -When energy intake is greater than energy expenditure, all of the excess energy is stored as fat. -When energy intake is greater than energy expenditure, a spontaneous increase in energy output may occur. -When energy intake is less than energy expenditure, the body becomes less metabolically efficient. -When two individuals of similar size eat the same number of Calories in excess of their needs, they will always gain the same amount of weight.

When energy intake is greater than energy expenditure, a spontaneous increase in energy output may occur. Research has demonstrated that people often gain and lose weight more slowly than predicted by the classic energy balance equation. Possible explanations include the body's ability to adjust its basal metabolic rate and physical activity levels in response to changes in energy intake, as well as genetics and body composition. As a result, experts have suggested that the dynamic equation of energy balance replace the classic one.

Which of the following foods would provide the highest quality protein in the smallest portion size? -milk -beans -chicken breast -corn

chicken breast

Which of the following statements about collagen is true? -Without collagen, bones break and wounds fail to heal. -Collagen is the cellular component of connective tissue. -Vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 are required for the proper synthesis of collagen. -Collagen is composed of long chains consisting of molecules of vitamin C.

Without collagen, bones break and wounds fail to heal.

Which of the following individuals would be MOST likely to benefit from thiamin supplementation? -a 72-year-old female trying to slow bone loss from osteoporosis -an 82-year-old male suffering from pernicious anemia -a 45-year-old female trying to lose 10 pounds -a 53-year-old male with chronic heavy alcohol consumption and limited food intake

a 53-year-old male with chronic heavy alcohol consumption and limited food intake Alcohol increases the need for thiamin, while also interfering with its absorption.

What is the primary role of the B-vitamins? -provide the body directly with energy -maintain and repair body tissues -maintain acid-base balance -act as coenzymes

act as coenzymes

The 20 different ________ are the building blocks used for protein synthesis.

amino acids

One of the best things you can do to reduce your risk of cancer is __________. -maintain a high body mass index (BMI) -avoid tobacco use -get enough saturated fats into your diet -not worry too much about it

avoid tobacco use

Excessive vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy can result in __________. -sterility -night blindness -birth defects -cramps

birth defects

Vitamin C assists in __________. -heart capacity -collagen maintenance -digestive metabolism -free radical formation

collagen maintenance

Which of the following foods provides a moderate amount of protein per serving? -shrimp -oranges -corn -egg

corn

________ occurs when a protein is exposed to heat, acid, bases, or mechanical agitation resulting in unfolding of the protein, though the peptide bonds remain intact.

denaturation

________ describes an amino acid chain made up of two amino acids joined together.

dipeptide

An example of an action that decreases cancer risk is __________. -eating a variety of brightly colored vegetables -drinking two to three alcoholic beverages per day -including heterocyclic amines in the diet -avoid foods with phytoestrogens

eating a variety of brightly colored vegetables

The primary sources of folate in the American diet are -fresh fruits and vegetables. -enriched ready-to-eat cereals, bread, and grain products. -meat, fish, and poultry. -milk and dairy products.

enriched ready-to-eat cereals, bread, and grain products.

BMI is a measurement used to determine a person's body composition. -True -False

false

Chemical digestion of protein begins in the mouth with enzymes found in the saliva. -True -False

false

The stomach produces ________, which denatures protein.

hydrochloric acid

Antioxidants can work as vitamins, as phytochemicals, and as mineral cofactors within antioxidant enzyme systems. Complete the sentence below about the various functions of antioxidants. Antioxidants do not _______________. -convert free radicals to less damaging substances -donate electrons -help stabilize free radicals -increase oxidative damage

increase oxidative damage

Part F - LO 6, Identify Four Key Strategies for Gaining Weight Safely and Effectively Underweight is defined as having a BMI of less than 18.5. Just as overweight and obesity increase the risk for adverse health consequences, being underweight carries its own risks, including a higher risk for infection and illness. Fill in the blank about gaining weight safely and effectively. Safe and effective strategies for gaining weight include ____________. -increasing intake of foods high in saturated fat, such as butter and cheese since these foods are energy dense -taking amino acid and protein supplements to build muscle -reducing physical activity in order to decrease energy expenditure -increasing energy intake by 500 to 1000 kcal/day by eating small, frequent, and nutritious meals and snacks throughout the day

increasing energy intake by 500 to 1000 kcal/day by eating small, frequent, and nutritious meals and snacks throughout the day To promote weight gain at the rate of about 1 to 2 lb per week, energy intake should be increased by 500 to 1000 kcal/day. This can be accomplished by eating small, frequent meals and snacks throughout the day, and choosing energy-dense foods. Choosing healthful foods and engaging in physical activity are just as important for people whose goal is to gain weight as it is for those who want to lose weight.

Amino acids can be converted into glucose here.

liver

Amino acids that enter the bloodstream from the small intestine travel to here.

liver

MOST of the body's vitamin A is stored in the -Large intestine -pancreas -liver -spleen

liver

DNA does not build or synthesize a protein it encodes for; instead, DNA contains information that is copied by an enzyme to make ________, which leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome where the protein is built.

mRNA

It carries a copy of the DNA instructions that dictate the sequence of amino acids for making a specific protein.

mRNA

The ribosome moves along this and reads the encoded information.

mRNA

Vitamin A plays an essential role in the human body in -acting as an antioxidant and scavenging free radicals. -preventing acne. -maintaining healthy vision. -protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from oxidation.

maintaining healthy vision

Vitamin B12 supplementation would be MOST appropriate for __________. -children between the age of 5 and 10 -teenage boys who eat a lot of meat -men and women older than 50 years that have atrophic gastritis -women who are losing blood monthly during menstruation

men and women older than 50 years that have atrophic gastritis Low stomach acid results in decreased absorption of vitamin B12.

Good sources of riboflavin include -potatoes, carrots, and bananas. -refined grains and pork. -citrus fruits and berries. -milk, meats, and green vegetables.

milk, meats, and green vegetables.

To begin the translation stage, mRNA binds to a ribosome with the help of ________.

rRNA

The structure in the cell that contains DNA is called the ________.

nucleus

Part D - LO 4, Describe the Composition and Activities of Healthy Bone The skeletal system is not static in structure. Bones are constantly being broken down and rebuilt. Complete the statement about bone remodeling. ____________ is/are responsible for breaking down bone during remodeling. -osteoblasts and osteoclasts -osteoblasts -osteoclasts -calcium

osteoclasts Osteoclasts break down bones during remodeling, and osteoblasts form new bone.

Proteases are produced here and delivered via a duct to the small intestine.

pancreas

________ is the active form of the digestive enzyme pepsinogen.

pepsin

The iron atoms in hemoglobin __________. -defend the body against excessive free radicals -pick up, transport, and release oxygen -are contained within its polypeptide chains -represent about 25% of total body iron

pick up, transport, and release oxygen

Cleavage of proteins by pepsin in the stomach results in formation of shorter ________, which get broken down further in the small intestine.

polypeptides

______________ contain 10 or more amino acids linked together. -tripeptides -dipeptides -polypeptides -oligopeptides

polypeptides

Single amino acids that are absorbed in the small intestine travel to the liver via the ________.

portal vein

Protein is digested in the small intestine by enzymes called ________

proteases

Which of the following is true about the quality of protein? -protein from foods of animal origin are generally high-quality proteins -proteins from fruits and vegetables are generally high-quality proteins -animal foods tend to be more concentrated in protein than plant foods, but the quality of the protein does not differ between animal and plant foods -proteins from plants and plant products are generally high-quality proteins

protein from foods of animal origin are generally high-quality proteins

Deficiency of either folate or B12 can impair the production of red blood cells and __________. -limit the production of heme -result in macrocytic anemia -reduce the blood's ability to clot -result in microcytic anemia

result in macrocytic anemia

Vitamin A is important for many functions in the body. It plays a critical role in vision, helping you see images and differentiate colors, and also contributes to cell differentiation. Complete the sentence below about vitamin A. _______________ is a form of vitamin A that plays an important role in vision. -Retinal -Provitamin A -Retinoic acid -Beta-carotene

retinal

Fill in the blank about coenzymes. The B-vitamin _____________ is part of two coenzymes that help break down glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. -thiamin -iodine -riboflavin -Folate

riboflavin

It reads the copied genetic information and helps build the corresponding sequence of amino acids

ribosome

It releases the amino acid chain once the chain is complete.

ribosome

The ________ reads the mRNA strand, and with the help of tRNA, builds the corresponding amino acid chain

ribosome

Part C - LO 3, Describe the Role of Vitamin C in Maintaining Healthy Collagen Collagen provides structure to bone, teeth, skin, and many other tissues and organs. Vitamin C deficiency can lead to ____________ because of vitamin C's critical role in collagen synthesis. -iron toxicity -macrocytic anemia -iron-deficiency anemia -scurvy

scurvy Scurvy can include symptoms like bleeding gums, loose teeth, poor wound healing, and bone problems, all due to inadequate collagen synthesis.

Single amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides are absorbed here.

small intestine

Fill in the blank about protein digestion. Proteins are denatured by hydrochloric acid in the ______________. -stomach -mouth -pancreas -liver -small intestine

stomach

Hydrochloric acid denatures protein here.

stomach

Pepsin is formed from pepsinogen here.

stomach

A type of RNA that plays the important role of transferring specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain in the ribosomes is called ________.

tRNA

It transfers specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain.

tRNA

What is denaturation? -the mechanical shredding and churning of protein by the muscular actions of the stomach -the actions of bile from the gallbladder to reduce the surface area of proteins -the actions of the protein digestive enzyme forming shorter peptide chains -the uncoiling of the protein molecule by hydrochloric acid in the stomach

the uncoiling of the protein molecule by hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Which of the following plant foods have the highest quality of protein? -peanut butter -whole-wheat bread -rice -tofu

tofu

Some of the signs and symptoms to watch for in cancer development include uncommon fatigue, unusual bleeding, and __________. -unexplained weight loss -agitation -restlessness -inability to find words or form sentences

unexplained weight loss

Vitamin A is essential to __________. -vision -thyroid -hormone production -heart function hearing

vision

Alpha-tocopherol is a biologically active form of what antioxidant vitamin? -vitamin E -thiamin -vitamin C -Beta-carotene

vitamin E

An example of a risk factor identified by the American Cancer Society is __________. -genetics -family history -weight -age

weight

Part E - In addition to dietary intake of certain key vitamins and minerals, healthy bones require __________. -weight-bearing exercise -flexibility exercises such as stretching -use of sunscreen -a fiber-rich diet

weight-bearing exercise