Nu1rition 6
is a sterol used by the body to make both sex and adrenal hormones, as well as the active form of vitamin D.
Cholesterol
A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?
Cholesterol Proteins Phospholipids
Which types of lipids are synthesized by the body?
Cholesterol Triglycerides
Which statements are true about sterols?
Cholesterol is a common example. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Which cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?
Colon cancer Breast cancer Prostate cancer
What are some sources of saturated fat?
-Cheese -Beef -Milk
Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system.
10
A long-chain fatty acid typically has ______ or more carbon atoms.
12
How long should one fast in order to obtain an accurate blood lipoprotein profile?
12-14 hours
How many calories of essential fatty acids should men consume daily?
170
What is the Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids?
2-4T
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat is _______ of calories for most age groups.
20-35%
Short-chain fatty acids are usually less than ______ carbons in length.
6
A medium-chain fatty acid is ________ carbons in length.
6-10
Lowering dietary saturated fat to less than _____ of total calories will help reduce blood cholesterol levels and reduce health risks.
7%
How many calories would 9 grams of olive oil yield if its total calories only came from fat?
81
Triglycerides provide about calories per gram.
9
What is a triglyceride?
A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
Select the statements about fat digestion in the stomach that are true.
Gastric lipase breaks triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids. Fat floats on top of the watery contents. Gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids.
In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?
Maintaining normal kidney function Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation
What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?
Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.
Which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD?
Obesity Smoking Physical inactivity
Diets high in total fat increase the risk of ____.
Obesity Some cancers Cardiovascular disease
Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?
Obesity Type 2 diabetes
_______ and _______ are digested mostly in the small intestine.
Phospholipids Cholesterol
What is an important function of the phospholipid molecule?
Phospholipids act as an emulsifier.
Identify the statement about phospholipids that is true.
Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body.
What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?
Phosphorus-containing molecule Glycerol backbone
Which of the following foods contain a significant amount of fat?
Processed snack foods Dairy desserts
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
To provide energy To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To insulate and protect the body
Which of these foods contain little or no fat?
Yeast breads Breakfast cereals
Roles of apolipoproteins include ______.
activating a lipid-transfer enzyme assisting in the binding of lipoproteins to receptors assisting enzymes
______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies.
added
What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?
an alcohol containing three carbons
Sudden severe headaches, loss of balance or coordination, and numbness or weakness of the face, arms, or legs are all warning signs of ________.
anemia
A diet rich in ________ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome.
antioxidants
What is the term used to describe a protein, identified by a letter, that can be found on the outer shell of a lipoprotein?
apoli
Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______.
are unattached
A polyunsaturated fatty acid has ____ location(s) in the carbon chain that is(are) not saturated with hydrogen.
at least 2
In the receptor pathway for ________ uptake, LDL is removed from the blood by cells with the LDL receptor called B-100.
cholesterol
Which lipoprotein is formed in the intestinal absorptive cell and carries dietary triglycerides that have been re-formed?
chylomicron
In fatty acids, hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons are on the same side of the carbon chain.
cis
The difference between a cis and trans fatty acid is that in a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens are attached to the double-bonded carbons on the same side of the carbon chain.
cis
A ________ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.
diglyceride
Which of the following act as emulsifiers?
egg yolk mustard
Egg yolks are a good example of a(an) ________ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to stay suspended in the other ingredients.
emulsifier
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids.
essential
The process of attaching fatty acids to glycerol is called .
esterification
The process of attaching fatty acids to glycerol is called__________.
esterification
One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____.
fats oils
A triglyceride that loses a is called a diglyceride.
fatty acid
Esterification is the process of attaching ______ to glycerol.
fatty acids
Phospholipids contain ______ within their molecular structure.
fatty acids
______ are fatty acids that have been released from the glycerol backbone.
free fatty acids
Replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat can be achieved by eating a diet composed of ______.
fruit vegetables low-fat dairy products
A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids, forming a triglyceride molecule.
glycerol
Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet?
high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains olive oil as the main fat moderate drinking of wine
What does the abbreviation HDL stand for?
high-density lipoprotein
The process of adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.
hydrogenation
The process of adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.
hydrogenation
The release of fatty acids from glycerol is known as _________.
hydrolysis
What are some risks associated with high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake?
increased risk of cardiovascular disease impaired immune system
Triglycerides are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
insoluble in water
As triglycerides are released, VLDLs get more and more dense and become ______.
intermediate-density lipoproteins
Cholesterol ______ synthesized by the body.
is
Subcutaneous fat is located ______.
just beneath the skin
Lifestyle changes that can reduce LDL cholesterol levels and reduce health risk include
keeping total fat intake between 20% and 35% of total calories. keeping trans fat intake low.
The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks?
make sex hormones make bile form cell membranes
Which gender has a greater chance of having a heart attack?
men
A is a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that helps fat stay suspended in water.
micelle
What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?
micelle
Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______________ fatty acids.
monounsaturated
During the process of hydrogenation, as the amount of added hydrogen increases, the fatty acid becomes ________.
more solid more saturated
Saturated fatty acid Monounsaturated fatty acid Polyunsaturated fatty acid
no 1 2 or more
What are some examples of medium-chain fatty acids?
oils
Which type of oil is a staple in most Mediterranean diets?
olive oil
Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs?
omega
Diets rich in ______ fatty acids can reduce blood triglyceride levels in those whose levels are high, but can also lead to a decreased ability for the immune system to function if consumed in excess.
omega-3
An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis.
omega-3 omega-6
A monounsaturated fatty acid has location(s) in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.
one
What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome?
oxidized LDL
What three organs and/or glands produce lipase?
pancreas, salivary glands, stomach
Foods that contain hidden fat include _______.
pastries whole milk cheese
Which foods are good sources of phospholipids?
peanuts, wheat germ, egg yolks
A primary component of cell membranes is _______.
phospholipids
Diets rich in cholesterol can encourage the development of which health issue?
plaque buildup in arteries
A ______ fatty acid has two or more locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen.
polyunsaturated
Which type of fat becomes rancid because their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?
polyunsaturated fat
What are some examples of foods with long-chain fatty acids?
pork lamb beef
Short-chain fatty acids are rapidly digested and transported via the ______ system.
portal
What are the different names of fatty acids based on?
position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton
Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.
triglycerides
What are the three types of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
Warning signs of a stroke include ______.
trouble speaking or understanding trouble seeing in one or both eyes numbness on one side of the body
The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces _________.
very-low-density lipoproteins
What are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids?
walnuts, flax seed, fish
Which food would be considered to have the highest fat content?
whole milk
Which of the following are functions of cholesterol?
Synthesis of certain bile acids Incorporation into cell structures Synthesis of certain hormones
What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?
They are the body's main storage form of energy They are stable They are calorie dense
The recommendation for fat intake that is 20-35% of total calories consumed is the _______.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
Select all the roles that bile plays in relation to the digestion of fats.
Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile emulsifies fats.
, along with phospholipids, forms cell membranes and allows fat-soluble substances to move into and out of the cell. It is also used to make bile and steroid hormones.
Cholesterol
______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.
Cholesterol
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
Eggs Ice cream Chicken
These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation.
Eicosanoids
Which health issues are associated with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake?
Impaired immune function Uncontrolled bleeding
Which of the following steps occur in the receptor pathway for cholesterol uptake?
LDL is removed from blood by the B-100 receptor. Components of LDL are used to maintain the cell membrane. LDL is broken down into protein and free cholesterol.
What is the term for a compound containing a core of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol?
Lipoprotein
Which of the following are risk factors for CVD that cannot be changed?
Race Age Gender
What is re-esterification?
Reattaching a fatty acid to glycerol that has lost a fatty acid
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
Salad oils Margarine Butter Mayonnaise
What are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?
Salatrim Gums
Diets rich in which food components can lead to a buildup of cholesterol-filled scavenger cells in the artery walls?
Saturated fat Trans fat
______ fats contain no carbon-carbon double bonds, whereas ______ fats contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
Saturated, unsaturated
Which blood lipid levels will most likely still be accurate if a person has not fasted prior to their blood lipoprotein profile?
Total cholesterol HDL
_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy.
Triglycerides
_________, a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy.
Triglycerides
Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?
Type 2 diabetes Obesity
Which steps lead to the development of intermediate-density lipoproteins?
VLDLs from the liver enter the circulatory system. VLDLs become more dense as triglycerides are released. LPL transfers the triglycerides in VLDLs to body cells.
Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids?
because we must eat them from food because our bodies are unable to synthesize them
emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets, called micelles.
bile
Which of the following is a risk factor for CVD that can be prevented?
blood cholesterol levels
What are some examples of added fats?
butter shortening
Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______.
calories
Put the following steps regarding the digestion and absorption of triglycerides in order.
large bile lipase mono short tri
The salivary, gastric, and pancreatic enzyme plays an important role in triglyceride digestion.
lipase
Which compound's role is to help transport lipids through the water-based blood and lymphatic systems?
lipop
Which organ plays a role in developing very-low-density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids?
liver
Which kind of fatty acid has at least 12 carbon atoms?
long-chain
Long chains of carbon atoms take the longest to digest and are transported via the ______ system.
lymphatic
HDL has a high proportion of ______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein.
protein
What are some good sources of omega 6-fatty acids?
pumpkin Seeds meat corn oil
Products like Z-trim, gums, and Salatrim are used by companies to do what with their food products?
reduce the fat content
The process of involves the reattaching of a fatty acid to a glycerol that has lost a fatty acid, whereas the process of hydrolysis involves the release of fatty acids from glycerol.
reesterification
Atherosclerotic plaque is probably first deposited to _______.
repair injuries in the arterial lining
Which dietary strategies can help to lower both blood and LDL cholesterol?
replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat replace saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat replace saturated fat with carbohydrates
In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
small intestine
Phospholipids and cholesterol are digested mostly in the ______.
small intestine
The presence of fat in the triggers the release of cholecystokinin.
small intestine
Where does most fat digestion occur?
small intestine
Cardiovascular plaque formation can be caused by ______.
smoking hypertension diabetes
In the ______, gastric lipase helps break triglycerides into monoglycerides, diglycerides, and free fatty acids.
stomach
The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______.
subcan
Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to _____.
their multi-ringed structure
A triglyceride molecule consists of ____ fatty acid(s) bonded to a glycerol, which serves as a backbone for the fatty acid(s).
three
A ______ fatty acid has hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons on opposite sides of the carbon chain.
trans
In a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons zigzag back and forth across the carbon chain.
trans
_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol.
trans
Margarine and shortening are major sources of ________.
trans fat
