NUFD 113: Chapter 1, 2, 5, 6 (Midterm review)

What is peer review when is it complete?

A critical analysis conducted by a group of peers. Includes methods and results of the research before publishing articles in scientific journal Findings obtained from one research team must be supported by other studies.• If same conclusions are found, findings are most likely to be accepted by other scientists.• Conflicting findings often result from differences in the ways various studies were designed or may demonstrate something occurring by chance.

What is a case control study?

A epidemiology study in which individuals with a health condition are matched to persons with similar characteristics who not have the condition

Which are monosaccharides?

Monosaccharides include •Glucose, •Galactose, •Fructose, •Ribose

Which basic formula do monosaccharides follow?

(C[n]H[2n]O[n]) Glucose, Galactose, Fructose, and Ribose follow this basic formula

What is the difference between a D and an L-sugar?

***Linear form of glucose however, it like to be in circular form more D-glucose has OH on the right side on 5th carbon L-glucose has OH on the LEFT side on the 5th carbon

The amount of a nutrient that is required varies among individuals, things that vary requirements can include what?

-Age -Gender -Activity level -Health status -Pregnancy

What are some example of phytochemicals?

-Caffeine -Beta-carotene and other carotenoids -Anthocyanins and other flavonoids -Likely many more yet unidentified

What does the body use nutrients for?

-energy -growth and development -regulation of processes -carry out metabolic activities

How can a nutrient be considered essential?

1. A deficiency disease results if the nutrient is missing 2. When added back to the diet abnormal physiological changes are corrected 3. There is an explanation why the abnormalities occurred when the substance was missing -EX: vitamin C and scurvy

What are the six classes of nutrients?

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water each nutrient has more than one physiological role in the body

From low to high what are the possible nutrient intake? What would we want?

1. Deficient 2. Inadequate 3. Adequate 4. Optimal (what we want) 5. Toxic

What are the leading causes of death in the U.S.?

1. Heart Disease 2. cancers 3. Strokes 4 Chronic lung disease 5. Accidents Eating habits contributes to -obesity -Type 2 diabetes (7) -Heart disease(1) -Stroke (3) -Certain types of cancers (2)

What are the different classes of carbohydrates?

1. Simple: carbohydrate with less than 10 monosaccharides 2. Complex: a carbohydrate with more than 10 ( all the way up to thousands)

How many kcal per gram of carbohydrates?

4

How many kcal per gram of protein?

4

The energy content of 1 g of carbohydrate is ______ ?

4 kcal/gram

BMR equation for Female?

447.593 + (9.247 X weight in kg) + (3.098 X height in cm) - (4.330 X age in years)

How many kcal per gram of alcohol?

7

BMR Equation for Male?

88.362 + ( 13.397 X weight in kg) + (4.799 X height in cm) - (5.677 X age in years)

How many kcal per gram of fat?

9

If someone consumed one exchange of starch (1 slice of bread) plus 2 exchanges of very lean meat (2 oz of skinless chicken breast) and 1 exchange of fat (1 tsp of butter), how many grams of carbohydrate would the person have eaten? A. 15 g B. 27 g C. 30 g D. 35 g E. 60 g

A. 15 g

This type of study observes the disease prevalence in different populations? A. Epidemiological study B. Case-control study C. Animal study D. Human interventional trial E. Clinical trial

A. Epidemiological study

Chyme exits the stomach into the small intestine through which of the following? A. pyloric sphincter B. Lower esophageal sphincter C. Ileocecal valve D. fundus E. Colon

A. pyloric sphincter

In an intervention study having a control group and intervention group helps to _______? A. rule out a placebo effect B. protect humans from harm C. Save money D. protect animals from harm E. provided bias in study

A. rule out a placebo effect

What are macronutrients? Who are they?

Are nutrients that the body needs in large amounts -Carbs -Fats -Proteins

What are micronutrients ? Who are they?

Are nutrients that the body needs in very small amounts -Vitamins -Minerals

If someone consumed one exchange of milk (1 cup of milk) plus 2 exchanges of meat and 1 exchange of fruit (1/2 cup canned drained fruit), how many grams of carbohydrate would the person have eaten? A. 15 g B. 27 g C. 30 g D. 35 g E. 60g

B. 27g

The energy content of 1 g of carbohydrate is ______ ? A. 0 kcal/g B. 4 kcal/g C. 7 kcal/g D. 9 kcal/g E. 12 kcal/g

B. 4 kcal/g

The brush border enzyme, lactase, breaks apart lactose into? A. A glucose and a fructose molecule B. A glucose and a galactose molecule C. 2 Fructose molecules D. 2 glucose molecules E. 2 galactose molecules

B. A glucose and a galactose molecule

A single study is enough evidence to prove a hypothesis? A. True B. False

B. False

If a healthy person does not consume above the RDA of each nutrient daily they will suffer from a deficiency disease? A. True B. False

B. False

It would be beneficial to consume the UL of a nutrient. A. True B. False

B. False

Which of the following is considered a macronutrient? A. Fiber B. Protein C. Alcohol D. Vitamins E. Minerals

B. Protein

Which of the following causes release of gastric juices in the stomach? A. The hormone cholecystokinin(CCK) B. The hormone gastrin C. The hormone secretin D. Acid E. Base

B. The hormone gastrin

If someone consumed one exchange of starch (1 slice of bread) plus one fruit exchange (1 small apple) plus 2 exchanges of lean meat (2 oz of sirloin) and 1 exchange of fat (1 tsp of mayonnaise), how many grams of carbohydrate would the person have eaten? A. 15 g B. 27 g C. 30 g D. 35 g E. 60 g

C. 30 g

Which value of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) would only meet the needs of half the population if consumed at that amount? A. adequate Intake (AI) B. Recommended Dietary Allowance C. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) D. Upper Tolerable Intake Level (UL) E. None

C. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Which of the following nutrients does not yield energy in the body? A. carbohydrate B. Lipids C. Vitamins D. Alcohol E. Protein

C. Vitamins

Nutrition is a dynamic science? What does that mean?

Changing Researchers continue to explore the relationships between diet and health -Nutrition information is constantly changing -So is scientific evidence

What does organic mean?

Compounds that contain carbon Such as: carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins

Is D-glucose or L-glucose more important nutritionally?

D-glucose is more important nutritionally

If a food has 300 kcal and 10 g of carbohydrate, what is the percent calories from carbohydrate of this food? A. 0.13% B. 3% C. 10% D. 13% E. 30%

D. 13%

If a food has 10 g of carbohydrate, 5 g of protein, and 3 g of fat, then how many total calories will the food contain? A. 18 kcal B. 60 kcal C. 81 kcal D. 87 kcal E. 100 kcal

D. 87 kcal

The energy content of 1 g of fat is _________? A. 0 kcal/g B. 4 kcal/g C. 7 kcal/g D. 9 kcal/g E. 12 kcal/g

D. 9 kcal/g

Pancreatic juice contains all of the following except? A. Base B. Amylase C. Lipase D. Acid E. Proteases

D. Acid

Which of the following is not a function of the mouth? A. Mastication B. Liquify C. Add amylase to begin carbohydrate digestion D. Add protease to begin protein digestion E. Lubricate

D. Add protease to begin protein digestion

The functions of the stomach include all the following EXCEPT? A. Storage B. Adding pepsinogen for protein synthesis C. Adding lipase for lipid digestion D. Adding amylase for carbohydrate digestion E. Adding intrinsic factor to bind to vitamin B12

D. Adding amylase for carbohydrate digestion

The following is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder? A.Lipase B. Micelles C. Chylomicrons D. Bile E. Base

D. Bile

After leaving the mouth what is the food that was consumed called? A. Food B. Mush C. Chyme D. Bolus E. Feces

D. Bolus

Which of the following nutrients yields energy? A. Minerals B. Water C. Vitamins D. Carbohydrates E. Fiber

D. Carbohydrates

The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in what part of the gastrointestinal tract? A. Mouth B. Esophagus C. Stomach D. Small intestine E. Large Intestine

D. Small intestine

Which value of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) tells us the amount of a nutrient that might cause harm if consumed? A. adequate Intake (AI) B. Recommended Dietary Allowance C. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) D. Upper Tolerable Intake Level (UL) E. None

D. Upper Tolerable Intake Level (UL)

Which of the following is considered a micronutrient? A. carbohydrate B. Water C. Protein D. Vitamins E. Fat

D. Vitamins

Why do we need DRIs(Dietary intake references)?

DRIs help health professionals -Evaluate nutritional adequacy of diets -Plan nutritious diets

What is in vitro?

Describes experiments on cells or other components derived from living organisms

What is in vivo?

Describes experiments using whole living organisms

What is the main difference between glucose and galactose? How are they similar?

Difference •the position of each hydroxyl group in the 4th carbon •The O and the HO switch places Similar •Same components (C6 H12 O6)

If a food has 250 cal and 5 g of fat, what is the percent calories from fat of this food? A. 0.18% B. 5% C. 8% D. 14% E. 18%

E. 18%

Which of the following is an essential nutrient for the body? A. Caffeine B. Phytonutrients C. Fiber D. Alcohol E. Carbohydrate

E. Carbohydrate

The function of bile in the small intestine is to _________? A. Break apart fat B. Form chylomicrons C. Coat the intestinal lining D. Neutralize acids E. Form Micelles to emulsify fat

E. Form Micelles to emulsify fat

What factors contribute to these causes of death in the US?

Eating habits contributes to -obesity -Type 2 diabetes (7) -Heart disease(1) -Stroke (3) -Certain types of cancers (2)

What is the only R.D.A. not calculated?

Energy because everyone has different needs depending on activity level, gender, BMR, etc

What are essential nutrients? Which is the most essential of them all?

Essential nutrients must be supplied by food. Water is the most important

Who sets Dietary Reference Intakes? What does it do ?

Food and Nutrition Board national Academy of Sciences Recommended intake levels for vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients Current recommendations are from 1997 to now

What is a control group?

In a controlled study is a group that does not receive a treatment

What is a treatment group?

In a controlled study is a group that receives a treatment

What is a cohort study?

Is an epidemiological study in which researchers collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time

What is a sample size?

Is the number of subjects in the study. This should always be considered when applying the findings to the general population. Was the sample size large enough? Was the sample representative of the population?

How do isomers relate to carbohydrates?

Isomers are compounds with identical molecular formulas. Ex: glucose, fructose and galactose

What are nutrients?

Life-sustaining substances found in food.

What is the scientific method?

Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas -systemic way of testing a hypothesis -Often an observation is made through an epidemiological study -Experiments are often then done on animals before research is done on humans -Each study is a piece of evidence

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)

Maximum daily intake levels that are likely to pose risks of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a given gender and life-stage group.

What is double-blind experiments?

Neither the investigators nor the subjects are aware of the subjects' group assignment.

What is Estimated Average Requirements? (EAR)

Nutrient intakes estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the healthy individuals in a given gender and life-stage group.

What does inorganic mean?

Nutrients that do not contain carbon Such as: minerals, water

What is PAL?

Physical Activity Level May be sedentary, Low active, Active, Very active

What provides credible evidence based nutrition advice?

Registered Dietician Nutritionist and Nutrition Scientist most likely will. Nutritionist, Medical Doctor, Registered Nurse, and Websites might.

How is a R.D.A. created?

Scientists take the EAR (50%) and add a safety factor to determine the adequate amount for 98% of the population

Which are simple/ complex carbohydrates?

Simple: monosaccharides, disaccharides complex: Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides, Starches, Dietary fiber

What are phytochemicals?

Substances in plants that are not nutrients but may have healthful benefits.

What is the equation to determine TEE (Total energy Expenditure) otherwise known as EER( Estimated Energy Requirements)?

TEE= (BMR X 1.4(PAL Factor)) + (BMR X TEF)

Determine TEE? A 42 yr old female, 150 lbs, 5'7 tall with BMR=1535.42, Walks 30 minutes/day=low active, PAL factor 1.4

TEE=(BMR X PAL factor) + (BMR X TEF) TEE= (1535.42 X 1.4) + (1535.42 X 0.05)= 2263.35 kcals

How do we determine if someone is meeting their nutrient needs? Or plan menus/diets to meet those needs

Technique to assess diet intake -Direct observation -24 hour recall -Diet history/ food record -Food frequency questionnaires Analyze for adequacy -USDA food composition database -Computer analysis Supertracker My Fitness Pal -Tools, such as exchange list of -Choose My Plate -Compare to guidelines

What is a kilocalorie or Calorie?

The amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1L) pf water 1 celsius

What is a calorie?

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g (1mL) of water 1 celsius

What is nutrition?

The scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them.

What is epidemiology?

The study of the occurence, distribution, and cause of health problems in populations

What is metabloism?

The total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells

Difference between alpha vs a beta galactose? What is the formula of galactose?

This is D-galactose • C6 H12 O6 Alpha's -H is on top while OH is on the bottom Beta's -OH is on top while H is on the bottom

What is the difference between an alpha vs a beta glucose? What is the formula of Glucose?

This is D-glucose •C6 H12 O6 Alpha's -H is on top while OH is on the bottom Beta's -OH is on top while H is on the bottom

What is an isomer?

isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae — that is, same number of atoms of each element — but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Basically same components but may be organized slightly different EX: glucose and galactose

what is the difference between stereoisomers and structural isomers

stereoisomers- only one part switches EX: glucose and galactose Structural isomers made up of the same thing but not arranged similarly EX: fructose and glucose

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)

the amounts of nutrients that will prevent deficiencies and excesses in most healthy (98%)people

Adequate Intakes (AIs)

the average amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain health -Almost like a RDAs -Used when not enough studies -Used if the RDA cannot be agreed upon term -Best Educated Guess

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

the range of macronutrient intakes that provides adequate levels of essential nutrients and is associated with a reduced risk for chronic disease

What is the placebo effect?

the situation that occurs when a subject reports having positive results even though he or she is taking a placebo

What is a nutrient requirement?

the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a define level of nutritional health

A food with 11 grams of carbohydrate, 5 grams of protein and 3 grams of fat has how many calories?

• 11 grams of CHO x 4 kcal/gm = 44 kcal • 5 grams of prot x 4 kcal/ gm = 20 kcal • 3 grams of fat x 9 kcal/ gm = 27 kcal • 44 kcal + 20 kcal + 27 kcal = 91 kcal

What is ribose? How is it different than fructose, glucose, and galactose? What does it form?

•C5 H10 O5 • It only has 5 carbons unlike glucose, galactose, and fructose which all have 6 •Make up the ribose sugar in RNA(Ribose, phosphate, Base)

What is D-fructose? How is it different than glucose and galactose?

•C6 H12 O6 •Only 5 in the ring as compared to 6 by the others(Glucose, Galactose).