Number 1 Psychology Set
Random sampling is to ____ as random assignment is to ______
Surveys; Experiments
Compared to environmentally impoverished rats, those rats housed in enriched environments experienced a dramatic increase in the number of their
Synapses
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the
Synaptic Gap
Pat is normally very restless and fidgety whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easy going. The two children most clearly differ in
Temperament
theory developed by forster and pinfield
The body areas that require the greatest control occupy the greatest amount of cortical space
In order to gain further understanding of how brain malfunctions influence behavior, Dr. Mosher extensively and carefully observed and questioned two stroke victims. Which research method did Dr. Mosher employ?
The case study
Menopause refers to
The cessation of menstruation
Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of
The hindsight bias
Whether informed that research has supported the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self- esteem or informed that the esteem- enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research, most people would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of
The hindsight bias
Dualism is the belief that:
The mind and body are two separate entities.
Which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by Plato and Socrates?
The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies.
Gender identity refers to
The sense of being male or female
Which of the following techniques would be the most effective way of investigating the relationship between the political preferences and the economic status of North Americans
The survey
People response to sibliminal stimulation indicates that
They are capable of processing information without any conscious awareness of doing so
Research on the elderly has shown that
They become increasingly prone to car accidents
Which of the following is true of psychics who have worked with police departments in an effort to solve difficult crimes?
They have reported visions that are no more accurate than guesses.
A neural impulse is generated only when excitatory minus inhibitory signals exceed a certain
Threshold
In order to estimate trait heritability researchers are most likely to make use of
Twin studies
The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on:
Unconscious conflicts.
Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior?"
Watson
Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"?
Watson
What type of evidence shows that, indeed, " there is more to perception than meets the senses"?
We construct our perceptions based on both sensory input and-experiments show- on our assumptions, expectations, schemas, and perceptual sets, often influenced by the surrounding context.
Continuity
We percieve smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
The first psychological laboratory was established by
Wilhelm Wundt
The first psychological laboratory was established by:
Wilhelm Wundt
Psychology education and the use of a psychological text was greatly influenced by:
William James
First psychology lab was established by:
Wundt
The first psychology laboratory was established by _______ in the year ______.
Wundt; 1879
Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue lights is most directly supportive of the ___ theory
Young- Helmholtz
Although sound comes from speakers on the sides of the room, viewers watching a movie perceive the sound coming from the screen. This phenomenon is best accounted for by (A) visual capture (B) proximity (C) closure (D) opponent-processes (E) feature-detection
a
The structure of the ear that is responsible for gathering sound initially is the (A) pinna (B) tympanic membrane (C) cochlea (D) semicircular canals (E) stapes
a
Which of the following would be most difficult for a person who only had one eye? (A) inserting a toothpick into a horizontal straw (B) watching a movie at a theatre (C) correctly identifying the color of a car (D) organizing objects into similar patterns or colors (E) understanding that a line continues despite a break in it
a
Which of the following would be the best illustration of Weber's law? (A) As sound increases to 80 decibels from 40 decibels, most peoples can recognize that one sound is louder than the other. However, if the two sounds are given at 80 and 82 decibels respectively, most people would not recognize the difference between the two sounds. (B) A person can recognize an imperceptible amount of perfume in a ten foot-by-ten-foot room. (C) People cannot attend to more then one stimulus at a time. (D) A person has the ability to tell the difference between a 20 watt bulb and a 100 watt bulb 50 percent of the time. (E) All auditory stimuli above a certain frequency "sound" as if their frequencies are the same.
a
Cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
we are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel ____ sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally ____
a great; disapprove
Perceptual Set
a mental predisposition to percieve one thing and not another
the information carried in a gene is expressed as
a protein
mutation
a random error in gene replication is know as...
neural connections
a stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's...
A teratogen is
a substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child
According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of:
a theory
Pitch
a tone's experineced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
individualism
a willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of...
Evolutionary psychologists would be least likely to predict that: 1) a woman would prefer to marry a man who is wealthier than herself. 2) a man would prefer to marry a woman who is better looking than himself. 3) a woman would engage in casual sex with many male partners. 4) a man would be distressed by the sexual infidelity of his wife.
a woman would engage in casual sex with many male partners
Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.
absolute threshold
Cultural diversity best illustrates our:
adaptive capacities
some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule?
agonists
the brains of patients with parkinson's disease have little dopamine. drugs used to treat such patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. these drugs would be considered
agonists
what are the molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and mimic that neurotransmitter's effects called?
agonists
One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is:
alcohol.
increasing excititory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. this indicates that a neurons reaction is
all all-or-none response
Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound.
amplitude
which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?
amygdala
The region of your cerebral cortex that enables you to recognize a person as your own mother is:
an association area
Edith abuses both her 3-year-old and 1-year-old daughters. Her behavior is most likely related to a lack of:
an early and secure attachment to her own parents.
The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates:
an illusory correlation
The sequential occurrence of two highly unusual events is most likely to contribute to:
an illusory correlation
Two year old Donald frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure for demonstrating his independence. Freud would have suggested that Donald is going through the ____ stage of development
anal
Bottom-Up Processing
analysis that begins with the sensory recpetors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
thinking
another name for cognitive
botolin is a poison with a molecular structure so similar to ACH that it blocks the effects of ACH in synapses, making botolin which kind of molecule?
antagonist
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any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities
Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because:
any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities
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any two strangers are likely to share coincidental similarities
the personalities of adopted children
are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called
assimilation
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called:
assimilation
Three-year-old Zara calls all four-legged animals "kitties." Her tendency to fit all four-legged animals into her existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of:
assimilation
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called
assimilation.
The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called:
attachment
Little Karen will approach and play with unfamiliar animals only if her mother first reassures her that it is safe to do so. This best illustrates the adaptive value of:
attachment.
The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called:
attachment.
beliefs and feelings that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called
attitudes
Alicia suffered a brain disease that destroyed major portions of her temporal lobes. Alicia is most likely to suffer some loss of
auditory perception
Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be:
authoritative
An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with:
autism
alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce
axetylcholine
The longest part of a motor neuron is likely to be the
axon
Which part of a neuron is often encased by a myelin sheath
axon
nerves are neural cables containing many
axons
nerves are nueral cables connecting many
axons
Awareness, integration, and organization of information into meaningful information is known as (A) sensation (B) perception (C) illusions (D) false perception (E) convergence
b
Carlos was just able to perceive a difference in weight when Maria removed two of the 50 jelly beans from his plastic bag. It is most likely that if Carlos had the jumbo bag of 100 jelly beans, the smallest number of jelly beans he could notice removed would be (A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16 (E) 20
b
Conventional hearing aids may restore hearing by (A) restoring functionality to a badly punctured eardrum (B) amplifying vibrations conducted by facial bones to the cochlea (C) translating sounds into electrical signals wired into the cochlea's nerves (D) stimulating the semicircular canals to transduce sound waves (E) converting sound waves to radio waves
b
a
b
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babies are born with personalities that are relatively stable throughout their lives
Erik Erikson suggested that children with a secure attachment to their parents are especially likely to experience:
basic trust
Already at 15 months of age, Justin strongly senses that he can rely on his father to comfort and protect him. This most clearly contributes to:
basic trust.
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because heritability accounts for variations among people, not in specific
Connectedness
because they are uniform and linked, we percieve each set of two dots and the line between them as a single unit
that psychology would soon become less scientific if it focused on behaviors that were not observable
before his death what was B.F. skinner afraid of?
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes
A researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a(n):
behavior geneticist
a researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a
behavior geneticist
Akira believes that her son has become a good student bc she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a perspective
behavioral
Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between introverted and extraverted people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
behavioral
Attitudes are ___ that guide behavior
beliefs and feelings
Subliminal
below one's absolute thrshold for sonscious awareness
Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. He favors a perspective on depression
biological
As members of the human family, we all share a common:
biological heritage
What type of psychologist most directly investigates the links between biological activity and our thinking and behaviors?
biological psychologist
a professor conducts research on the relationship between the limbic system and sexual motivation. Her research best represents the psychological specialty known as:
biological psychology
when people discuss the "nature vs. nurture" controversy, nature refers to ___ and nurture refers to
biology; environment
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biopsychosocial perspective
An awareness that children's temperaments influence parents' child-rearing practices should inhibit our tendency to: 1) identify cultural differences in child-rearing practices. 2) assess the heritability of human intelligence. 3) blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics. 4) emphasize the interaction of nature and nurture.
blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics.
The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the:
blind spot
Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with:
body contact.
chromosomes are located within human
bone cells
Descartes theory of how our brain controlled our reflexes involved which of the following?
brain fluid and animal spirits
a person whose hand had been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent finger where his face was stroked.
brain plasticity
a person whose hand has been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent fingers when his face was stroked. this illustration best describes the consequences of
brain plasticity
which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech?
broca's area
On its way to the cones and rods of the eye, (in order) light passes through the (A) cornea, vitreous humor, lens, iris, aqueous humor (B) sclera, lens, pupil, iris, vitreous humor (C) cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor (D) sclera, aqueous humor, lens, pupil, vitreous humor (E) retina, vitreous humor, lens, iris, aqueous humor, fovea
c
Our tendency to see faces in clouds and other ambiguous stimuli is partly based on (A) selective attention (B) ESP (C) Perceptual set (D) Shape constancy (E) Bottom-up processing
c
The ability to talk on the phone and type on the computer at the same time is the result of (A) bottom-up processing (B) perceptual processing (C) selective attention (D) closure (E) convergence
c
The optic chiasm is (A) responsible for color vision (B) where the optic nerve leaves the eye, causing a blind spot (C) where the optic nerves cross over to report information to opposite sides of the brain (D) where information from rods and cones is passed to the ganglion cells (E) responsible for detecting fine details
c
The purpose of the pupil is to (A) focus light on the retina (B) process color (C) allow light into the eye (D) enable night vision (E) detect specific shapes
c
When a fortune teller claims to have the ability to see what the person you will meet and marry 10 years from now will look like, the person is professing to possess the ability of (A) telepathy (B) clairvoyance (C) precognition (D) telekinesis (E) top-down processing
c
Which of the following might result from a disruption of your vestibular sense? (A) inability to detect the position of your arm without looking at it (B) loss of the ability to detect bitter tastes (C) dizziness and a loss of balance (D) an inability to detect pain (E) loss of color vision
c
Adolescents are most likely to be influenced by their parents with respect to ________, and they are most likely to be influenced by their peers with respect to ________.
career aspirations; clothing preferences
A loss of physical coordination and balance is most likely to result from damage to the
cerebellum
the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the
cerebellum
which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movemnets?
cerebellum
the association areas are located in the
cerebral cortex
your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your
cerebral cortex
A critical period is a phase during which:
certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.
While a student provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates:
change blindness
personality is best defined as an individual's
characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting
Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the
cheek
In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on , whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on
childhood experiences and unconscious though processes; current environmental influences on potential
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children are more likely to be valued by their biological father than their stepfathers
The threadlike structures that contain genes are called:
chromosomes
For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for Adam to contact a(n) ________ psychologist.
clinical
For no apparent reason, adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for Adam to contact a(n) psychologist
clinical
Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
clinical
Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. He is most likely a(n) psychologist
clinical
Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?
clinical psychology
A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem soling is mod characteristic of the perspective
cognitive
Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember info. He is most likely a psychologist
cognitive
Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.
cognitive
Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective.
cognitive
Dr. Macpherson believes that the way students organize and think about the info in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the perspective.
cognitive
Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve info?
cognitive
Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?
cognitive
Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify out attitudes
cognitive dissonance theory
Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brains when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior?
cognitive neuroscience
One would not observe unusually high rates of divorce in culture that promote
collectivism
men vs. women
come up with an answer vs. admitting their wrong and asking for help; side by side vs. face to face; assertive younger vs. assertive older
Elderly people are not increasingly susceptible to:
common cold viruses.
Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences.
common psychological processes
The foot in the door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request
schemas
concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender....
According to Piaget, a person first comprehends that division is the reverse of multiplication during the ________ stage.
concrete operational
According to Piaget, children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage.
concrete operational
According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about events first develops during the ________ stage.
concrete operational
The acquisition of a sense of object permanence is most closely associated with the development of:
concrete operational intelligence.
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines were identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study
conformity
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conscious serial processing
Reaction formation refers to the process by which people
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses
Five-year-old Tammy mistakenly believes that her short, wide glass contains less soda than her brother's tall, narrow glass. Actually, both glasses contain the same amount of soda. This illustrates that Tammy lacks the concept of:
conservation
The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects is called:
conservation
teaching a patient to regain the use of an impaired limb by militing his or her use of good limb is called
constraint-induced therapy
It wasn't until Clara heard some of her classmates laughing loudly during history class that she began to perceive the professor's ongoing lecture to be very funny. This provides an illustration of:
context effects
When Helen noticed that her classmates were all wearing expensive designer jeans, she suddenly perceived her own offbrand jeans to be very unattractive. This best illustrates the importance of:
context effects
The tendency to see all the individual spokes in a bicycle wheel as part of a larger single unit best illustrates the principle of:
continuity
In order to provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n):
control condition
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. insensation, the transformming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret
Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by
corpus callosum
info is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the
corpus callosum
information is most quickly tramsmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the
corpus callosum
split brain patients have had their --- surgically cut
corpus callosum
split brain patients have had their ____ surgically cut
corpus callosum
The enduring traditions, ideas, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next define their:
culture
A landscape painting shows boats on a lake in the foreground and mountains farther away. Of the following, which cue would not contribute to your perception that the mountains are farther away than the boats in the picture? (A) texture gradient (B) linear perspective (C) relative height (D) retinal disparity (E) interposition
d
All except one of the following demonstrate a difference threshold. The exception represents an absolute threshold. Which of the following represents an absolute threshold? (A) a guitar player knows that his D string has just gone out of tune (B) a photographer can tell that the natural light available for a photograph has just faded slightly (C) your friends amazes you by correctly identifying unlabeled glasses of Coke and Pepsi (D) a cook can just barely taste the salt she has added to her soup (E) your mom throws out the milk because she says the taste is "off"
d
Cats tend to notice slight movements under low lightening conditions with greater ease than do humans; they do not, however, find it easy to distinguish colors. This is primarily due to their retinas containing, in comparison to humans (A) relatively fewer numbers of amarcine cells and relatively more bipolar cells (B) relatively fewer numbers of ganglion cells and relatively more osmoreceptors (C) Relatively fewer numbers of cilia and relatively more optic nerve cells (D) Relatively fewer numbers of cones and relatively more rods (E) Relatively fewer numbers of mechanoreceptors and relatively more ossicles
d
Cells that can respond to specific edges, line, angles, and movements are called (A) rods (B) cones (C) ganglion cells (D) feature detections (E) bipolar cells
d
Our rods and cones electromagnetic energy into neural messages (A) adapt (B) accommodate (C) parallel process (D) transduce (E) perceptually set
d
Which of the following is NOT an example of a monocular visual depth perception cue? (A) Texture gradient (B) Motion parallax (C) Interposition (D) Opponent process (E) Relative size
d
When adults of varying ages were tested for their memory of a recently learned list of 24 words, the older adults demonstrated:
decline in recall but not in recognition.
Among employed women, the task of raising children is especially likely to be associated with ________ marital satisfaction. The departure of mature children from the home is typically associated with ________ marital satisfaction.
decreasing; increasing
individuals who are normally law abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. this change in behavior is best understood in terms of
deindividuation
The long part of the neuron is the
dendrite
the branching extensions of nerve cells that receive incoming signals from sensory receptors or from other neurons are called
dendrites
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron
dendrites to the cell body to the axon
with regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which
dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons
Monocular Cues
depth cues, such as interposition and lineaqr perspective, available to either eye alone
Binocular Cues
depth cues, such as retinal desparity, that depend on the use of two eyes
The organization of two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions is called:
depth perception
The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants.
depth perception
argued mind could not be measured, said behavior should be studied, knwn as behaviorism, awarded for some behavior and punished for others, our surroundings are very important to determining our personalities
describe watson
a brain lesion refers to ____ of brain tissue
destruction
Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) psychologist
developmental psychologist
The branch of psychology that systematically focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle is called:
developmental psychology
Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child:
develops through a series of stages.
Sensory Adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Sensory adaptation refers to
diminishing sensitivity to an unchangeable stimulus
A correlation coefficient is a measure of the:
direction and strength of the relationship between two variables
The heritability of a specific trait will be greatest among genetically ________ individuals who have been raised in ________ environments. Incorrect Response 1) similar; similar 2) dissimilar; similar 3) similar; dissimilar 4) dissimilar; dissimilar
dissimilar; similar
Lewis is a 70 year old retired college professor. In contrast to when he was 30, he now probably
does not hear as well
Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in
drawing of a human face
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dual processing
All sensory information is sent to the thalamus EXCEPT (A) taste (B) vision (C) audition (D) touch (E) smell
e
Laticia is listening to her teacher conduct a lesson on the parts and functions of the brain. Laticia can distinguish her teacher from the board because of which Gestalt principle? (A) proximity (B) closure (C) similarity (D) continuity (E) figure-ground
e
The order of the bones in the middle ear is (A) incus, malleaus, stapes (B) stapes, malleaus, incus (C) stapes, incus, malleaus (D) malleaus, stapes, incus (E) malleaus, incus, stapes
e
The point of focus for the eye that contains mostly cones is the (A) rods (B) iris (C) cones (D) retina (E) fovea
e
Mr. Kay is interested in whether individual differences affect learning. Mr. Kay is most likey a(n) psychologist
educational
Preschoolers' acquisition of a theory of mind suggests that Piaget overestimated young children's:
egocentrism
The method of introspection was used by Titchener to identify
elements of sensory experience
An infant's temperament refers most directly to its:
emotional excitability
The ideas of Francis Bacon provided an impetus for what came to be known as:
empiricism
after a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed?
endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages
Hormones are the chemical messengers of the:
endocrine system
hormones are the chemical messengers of the
endocrine system
the ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the
endocrine system
Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as:
endorphines
humanistic approach
environment and human nature work together and mold behavior
nuerosurgeons have severed the corpus callousness in human patients in order to reduce
epilectic seizures
personal space
even though many chairs in the library study area are unoccupied, wang chooses to sit right next to chung. chung is likely to feel uncomfortable because wang has violated his...
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evolutionary
Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is time-consuming. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior.
evolutionary
natural selection
evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of....
The false consensus effect refers to the tendency to:
exaggerate the extent to which others agree with us
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examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on fear
Margaret has difficulty speaking in from of her classmates and explains to a friend "Everybody in my family is shy, so it must be genetic". Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Margaret should
examine her additional psychological and social-cultural influences on shyness.
Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal
According to Freud during the period between age 6 and puberty children
experience very little sexual interest
A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called a(n):
experiment
The double blind procedure is most likely to be utilized in....Research
experimental
In order to exercise maximum control over the factors they are interested in studying, researchers engage in:
experimentation
In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor in order to observe its effects on some behavior or mental process
experimentation
The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles urging investigators to:
explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed
Correlational research is most useful for purposes of:
explanation
in creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain?
fMRI
to identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a
fMRI
Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a:
facelike image.
In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to:
facially express emotions
in a recent car accident, tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. this injury is most likely to reduce tamiko's ability to
facially express emotions
Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized for:
failing to consider unconscious motivations
Inattentional Blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Which of the following factors is most important for the development of positive emotional bonds between human infants and their mothers?
familiarity
testosterone
female children are most likely to act like tomboys if they were exposed to excess ________ during their parental development
A floating sea vessel is to the ocean water as ________ is to ________.
figure; ground
the tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as
foot in the door phenomenon
Fourteen-year-old Lisa was asked, "What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?" She responded, "Those who had previously been blind would become leaders." Lisa's answer indicates she is in the ________ stage of development.
formal operational
Vincent's ability to reason hypothetically in his geometry class indicates that he is in the _____ stage of development.
formal operational
Vincent's ability to test hypotheses successfully in his geometry class indicates he is the _____ stage of development
formal operational
A psychotherapist instructs David to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to his mind. The therapist is using a technique known as
free association
unconscious conflicts and or childhood experiences
freuds theory of personality is based on
When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of:
gender roles
Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development.
gender schemas
Children's tendency to classify toys and songs as either masculine or feminine is most likely to facilitate the process of
gender typing
Children's tendency to classify toys and songs as either masculine or feminine is most likely to facilitate the process of:
gender-typing
A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a
gene
A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a:
gene
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genes
twin studies suggest that a strong influence on emotional instability comes from
genetic predispositions
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genetically predisposed
nerve cells in the brain recieve life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from
glial cells
Migraine headaches are linked with oversupply of
gludament
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greater reproductive potential
an overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision making group increases the probability of
group think
heritability refers to the percentage of
group variation in a trait that can be explained by genetics
Perceptual adaptation refers to the:
grouping of stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns.
Cones and rods are to vision as ________ are to audition.
hair cells
Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of:
healthy growth potential
Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of
healthy growth potential
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness
Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by:
heredity
twin studies suggest that alzheimer's disease in influenced by
heredity
Gender differences in heritable personality traits cannot necessarily be attributed to male-female genetic differences because:
heritable traits can be influenced by social environments
Level of emotional instability is:
highest among 50 year olds
which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?
hippocampus
chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands are called
hormone
the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are called
hormones
Mr. Bown uses her knowledge of a person's cognitive processes to design computer programs that are easier to use. Mr. Brown is most likely a(n) psychologist
human factors
if profesor kosiba lesions the amygdala of a laboratory rat, the rat will most likely become
hungry
olds and miller located reward centers in the brain structure known as the
hypothalamus
the brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is called the
hypothalamus
Perceptual Adaptation
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artifically displaced or even inverted visual field
Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.
independence; interdependence
Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identity the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does his work best represent?
industrial-organizational psychology
an all or none response pattern is characteristic of the
initiation of neural impulses
Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of:
insecure attachment
information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via
interneurons
the peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to
interneurons
Babies with an intense and highly reactive temperament tend to be: 1) intelligent and imaginative. 2) fearless and assertive. 3) irritable and unpredictable. 4) extraverted and cheerful.
irritable and unpredictable.irritable and unpredictable.
According to Freud's theory, the ego
is the executive part of personality
one major criticism of the evolutionary psychology perspective is that
it analyzes after the fact: using hindsight
a synapse is a
junction between a sending neuron and a recieving neuron
the ability to recognize faces with the right hemispheres but not with the left hemispheres best illustrates
lateralization
the localization of a function such as speech production to the right side of the brain is called
lateralization
Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n):
lesion
The amygdala and hypothalamus are part of the
limbic system
Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism is indicative of an inborn:
male systemizing tendency.
Biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience and that enable orderly changes in behavior are referred to as:
maturation
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mature and affluent
In the 1960s, humanistic psychologists considered the approach advanced by behaviorist to be excessively
mechanistic
In its early years, psychology foxed on the study of , but from the 1920s to the 1960s, American psychologist emphasized the study of
mental life; observable behavior
Int he early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of
mental processes
Socrates Plato and Descartes believed that:
mind and body are distinct and separable
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molecular geneticist
DNA is a complex
molecule
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more; more
Compared to identical twins, fraternal twins are ________ similar in neuroticism and ________ similar in attitudes toward organized religion. 1) less; less 2) more; more 3) more; less 4) less; more
more; more
Based on research what seems true about the specialized functions of the right and left hemispheres
most complex activities emerge from the integrated activity of both hemispheres
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements is called the
motor cortex
an area atthe rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
motor cortex
to trigger a person's hand to make a fist, jose delgado stimulated the individual's
motor cortex
direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in
movement of the mouth and lips
The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of
multiple levels of analysis
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natural selection
light and shadow
nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes
Dendrites are branching extensions of
neurons
The cells that serve as the basic building blocks of the body's information processing
neurons
Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home?
olfactory receptors
A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n):
operational definition
A gestalt is best described as a(n):
organized whole
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our ability to survive and reproduce
linear perspective
parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance. the more they converge, the greater their percieved distance
the sensory cortex is located in the ___ lobes
parietal
behavioral approach
past associations and the environment are strongest influences on behavior
The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how
people encode, process, store, and retrieve info
family
people living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist culture to report experiencing what kind of loyalty?
According to Piaget, schemas are:
people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences.
The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was forty-six years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is "shake," and the forty-sixth word from the end is "spear." Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of:
perceiving order in coincidental events
Perceptual Constancy
percieving obkects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
perform well learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others
the somatic nervous system is a component of the ____ nervous system.
peripheral
motor neurons are an important part of the
peripheral nervous system
a behavior geneticist would be most interested in studying hereditary influences on
personality traits
the 19th century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called:
phrenology
The nineteenth century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called
phrenology.
The personality theorist Sigmund Freud was an Austrian
physician
The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian:
physician
Difference threshold are smaller for the ____ than for the ____
pitch of sound; brightness of lights
which endocrine gland regulates body growth
pituitary
which endocrine gland regulates body growth?
pituitary
Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.
political attitudes
which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla
pons
Compared to "late bloomers," boys who mature sexually at an early age tend to be more:
popular and self-assured.
The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called an:
population
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populations
Henry resits stealing jelly beans from his sister's Easter basket because He's afraid his mother will spank him if he does. Henry's thinking best represents a ____ morality
pre conventional
Hypotheses are best described as:
predictions
The ratio of males to females first begins declining during:
prenatal development
For children from impoverished environments, stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to: 1) prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons. 2) have no discernable effect on subsequent academic performance. Incorrect Response 3) facilitate the development of nucleotides. 4) decrease their emotional attachment to their own parents.
prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons.
deaf people who use sign language typically
process language in their left cerebral hemisphere
The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called
projection
The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n):
psychiatrist
Which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder?
psychiatrists
The use of free association is central to the process of
psychoanalysis
the use of free association is central to the process of
psychoanalysis
normal and adnormal
psychologist study both ___ and __ behavior
according to Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of
psychosexual development
Those who approach the study of psychology with an attitude of curious skepticism are especially likely to
question the validity of research findings
In order to minimize any preexisting differences between participants who are in different conditions of an experiment, psychologists make use of
random assignment
To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use:
random assignment
To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. In order to reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of:
random assignment
Wilhelm Wundt's lab work involved experimental studies of
reactions to sensory stimulation
Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of
reactions to sensory stimulation
behavior
refers to those activities of people or animals that can be observed directly or measured by special techniques
the home environment most clearly has a greater influence on children's ___than on their ___
religious beliefs; personality traits
Replication involves:
repeating an earlier research study
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reproductive success
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reproductive success
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reproductive success
Erik Erikson suggested that a sense of basic trust during infancy results from:
responsive parenting
the goal of constriant-induced therapy is to
rewire damaged brains by forcing patients to use a nonfunctioning limb
a patient who suffered a stroke says the she no longer recognizes herself in a mirror. Which brain structure was likely damages in the stroke
right hemisphere
someone trying to figure out an optical illusion is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structures
right hemisphere
which brain structure might be most active when answering the question "What do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?"
right hemisphere
her inability to recognize the faces of her close family members or herself suggests that the
right hemisphere of her brain was damaged
who are likely to show the greatest similarity in personality?
ruth and ramona, identical twin
Gestalt psychology
says that the whole is greater than the sum of its part
Because Marla is the first girl in her fourth-grade class to sexually mature, she is sometimes teased and rejected by her classmates. Marla's sense of social isolation and embarrassment result from the interaction of:
schemas and roles
systematically
science is a branch of study that is based on _____ conducted research
Mr. Johnson spends time each day caressing and rocking his infant daughter. This time together should serve most directly to promote:
secure attachment
One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates:
secure attachment
Felix was so preoccupied with his girlfriend's good looks that he failed to perceive any of her less admirable characteristics. This best illustrates the dangers of:
selective attention
gender identity
sense of being male or female
The thalamus serves as a
sensory switchboard
research into dual processing provide partial evidence for levels of consciousness similar to the levels first described by which psychologist
sigmund freud
Which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute threshold
signal detection theory
Elton responds to his daughter's fistfight with, "Good girls don't fight!" but when his son has a fistfight he says, "Did you win?!" The role of Elton's reactions in the gender-typing of his children would be of most direct interest to:
social learning theorists.
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as
social loafing
damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to
speak fluently
Phrenology highlighted the potential importance of
specific brain regions
In order to qualify for the office manager's job, 55-year-old Mariel's must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of ________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old.
spelling
the knee-jerk reflex is controlled by inter neurons in the
spinal cord
the knee-jerk reflex is controlled by internueronsin in the
spinal cord
The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of
structuralism
The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of:
structuralism
genetic predispositions
studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the important of ___________ in personality development
According to Freud the personality system that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the
superego
psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. where does this interference take place?
synapse
Compared to environmentally impoverished rats, those rats housed in enriched environments experienced a dramatic increase in the number of their:
synapses
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teens
Lynnae is usually timid and fearful, whereas her sister Eileen is typically relaxed and cheerful. The two sisters are most strikingly different in:
temperament
Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children most clearly differ in:
temperament
Identical twins separated at birth and raised in completely different cultures would be most likely to have similar
temperaments
The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome demonstrate that alcohol is a:
teratogen
Female children are most likely to act like tomboys if they were exposed to excess ________ during their prenatal development.
testosterone
The prenatal development of the external male sex organs is stimulated by:
testosterone
Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your:
thalamus
Depth Perception
the ability to see objects in three-dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensionsal; allows us to judge distance
endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into
the bloodstream
Extrasensory Perception(ESP)
the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; include telepathy, clairvoyane, and recognition
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to:
the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
Wavelength
the distance from one peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
hormones are the chemical messengers of
the endocrine system
An axon is
the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
an axon is
the extension of a nueron that carries messages away from the cell body
william james
the father of psychology
According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates:
the hindsight bias
Optic Nerve
the nerve that that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Illusory correlation refers to
the perception of a relationship between two variables that does NOT actually exist
Sensory Interaction
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell o food influences its taste
Weber's Law
the principle that, to be percieved as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage(rather than a constant amount)
Accommodation
the process by which the ye's lens changes the shape to focus nera or far objects on the retina
Vestibular Sense
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
Opponenet-Process Theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. for example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
a stroke patient can recognize the sound of his wife's voice but cannot recognize her face when she stands next to him. Which brain region has most likely been damaged?
the underside of the right temporal lobe
they provide a variety of ideas that can be further tested
theories can be useful because...
Chloe can clearly sense when her sister's teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n):
theory of mind.
During the time following the death of a loved one:
those who express the strongest grief immediately do not purge their grief more quickly.
chromosomes
threadlike structures that contain genes
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the
threshold
the minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the
threshold
being randomly assigned to the experimental condition in a research project involves being assigned
to that condition by chance
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tradtional masculine or feminine traits are not as significant in mate selection as they were in the past
When placed close to a gauze breast pad from their nursing mothers, week-old babies are likely to:
turn their head toward the smell of their mother's pad.
In suggesting that the mind is like an ice berg. Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of the
unconscious
The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on:
unconscious conflicts
The hindsight bias leads people to perceive research findings as:
unsurprising
In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to:
use their mothers as a base from which to explore the new surroundings.
identical twins
used in child rearing research
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verbally report that she saw a boy
Damage to the fovea would have the greatest effect on:
visual acuity
When the soundtrack for a movie is played in the back of a classroom, students tend to perceive the sound as originating from the picture screen in the front of the room. This best illustrates:
visual capture
Proximity
we group neary figures together
brightness constancy
we percieve objects as being a constant color even as the light reflecting off the object changes
relative height
we percieve objects higher in our feild of vision as farther away
Harlow observed that most monkeys raised in total isolation:
were incapable of mating upon reaching sexual maturity.
which brain region has most likely been damaged (132)
wernicks area
monozygotic twins
which type of siblings share 100% of genes?
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younger
individualism vs. collectivism
"me" vs. "we"; divorce vs. no divorce; personal achievement vs. community success; temporary relationships vs. long term relationships; personal happiness vs. community happiness
In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is:
$10,000
Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that: 1) people are the most romantically attracted to those who are the most genetically dissimilar to themselves. 2) genetic predispositions have little effect on our social relationships. 3) children are not likely to be abused by their biological parents. 4) fathers are more protective of their children than are mothers.
) children are not likely to be abused by their biological parents.
Human genetic diversity consists of the variations in the sequence of our: 1) nucleotides. 2) memes. 3) hormones. 4) synapses.
) hormones.
Identical twins originate from the fertalization of...
A) a single egg cell by a single sperm.
Neural impulses may travel as rapidly as
200 miles per hour
The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ______. a) absolute threshold b) range threshold c) differential threshold d) noticeable threshold
A is the correct answer. Gustav Fechner investigated the sensitivity of the human sensory systems and called the lowest level of a stimulus that a person could detect half of the time the absolute threshold
Gender role refers to
A set of expected behaviors of males and females
Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep.
A) Stage 1
The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called A) attachment. B) habituation. C) assimilation. D) conservation.
A) attachment.
Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly
The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the
Absolute threshold
The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron produces
Action potential
Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that:
Actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes
An irreversible brain disorder marked by a deterioration of reasoning and memory is called
Alzheimer's disease
in order to test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste- sensitivity test. This research is an example of
An experiment
Which phil would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?
Aristotle
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of:
Behavior and Mental Processes
The cocktail party effect provides an example of A) choice blindness. B) serial processing. C) selective attention. D) explicit memory.
C) selective attention.
where are chromosomes located
CELLS not genes
X- Ray photographs of the brain are necessary to produce a
CT Scan
Which psychologist discussed behavior in terms of a person's potential for growth and self fulfillment?
Carl Rogers
The inheritance of behavioral characteristics was emphasized by
Charles Darwin
What professional specialty focus on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?
Clinical Psychology
A student who does not cheat on tests because he fears what his friends will think of him if he gets caught is in Kohlberg's ___ stage
Conventional
Chromosomes are composed of
DNA
The inheritance of behavioral characteristics was emphasized by:
Darwin
A scatter plot graphically depicts the
Degree of relationship between two variable
Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?
Descartes
naturalistic observation is most useful for
Describing behavior s
sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?
EEG
An infants temperament refers most directly to it's
Emotional excitability
After 3 hours of playing a physically exhausting professional tennis match, Chitra began to experience a sense of physical exhilaration and pleasure. It is likely that her feelings were most directly linked to the release of
Endorphins
Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?
Evolutionary
People living inn a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing
Family loyalty
The perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings is called
Figure ground phenomenon
The cochlea is
Fluid filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
Who believed that bumps on the skull reveal mental abilities and character traits?
Franz Gall
an undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ___ is linked to seizures
GABA
What do we mean when we say that, inperception, " the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"?
Gestalt psychologists used this saying to describe our perceptual tendency to organize clusters of sensations into meaningful forms of coherent groups.
The basilar membrane is line with
Hair cells
Genetically female children exposed to excess testosterone during prenatal development subsequently exhibit more tomboyish behaviors than most girls. In order to avoid overestimating the influence of prenatal hormones on these behaviors, it should be noted that these children
Have unusually reactive temperaments
Why is Wilhelm Wundt often considered the first scientific psychological researcher?
He gathered data trough experiments in his lab
Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of:
Healthy Growth Potential
According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the
ID
Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?
Industrial/ Organizational psychology
The unique temperaments of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. this best illustrates ____ of nature and nurture
Interaction
The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by:
James
Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspections>
John B. Watson
which neo Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development
Jung
Jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. this illustrates what is know as
Lightness constancy
Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ____ of a sound
Location
Which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology after Harvard U declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D?
Margaret Washburn
Socrates, Plato, and Descartes believed that:
Mind and body are distinct and separable.
When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates
Overconfidence
which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech?
PET
Motor neurons are to the ___ nervous system as inter neurons are to the ___ nervous system
Peripheral; Central
Motor neurons are to the ___ nervous system as inter neurons are to the _____ nervous system
Peripheral; Central
motor neurons are to ____ nervous system as interneurons are to the ____ nervous system
Peripheral; central
Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between introverted and extraverted people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
Personality
A behavior geneticist would be most interested in studying hereditary influences on
Personality traits
Hypotheses are best described as
Predictions
A FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE THAT ONE'S ARM OR LEG IS PART OF ONE'S SELF IS MOST LIKELY TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH DAMAGE TO THE
RIGHT HEMISPHERE
Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population
Random Sampling
Ego is to ID as ___ is to __-
Reality principle; pleasure principle
Operational definitions are most likely to facilitate
Replication
Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted
Reproductive success
Which cells are located closest to the back of the retina
Rods and cones
According to Erickson, adolescents who are unable to develop a sense of identity experience
Role Confusion
The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called
Sensation
Cindy understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Cindy is clearly in Piaget's ____ stage
Sensorimotor
Who would be most likely to emphasized the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
Sigmund Freud
A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of
Social harmony
The impact of rewards and punishments on gender typing is most clearly emphasized by
Social learning theory
Which philosopher affirmed the importance of inborn knowledge?
Socrates
Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying "I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was a psychology class." Because of your background in psychology, your best response should be
"Everything psychological is simultaneously biological."
Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it: 1) inhibits progressive efforts to change common social practices. 2) overestimates the impact of genetic mutations on human personality. 3) underestimates the extent to which similar gender differences are found in all cultures. 4) underestimates the impact of genetic predispositions on human sexual behavior.
) inhibits progressive efforts to change common social practices ) inhibits progressive efforts to change common social practices
Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of: 1) schemas. 2) norms. 3) stereotypes. 4) roles.
) norms.
Adopted children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personality traits. This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to: 1) gender differences. 2) peer influences. 3) genetic predispositions. 4) parental influences.
) parental influences.
The human genome is the complete: 1) sequence of nucleotides organized as coiled chains of DNA. 2) cascade of interactions between genetic predispositions and surrounding environments. 3) set of human sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes. 4) range of traits that contribute to reproductive success.
) set of human sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes. ) set of human sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes.
Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?
+0.60
Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?
+1.00
Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament? 1) Ruth and Ramona, identical twins 2) Philip and Paul, fraternal twins 3) Larry and Laura, brother and sister 4) Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son
1) Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
Dante is healthier than his twin brother because he developed with a better placental barrier against viruses. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on development. 1) early environment 2) temperament 3) gender schemas 4) genetic predispositions
1) early environment
Children's tendency to classify behavior and personality traits in terms of masculine and feminine categories is of most direct relevance to: 1) gender schema theory. 2) Freudian psychology. 3) behavior genetics. 4) evolutionary psychology.
1) gender schema theory.
Two individuals are most likely to share similar personality traits if they are ________ twins who were reared ________. 1) identical; together 2) fraternal; apart 3) fraternal; together 4) identical; apart
1) identical; together
In comparison to parental influence, peer influence is ________ likely to affect a child's English accent and ________ likely to affect a child's educational success. 1) more; less 2) more; more 3) less; more 4) less; less
1) more; less
Gender role refers to: 1) the set of expected behaviors for males and females. 2) how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is. 3) the sense of being homosexual or heterosexual. 4) the sense of being male or female. 5) one's biological sex.
1) the set of expected behaviors for males and females.
What are the basic steps in forming sound waves into percieved sound?
1. OUTER EAR:collecting air pressure waves 2. MIDDLE EAR: mechanical waves 3. INNER EAR: fluid waves 4. AUDITORY NERVE: electrical waves 5. THE BRAIN: percieving sound
When asked to recall the one or two most important events over the last half century, older adults tend to name events that occurred when they were between ________ years of age.
10 and 30
10. Vibrating molecules in the air are called a) light waves b) sound waves c) odor molecules d) taste sensations
10. b The outer and middle ear are designed to funnel the vibrating air molecules to the inner ear, where they are translated into an electrical signal and sent to the brain.
11. The membrane stretched over the opening to the middle ear is the a) pinna b) oval window c) tympanic membrane d) cochlea
11. c The tympanic membrane is also known as the eardrum. Sound waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, which then causes the bones of the middle ear to move back and forth.
12. Which is the correct order of the three bones of the middle ear, from the outside in? a) anvil, hammer, stirrup b) hammer, anvil, stirrup c) stirrup, anvil, hammer d) stirrup, hammer, anvil
12. b The order of the bones is hammer, anvil, stirrup which spells "has."
13. Which theory proposes that above 100 Hz but below 1000Hz, auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation? a) place theory b) volley theory c) frequency theory d) rotational theory
13. b Volley theory describes the perception of pitch for the middle frequencies (100 - 1000 Hz). Frequency theory describes the low frequencies (100 Hz and less) and place theory describes the fastest frequencies (1000 Hz and higher).
14. The _________ theory explains how we hear sounds above 1,000 Hz. a) place b) frequency c) volley d) adaptive
14. a The idea is that at very high sound frequencies, the action potential frequency can't keep up, so pitch has to be coded by the place on the basilar membrane that is activated.
15. Ringing or buzzing sensations in the ears may be a sign of: a) noise produced hearing damage b) habituation of the hair cells c) rigidity of the ossicles d) volley theory morbidity
15. a Damage to the hair cells can cause the receptors to fire action potentials even when no stimulus is present. This can cause a sensation of ringing in the ears.
16. _______________is the term used to refer to difficulties in hearing. a) Hearing impairment b) Timbre blindness c) Acoustic stiffness d) Volley involution
16. a Hearing impairments are usually divided into impairments of conduction and nerve.
17. If a severe ear infection damages the bones of the middle ear, you may develop _______ hearing impairedness. a) nerve b) stimulation c) brain pathway d) conduction
17. d Conduction hearing impairment is caused by damage to the outer or middle ear.
18. Cochlear implants bypass the: a) outer ear b) outer and middle ear c) outer, middle and inner ear d) none of the above
18. b Cochlear implants use an electronic device instead of the movements of the bones in the middle ear to convert the sound wave into a signal that is then sent to the auditory nerve in the inner ear.
19. The "bumps" on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the __________ a) olfactory receptors b) taste buds c) papillae d) taste receptors
19. c The bumps you can see with your eye are the papillae. The taste buds are located along the sides of the papillae. Each taste bud contains 10-20 taste receptors.
Cultural diversity best illustrates our: 1) gender identities. 2) adaptive capacities. 3) human temperaments. 4) gene complexes.
2) adaptive capacities.
Chromosomes are contained within: 1) brain cells. 2) all of the above. 3) sperm cells. 4) blood cells. 5) bone cells.
2) all of the above.
he personalities of adopted children: 1) are more similar to the personalities of their caregiving adoptive parents than to the personalities of their biological parents. 2) are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents. 3) are very similar to the personalities of their biologically related siblings. 4) are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive famili
2) are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents.
Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the reproduction process is more time-consuming for women than for men. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior. 1) social learning 2) evolutionary 3) Freudian 4) gender schema
2) evolutionary
Those who suggest that our choices today shape tomorrow's possibilities are emphasizing the importance of: 1) personal space. 2) human responsibility. 3) behavior genetics. 4) memes.
2) human responsibility.
Compared with Asian parents, North American parents today place ________ emphasis on obedience and ________ emphasis on family loyalty. 1) less; more 2) less; less 3) more; less 4) more; more
2) less; less
A child's temperament is likely to be: 1) difficult to observe. 2) stable over time. 3) a product of parenting style. 4) a reflection of their gender schemas.
2) stable over time
20. An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to _____________. a) olfactory bulb b) thalamus c) amygdala d) pons
20. a The olfactory system is the only system in which the receptors send their signal directly to the higher brain and bypass the filtering process of the lower brain.
21. In gate control theory, Substance P a) opens the spinal gates for pain. b) closes the spinal gates for pain. c) is unrelated to pain. d) is similar in function to endorphins.
21. d The gate-theory of pain suggests that there are a number of factors in the central and peripheral nervous system that can inhibit or allow pain signals to be transmitted to the brain.
22. Which is the best description of the vestibular senses? a) having to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain b) having to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other c) having to do with movement and body position d) having to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun
22. c The vestibular sense provides you with a sense of balance and sends your brain information about acceleration and tilt.
a human sperm cell contains
23 chromosomes
when the mother's egg and the father's sperm unite, each contributes
23 chromosomes
23. We know when we are moving up and down in an elevator because of the movement of tiny crystals in the a) outer ear b) inner ear c) otolith organs d) middle ear
23. c Although the otolith organs are located in the inner ear, choice c is a more precise answer.
24. Which might be the best explanation of motion sickness, according to your textbook? a) The conflict between vision and the vestibular organs b) Fluid circulating in the semicircular canals c) Human evolutionary history in that poisons make us dizzy, so when motion makes us dizzy we try to expel the poison d) none of these
24. c Although choice a is partially correct, the conflict between the visual and vestibular system only explains the sense of dizziness, not the sense of nausea. Probably the best explanation for that is human evolutionary theory.
25. The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size, regardless of its distance from the viewer is known as _____________ a) size constancy b) shape constancy c) brightness constancy d) color constancy
25. a Size constancy refers to the fact that our perception of the size of an object tends to remain constant.
26. Closure is _________________ a) the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on some background. b) the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete. c) the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping. d) the tendency to perceive things a with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern.
26. b Closure is one of the Gestalt principles of perception and refers to our tendency to "close" objects to form a complete picture.
27. Which Gestalt principle is at work in the old phrase, "birds of a feather flock together?" a) closure b) similarity c) expectancy d) continuity
27. b The saying is emphasizing that objects with similar characteristics ("birds of a feather") tend to be grouped together ("flock together"). This is the principle of similarity
28. Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called ______. a) monocular cues b) diocular cues c) binocular cues d) dichromatic cues
28. c The phrase "ocular" means having to do with the eyes. "Mono" refers to one and "bi" refers to two. Therefore the term binocular means seeing depth with two eyes.
29. The Műller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are a) more men than women b) more women than men c) few buildings d) buildings with lots of corners
29. d The carpentered-world theory states that the Müller-Lyer illusion does not exist in certain "primitive" cultures because they are not surrounded by straight lines and corners.
Assessing possible linkages between specific nucleotide sequences and bipolar disorder would be of greatest interest to a(n): 1) evolutionary psychologist. 2) gender schema theorist. 3) molecular geneticist. 4) social learning theorist.
3) molecular geneticist.
Personal space refers to: 1) our inner private thoughts and personally subjective feelings about ourselves. 2) areas of a home, such as a bedroom, where privacy is important. 3) the distance we like to maintain between ourselves and other people. 4) the priority we give to our own personal needs over group needs.
3) the distance we like to maintain between ourselves and other people.
Genes are to nucleotides as ________ are to ________.
3) words; letters
3. An automobile manufacturer has decided to add a little bit of horsepower to its cars. They have a device that alters horsepower one unit at a time. Suppose drivers first notice the increase on a 200 horsepower car when it reaches 220 horsepower. How much horsepower must be added to a 150 horsepower car for drivers to notice the difference? a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 25
3. c According to Weber's law, the just noticeable difference (jnd) is a constant proportion. A change from 200 to 220 represents an increase of 20 units and a jnd of 20/200 or 0.10, which is 10%. If the company starts with 150 horsepower, they will need to increase it by 10% in order for the driver to notice a difference. Ten percent of 150 is 15.
30. People's tendency to perceive things a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called a) a perceptual set b) binocular disparity c) motion parallax d) accommodation
30. a An individual's expectations or perceptual set often influence perception of objects.
31. A recent review of studies on ESP using the Ganzfeld procedure concluded that ______. a) no convincing evidence for psychic ability had emerged from any of the studies b) no convincing evidence for psychic ability had emerged from the majority of studies c) convincing evidence for psychic ability had been found in the majority of studies d) convincing evidence for psychic ability had been found in virtually all studies
31. b The majority of quality studies have found no evidence for ESP. The studies that reported positive results have been flawed.
The study of the relative power of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as: 1) evolutionary psychology. 2) human cloning. 3) molecular genetics. 4) behavior genetic
4) behavior genetics.
In attracting potential mates, women are more likely than men to advertise their own ________, and men are more likely than women to advertise their own ________. 1) sexual experience; sexual inexperience 2) athletic skills; parenting skills 3) intelligence; nurturance 4) good looks; wealth
4) good looks; wealth
On extended visits to foreign countries, you would be most likely to observe: 1) men and women equally involved in violent crime. 2) women earning approximately the same amount of money as men. 3) men and women equally involved in child care. 4) more men than women in leadership positions.
4) more men than women in leadership positions.
The home environment most clearly has a greater influence on children's ________ than on their ________. 1) temperament; political attitudes 2) gender identity; gender schemas 3) extraversion; table manners 4) religious beliefs; personality traits
4) religious beliefs; personality traits
Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human: 1) genetic mutations. 2) personality variations. 3) heritability. 4) reproductive success.
4) reproductive success.
Heritability refers to the extent to which: 1) unrelated individuals share common genes. 2) adult personality is determined by infant temperament. 3) genetic mutations can be transmitted to one's offspring. 4) trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations.
4) trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations.
4. If you stared at a picture for a long period of time, you might think the image of the picture would fade due to sensory adaptation. This would be the case except for the tiny vibrations of your eye called: a) glissades b) saccades c) habituation movements d) light wave responses
4. b Saccades are the small quick movements your eye makes in order to keep the visual stimuli changing. When our sensory receptors receive unchanging, constant stimuli, they eventually stop responding to the stimulus. This process is known as sensory adaptation.
5. Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are: a) particles and photons b) waves and frequencies c) photons and waves d) dark light and daylight
5. c Light can be thought of as a wave and as particles. Photons are the specific type of particles that light is composed of.
6. When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the a) iris. b) lens. c) pupil. d) cornea.
6. d The cornea is the outermost coating of the eye. It is transparent and serves to protect the eye and to help focus the light coming into the eye.
During the past month, Henri and Sylvia each ate 10 candy bars, while Jerry ate 8, Tricia ate 6, and Tahli ate only 1. The mean number of candy bars eaten by these individuals was
7
Mr. and Mrs. Berry have five children aged 2, 3, 7, 9, and 9. The median age of the Berry children is:
7
7. Which of the following is true about cones? a) They are more sensitive to light than rods. b) They are found mainly in the center of the eye. c) They operate mainly at night. d) They respond only to black and white
7. b Cones are the sensory receptors that respond to color and send visual information of high acuity or visual sharpness. The cones are located primarily in the center of the retina. Choices a and d more accurately describe the rods.
Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is:
8
8. The existence of afterimages in complementary colors best supports the ______ theory of color vision. a) opponent-process b) place c) vibrational d) Hering trichromatic
8. a The opponent process theory of color vision was introduced, in part, to explain the phenomenon of the afterimage
During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was:
9
9. Which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color or hue of light? a) pitch b) loudness c) purity d) timbre
9. a Pitch is determined by the length of the wave just as color is determined by the length of the wave. Both brightness and loudness are determined by the height of the wave.
202
95 percent
An integrated understanding of gender differences in ehavior in terms of gender roles, sex hormones, and individual expectations regarding gender appropriate behavior is most clearly provided by
A Biopsychosocial approach
Alicia insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of
A dis positional attribution
When male and female student research assistants at Florida State University sexually propositioned an attractive person of the opposite sex, their invitations were accepted by
A sizeable minority of men but virtually no women
The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of A) Stage 1 sleep. B) Stage 2 sleep. C) Stage 3 sleep. D) Stage 4 sleep.
A) Stage 1 sleep
Amphetamines ________ appetite and ________ self-confidence. A) decrease; increase B) increase; decrease C) increase; increase D) decrease; decrease
A) decrease; increase
Repeated use of an opiate A) decreases the brain's production of endorphins. B) increases heart and breathing rates. C) is not associated with any serious withdrawal symptoms. D) triggers auditory as well as visual hallucinations.
A) decreases the brain's production of endorphins.
At about eight months of age, people across the world start to ________ strangers; as adults, they prefer the company of those whose attributes are ________ to their own. A) fear; similar B) enjoy; different C) fear; different D) enjoy; similar
A) fear; similar
From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in the A) frontal lobes. B) hypothalamus. C) cerebellum. D) brainstem.
A) frontal lobes.
Young teens are most likely to start smoking in order to A) gain social acceptance. B) trigger the release of lymphocytes. C) reduce their mental alertness. D) reduce their blood pressure.
A) gain social acceptance.
The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are called A) genes. B) sperm. C) ova. D) neurotransmitters.
A) genes.
Research indicates that the high school girls who have the most affectionate relationships with their mothers also tend to...
A) have the most intimate relationships with girlfriends.
By decreasing REM sleep, alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory. This disruption occurs because REM sleep A) helps fix the day's experiences into permanent memories. B) triggers the release of melatonin. C) enhances metabolic and hormonal functioning. D) relaxes muscles while other body systems are active.
A) helps fix the day's experiences into permanent memories.
Carol is distressed because post-childbirth complications prevented her from being in close physical contact with her child during it's first few hours of life. Carol should be told that...
A) human infants do not have well-defined critical periods for the formation of a mother infant attachment.
THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________. A) marijuana; hallucinogen B) marijuana; stimulant C) cocaine; stimulant D) cocaine; hallucinogen
A) marijuana; hallucinogen
Under the influence of alcohol, angered people are ________ likely to be aggressive than they would otherwise be and restaurant patrons are ________ likely to tip generously than they otherwise would. A) more; more B) less; less C) more; less D) less; more
A) more; more
Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes becauses his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military s weapons Mr. Lamber's reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's _________ stage.
A) postconventional
According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to...
A) reason abstractly
Infants develop a fear of strangers at about 8 months of age because they can't assimilate unfamiliar faces into their A) schemas. B) attachments. C) theory of mind. D) self-concept.
A) schemas
When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage. A) sensorimotor B) formal operational C) concrete operational D) preoperational
A) sensorimotor
A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of...
A) social harmony
When researcher Karen Wynn showed 5-month-old infants a numerically impossible outcome, the infants A) stared longer at the outcome. B) displayed rapid imprinting. C) demonstrated an obvious lack of object permanence. D) showed signs of formal operational reasoning.
A) stared longer at the outcome.
Sleep deprivation ________ the production of body fat by ________ levels of the stress hormone cortisol. A) stimulates; increasing B) inhibits; increasing C) stimulates; decreasing D) inhibits; decreasing
A) stimulates; increasing
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) amygdala. C) thyroid gland. D) sleep spindles.
A) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably A) would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep. B) dreams during Stage 4 rather than during REM sleep. C) experiences more Stage 4 sleep than most people. D) passes through the sleep cycle much more rapidly than most people.
A) would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.
Cultural diversity best illustrates our
Adaptive capacities
Dementia is most commonly associated with
Alzheimer's disease
It has been suggested that our sensitivity to peer influence is genetically predisposed because it has facilitated the process of human mating. this suggestion best illustrates
An evolutionary perspective
Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because
Any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities
Which phil. was the first to conclude that knowledge results from our memories of our experiences?
Aristotle
The parasympathetic nervous system is a division of the ____ nervous system
Autonomic
The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the
Axon
neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the
Axon
You spend about half your night in stage __ sleep. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
B) 2
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every A) 30 minutes. B) 90 minutes. C) 2 1/2 hours. D) 4 hours.
B) 90 minutes
The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of A) alcohol. B) Ecstasy. C) morphine. D) barbiturates.
B) Ecstasy.
Psychologists who view the developmental process as a sequence of distinct stages generally believe that ___________ is (are) the same for everyone.
B) The order but not the timing of the stages.
Circadian rhythm refers to A) the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience. B) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. C) the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive transoceanic flight. D) the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep.
B) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
Depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either A) proteins or chemicals. B) active or inactive. C) identical or fraternal. D) structured or unstructured.
B) active or inactive.
Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An electroencephalograph is most likely to indicate the presence of A) delta waves. B) alpha waves. C) sleep spindles. D) rapid eye movements.
B) alpha waves
Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers? A) amphetamines B) barbiturates C) hallucinogens D) opiates
B) barbiturates
Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with A) adequate nourishment. B) body contact. C) the opportunity to explore. D) self-esteem.
B) body contact
Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of A) heroin. B) cocaine. C) LSD. D) marijuana.
B) cocaine.
Which specialty area would be most interested in identifying the cortical activation patterns associated with a person's perception of different objects? A) evolutionary psychology B) cognitive neuroscience C) behavior genetics D) behaviorism
B) cognitive neuroscience
When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by...
B) collectivism
According to Piaget, a person first comprehends that division is the reverse of multiplication during the ________ stage.
B) concrete operational
According to Piaget, a person first comprehends that division is the reverse of multiplication during the ________ stage. A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) formal operational D) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of A) object permanence. B) conservation. C) egocentrism. D) accommodation
B) conservation.
One of the dangers of using Ecstasy at all-night dances is A) increased appetite. B) dehydration. C) lethargy. D) pupil constriction.
B) dehydration
One biological basis for addiction involves deficiencies in the brain's natural ________ reward system. A) sensory B) dopamine C) motor D) melatonin
B) dopamine
When his mother offered to play leapfrog with him, Jorge protested, "I'm not going to play a girls game!" Jorge's reaction best illustrates the impact of...
B) gender schemas
Hypnosis involves a state of A) increased physical stamina. B) heightened openness to suggestion. C) improved perceptual skills. D) elevated autonomic arousal
B) heightened openness to suggestion.
Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it underestimates the...
B) impact of cultural expectations on human sexual behavior.
In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. This illustrated A) a visual perception track. B) inattentional blindness. C) priming. D) serial processing.
B) inattentional blindness
Psychoactive drugs influence neurotransmission by stimulating, mimicking, or ________ the activity of neurotransmitters. A) synthesizing B) inhibiting C) enhancing D) serially processing
B) inhibiting
The unique temperaments of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the __________ of nature and nurture.
B) interaction
The Russian psychologist Vygotsky suggested that children's ability to solve problems is enhanced by A) basic trust. B) interaction with the social environment C) conservation. D) imprinting.
B) interaction with the social environment
Difficult babies with an intense and highly reactive temperament tend to be A) intelligent and imaginative. B) irritable and unpredictable. C) fearless and assertive. D) extraverted and cheerful.
B) irritable and unpredictable.
Assessing possible links between specific chromosome segments and alcohol dependence would be of greatest interest to a(n) A) evolutionary psychologist. B) molecular geneticist. C) behaviorist. D) social learning theoris
B) molecular geneticist.
One naturalistic observation of pedestrians found that half of the people on cellphones exhibit unsafe road crossing. This illustrates the impact of A) the pop-out phenomenon. B) selective attention. C) priming. D) choice blindness.
B) selective attention
Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of A) explicit memory. B) selective attention. C) implicit memory. D) change blindness.
B) selective attention
Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of A) heritability. B) selective mating. C) gene splicing. D) hormone injections.
B) selective mating.
An African butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a temperature-controlled genetic switch. This best illustrates that genes are A) mutations. B) self-regulating. C) interactive. D) protein molecules.
B) self-regulating
A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces A) blood pressure and heart rate. B) sensitivity to pain. C) mental alertness. D) the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream.
B) sensitivity to pain
Compared with unconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively A) fast and especially effective for solving new problems. B) slow and especially effective for solving new problems. C) fast and especially effective for solving routine problems. D) slow and especially effective for solving routine problems.
B) slow and especially effective for solving new problems.
A child's temperament is likely to be...
B) stable over time
A child's temperament is likely to be...
B) stable over time.
Amphetamines are to ________ as barbiturates are to ________. A) hallucinogens; depressants B) stimulants; depressants C) hallucinogens; stimulants D) stimulants; hallucinogens
B) stimulants; depressants
Cognition refers to...
B) the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Gender identity refers to...
B) the sense of being male or female
Research on older people has shown that...
B) they become increasingly prone to car accidents.
What perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and experience to personality development?
Behavior Genetics
A researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a
Behavior geneticist
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as
Behavior genetics
Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has learned to play the piano because she consistently rewards his efforts to learn with praise and affection. Her belief is best illustrated by the ____ perspective
Behavioral
Natassia belives that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ______ perspective.
Behavioral
What perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
Behavioral
B.F. Skinner was a prominent American
Behaviorist
Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?
Biological Psychology
As members of the human family, we all share a common
Biological heritage
Dr. Tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem solving and abstract reasoning skills. Which psychological specialty does her research best represent?
Biological psychology
Dr. Weber does research on the potential relationship between sex hormones and emotional behavior. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Weber's research best represent
Biological psychology
Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?
Biopsychosocial
Julie has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to identify even her mother's face. Julie most clearly suffers a deficiency in
Bottom up processing
The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as:
Broca's area
The part of the left frontal lobe that directs muscle movement involved in speech is known as
Broca's area
the part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Broca's area
Which of the following is an example of imprinting? A) A 2-year-old poodle approaches a stranger who calls it. B) A 4-year-old boy imitates aggression he sees on television. C) A duckling demonstrates attachment to a bouncing ball. D) A 3-year-old girl is simultaneously learning two different languages
C) A duckling demonstrates attachment to a bouncing ball.
Researchers have detected unusually diffuse brain activity while people at risk for ____________ are trying to memorize words.
C) Alzheimer's disease
Many people would find it more morally repulsing to kill someone by thrusting a knife into his or her body than by shooting them from a distance. This is bes explained in terms of...
C) Haidt's intuitionist perspective.
Gender differences in heritable personality traits cannot necessarily be attributed to male-female genetic differences because...
C) Heritable traits can be influenced by social events.
Compared with middle aged adults, older adults experience...
C) Positive emotions with less intensity and negative emotions with more intensity.
At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of A) hypnagogic sensations. B) muscle tension. C) REM sleep. D) Stage 4 sleep.
C) REM sleep
François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using? A) morphine derivatives B) marijuana C) amphetamines D) barbiturates
C) amphetamines
Although identical twins have been shown to hace some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because...
C) any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities.
Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because A) the twins may have been raised in completely different environments. B) genetic factors influence physical, not psychological, characteristics. C) any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities. D) many fraternal twins have been shown to be psychologically different from each other.
C) any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities.
The personalities of adopted children A) are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive families. B) are very similar to the personalities of their biologically related siblings. C) are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents. D) are more similar to the personalities of their caregiving adoptive parents than to the personalities of their biological parents.
C) are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents.
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as A) molecular genetics. B) evolutionary psychology. C) behavior genetics. D) heritability.
C) behavior genetics.
The use of barbiturates ________ anxiety and ________ nervous system activity. A) increases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) decreases; decreases D) increases; increases
C) decreases; decreases
Lilianne is beginning to develop a fear of strangers and will reach for her mother when she sees someone who is unfamiliar. It is likely that Lilianne has also just...
C) developed a sense of object permanence
The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called A) the cocktail party effect. B) the pop-out phenomenon. C) dual processing. D) selective attention.
C) dual processing.
Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, in an aspect of our A) temperament. B) genome. C) environment. D) natural selection.
C) environment.
Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by A) fertility. B) gender. C) heredity. D) mutations.
C) heredity
Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by...
C) heredity
Unlike ducklings, children do not imprint. Their fondness for certain people, however, is fostered by A) conservation. B) egocentrism. C) mere exposure. D) infantile amnesia.
C) mere exposure.
When people with autism watch another person's hand movements, they display less ________ than most others. A) habituation B) egocentrism C) mirror neuron activity D) stranger anxiety
C) mirror neuron activity
DNA is a complex A) sex hormone. B) genome. C) molecule. D) synapse.
C) molecule
By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite. A) alcohol B) heroin C) nicotine D) ghrelin
C) nicotine
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because A) our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. B) we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. C) our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. D) it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images. C) our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
C) our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
Aggression is defined in psychology as...
C) physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for ding so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's __________ stage of morality.
C) preconventional
Chronic sleep deprivation is likely to A) promote obesity and facilitate memory. B) inhibit obesity and impair memory. C) promote obesity and impair memory. D) inhibit obesity and facilitate memory.
C) promote obesity and impair memory.
If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to A) deal with the discipline of toilet training. B) see things from the point of view of another person. C) recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape. D) retain earlier schemas when confronted by new experiences.
C) recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape
The home environment most clearly has a greater influence on children's ________ than on their ________. A) temperament; political attitudes B) extraversion; table manners C) religious beliefs; personality traits D) gender identity; gender schemas
C) religious beliefs; personality traits
Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of....
C) secure attachment
The genome is the complete A) collection of sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes. B) range of traits that contribute to reproductive success. C) set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes. D) set of interactions between genes and environments.
C) set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes.
The genome is the complete...
C) set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes.
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep are called A) alpha waves. B) circadian rhythms. C) sleep spindles. D) delta waves.
C) sleep spindles
Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ________ sleep. A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) slow-wave D) paradoxical
C) slow-wave
The labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are used to refer to differences in an infant's A) genome. B) fitness. C) temperament. D) adaptability
C) temperament.
Adolescence extends from...
C) the beginning of sexual maturity to independent adulthood.
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to A) a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking. B) young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure. C) the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view. D) the difficulty realizing that things continue to exist even when they are not visible
C) the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view
People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates A) the impact of temperament on gender identity. B) that gender schemas and social roles are complementary. C) the interaction of nature and nurture. D) the reciprocal influence of norms and roles.
C) the interaction of nature and nurture.
Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a A) secure attachment. B) sense of object permanence. C) theory of mind. D) concept of conservation.
C) theory of mind.
Heritability refers to the extent to which A) unrelated individuals share common genes. B) genetic mutations can be transmitted to one's offspring. C) trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations. D) adult personality is determined by infant temperament.
C) trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations
The inheritance of behavioral characteristics was emphasized by:
Charles Darwin
Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?
Charles Darwin
The threadlike structures that contain genes are called
Chromosomes
Working in a community heath center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a ____ psychologist
Clinical
Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
Clinical
Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?
Clinical psychology
Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.
Cognitive
Dr. Lang is interested in discovering how people process, store and use information. Her interests reflect this psychological perspective:
Cognitive
Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?
Cognitive
Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store,, and retrieve information?
Cognitive
which theory assumes that we adopt certain attitudes in order to justify our past actions
Cognitive dissonance theory
Research participants consumed either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. those who received the decaffeinated drinks were exposed to the _____ condition
Control
Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance
Convergence
An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to: 1) do all of the above. 2) fear dangerous animals. 3) seek healthy-looking mates. 4) love their own children.
Correct Answer 1) do all of the above.
A statistical measure that indicates how well one factor predicts a second factor is called a
Correlation Coefficient
If those with low self esteem are also particularly likely to suffer from depression, this would not necessarily indicated that low self esteem triggers negative emotions because
Correlation does not prove causation
Older people's capacity to learn and remember meaningless material shows greater decline than their capacity to learn and remember meaningful material. This best illustrates the value of
Crystallized intelligence
The enduring traditions ideas attitudes and behaviors shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next define their
Culture
1. The most important role of sensory receptors is to _____________. a) coordinate communications within the body. b) regulate the body's response to pain. c) control skeletal muscle contractions. d) convert an external stimulus into an electrical-chemical message the nervous system can use.
D is the correct answer. Sensory receptors are the body's "antennae" to the outside world. Each sensory receptor type is specially designed to receive a specific external signal and convert it to an electrical-chemical signal.
One variation in the autism spectrum is characterized by normal intelligence, often accompanied by exceptional skill in a particular area, but deficient social and communication skills. This disorder is called A) egocentrism. B) infantile amnesia. C) Alzheimer's disease. D) Asperger syndrome
D) Asperger syndrome
Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are much more similar in A) extraversion. B) neuroticism. C) temperament. D) all of these: extraversion, neuroticism, temperament
D) all of these: extraversion, neuroticism, temperament
After 4-month-olds habituated to an image of a cube, they stared longer when shown A) a smaller rather than a larger version of the cube. B) a larger rather than a smaller version of the cube. C) a possible rather than an impossible version of the cube. D) an impossible rather than a possible version of the cube.
D) an impossible rather than a possible version of the cube.
An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with A) the concept of conservation. B) concrete operational thought. C) infantile amnesia. D) autism.
D) autism.
Already at 15 months of age, Justin strongly senses that he can rely on his father to comfort and protect him.According to Erikson, this most clearly contributes to...
D) basic trust
While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates A) the pop-out phenomenon. B) a visual action track. C) implicit memory. D) change blindness.
D) change blindness
Alcohol consumption tends to A) decrease self-awareness and increase impulse control. B) increase self-awareness and decrease impulse control. C) increase self-awareness and increase impulse control. D) decrease self-awareness and decrease impulse control.
D) decrease self-awareness and decrease impulse control.
At 1:00 A.M., Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of A) alpha waves. B) sleep spindles. C) REM sleep. D) delta waves.
D) delta waves
An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to... A) fear dangerous animals B) love their own children C) seek healthy looking mates D) do all of these things
D) do all of these things
Four year old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of...
D) egocentrism
An organic methyl molecule attached to part of a DNA strand has been identified as a(n)...
D) epigenetic mark
Research most clearly suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by A) genes than by home environment. B) home environment than by genes. C) genes than by peers. D) home environment than by peers.
D) home environment than by peers.
Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing A) identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised apart. B) identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together. C) identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together. D) identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart.
D) identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart
Abner, a 70 year old retired teacher, feels that his life has not been any real value or significance. According to Erikson, Abner has failed to achieve a sense of...
D) integrity
Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are ________ similar in neuroticism and ________ similar in risk of divorcing. A) more; less B) less; more C) more; more D) less; less
D) less; less
Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism is indicative of an inborn A) stranger anxiety. B) resilience. C) infantile amnesia. D) male systemizing tendency.
D) male systemizing tendency.
When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger eight hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria. A) LSD B) heroin C) Amytal D) methamphetamine "speed"
D) methamphetamine "speed"
Boys who tend to be fearless and impulsive at age 6 are A) less likely to smoke and more likely to drink alcohol as teens. B) more likely to smoke and less likely to drink alcohol as teens. C) less likely to smoke and less likely to drink alcohol as teens. D) more likely to smoke and more likely to drink alcohol as teens.
D) more likely to smoke and more likely to drink alcohol as teens.
Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of...
D) natural selection
Consciousness is A) the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. B) the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. C) effortless encoding of incidental information into memory. D) our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
D) our awareness of ourselves and our environment
A behavior geneticist would be most interested in studying hereditary influences on A) skin color. B) speech patterns C) physical attractiveness. D) personality traits.
D) personality traits.
For children from impovrished environments, stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to...
D) prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons.
Research on sleep patterns indicates that A) older adults and newborns have very similar sleep patterns. B) different sleep patterns reflect differences in latent dream content. C) everyone needs a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per night to function well. D) sleep patterns may be genetically influenced.
D) sleep patterns may be genetically influenced.
Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and _______ changes throughout human life span.
D) social
At about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. This best illustrates A) assimilation. B) insecure attachment. C) egocentrism. D) stranger anxiety.
D) stranger anxiety.
Women are more likely than men to...
D) tend to befriend
The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates the _______ of nurture and nature.
D) the environment
The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates the influence of A) temperament. B) heritability. C) mutations. D) the environment.
D) the environment.
Four year old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that...
D) the hippocampus and frontal lobes are immature during early infancy.
chromosomes are composed of
DNA
211
DNA FROM THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL
Which statement best exemplifies contempt. psychology's understanding of the nature nurture issue>
Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought
Who suggested that animal spirits flow through the nerves so as to produce movements of the body?
Descartes
Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.
Developmental
Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a _________ psychologist.
Developmental
Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their ___ or to their ____
Dispositions; Situations
Introspection was the basic research oil used by in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images
Edward Titchener
Who used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind?
Edward Titchener
Who used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind?
Edward Titchner
Elmer wants to be a loving husband but at the same time he wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Elmer's ___ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires
Ego
Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the reproductive success of our female ancestors. This view point best illustrates the _____ perspective
Evolutionary
Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.
Evolutionary
mark believes that people's dislike of bitter- Tasting foods is an inherited trait because it has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ___ perspective
Evolutionary
Maria has always taken responsibility for preparing family meals because she learned that this was expected of women. Her behavior best illustrates the importance of
Gender roles
When teased by his older sister, 9 year old waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of
Gender roles
Identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the same
Gender schemas
Chromosomes are located with human
Genes
Brittla spends a lot of money on cosmetics and expensive clothing in order to attract a desirable mate. according to evolutionary psychologists, Brittla's behavior is a product of
Genetic predispositions
Twin studies suggest that a strong influence on emotional instability comes from
Genetic predispositions
According to evolutionary psychologists behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be
Genetically predisposed
Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease in influenced by
Heredity
Gender differences in heritable personality traits cannot necessarily be attributed to male female genetic differences because
Heritable traits can be influenced by social environments
Which pioneer demonstrated through research that our mental processes could be studied with the same scientific methods used in other areas of science?
Hermann von Helmholtz
Which component of the limbic system plays an essential role in the formation of new memories
Hippocampus
Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ______ in personality development
Home environments
Attribution theory was designed to account for
How people explain other's behaviors
The growth potential of healthy people was emphasized by:
Humanistic Psychology
When 2 year old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
ID
By insisting that humans are nothing but products of natures and nurture we run the greatest risk of
Individual Responsibility
A willingness to switch jobs and move from on part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of
Individualism
Innovation and creativity and religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by
Individualism
Returning personal favors to those who have shown you kindness is especially likely to be emphasized in cultures characterized by
Individualism
The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by
Individualism
Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?
Industrial/Organizational psychology
The monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as
Interposition
In a study of human visual experience, research participants are asked to carefully monitor and describe their own immediate and ongoing visual sensations. The participants are employing a research technique known as
Introspection
Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate reactions and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as:
Introspection
Wilhelm Wundt used the research method known as
Introspection
Difficult babies with an intense and highly reactive temperament tend to me
Irritable and unpredictable
Which of the following is true of adolescence in contemporary industrialized societies, as compared to previous centuries?
It begins earlier in life and ends later in life.
Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"?
John B. Watson
Which phil. is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a blank slate?
John Locke
The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by
John Locke and Francis Bacon
Which of the following innovations differentiated Wilhelm Wundt's research the most from any psychologist before him?
Lab research
Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of:
Learning
What is the rapid sequence of events that occurs when you see and recognize someone you know?
Light waves reflect off the person and travel into your eye, where the rods and cones convert the light waves' energy into neural impulses sent to your brain. Your brain then processes the subdimensions of this visual input-including color, depth, movement, and form-separtely but simultaneously, and integrates this information(along with previously stored information) into a conscious perception of the person you know.
Blank slate is to innate ideas as ______ is to ______.
Locke;Socrates
Which technique involves the use of magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of the brain's soft tissue
MRI
the best way to detect enlarged fluid filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a
MRI
the best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schoziphrenia is to use
MRI
what is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan?
MRI scans measure glucose levels in the brain, fMRI scans measure oxygen levels
Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Ass.?
Mary Calkins
Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Calkins
Piaget is to cognitive development as Erikson is to ____ development
Moral
The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated with in the larger framework of:
Multiple Levels of Analysis
A random error in gene replication is known as
Mutation
If a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations, this best illustrates
Natural Selection
The survival of organism best suited to a particular environment is known as:
Natural Selection
Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of
Natural selection
If a genetic predisposition to fear darkness contributes to reproductive success, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. this best illustrates
Natural selection
The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a specific ecological niche is known as
Natural selection
Angie wonders whether her calm and relaxed personality style was learned or inherited. Angie's concern is most directly relevant to the issue of
Nature Vs. Nurture
Because Marla is the first girl in her 4th grade class to sexually mature, she is sometimes teased and rejected by her classmates. Marla's sense of isolation and embarrassment result from the interaction of
Nature and nurture
Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate of the issue of:
Nature vs. Nurture
A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's
Neural connections
Professor Evans believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal blood chemistry. Professor Evans favors a ____ perspective on depression
Neuroscience
Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.
Neuroscience
What perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
Neuroscience
Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory
Neuroscience
The practice of covering your mouth when you cough best illustrates the impact of
Norms
Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of
Norms
Studies indicate that ________ prefer more personal space than do ________. 1) North Americans; Latin Americans 2) the French; the British 3) Arabs; Scandinavians 4) women; men
North Americans; Latin Americans
Color constancy refers to the fact that
Objects are perceived to be the same color even if the light they reflect changes
John Watson rejected structuralism and stated that psychology should study:
Observable behaviors
One night after he heard his parents arguing. 4 year old Wei had a vived dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten from a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects
Oedipus complex
the concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a
PET Scan
The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the special usefulness of an
PET scan
the concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefullness of a
PET scan
According to Piaget schemas are
People's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
We have a tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of _____ and to explain our own behavior in terms of _____
Personality traits; situational constraints
Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?
Piaget
The egocentrism of preschoolers was most strongly emphasized by:
Piaget's cognitive development theory.
Adoptive parents are most likely to influence _______ of their adopted child
Political attitudes
With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which
Positively charged atoms are pumped back outside the neural membrane
According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the _____ stage
Preoperational
Accommodation refers to
Process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus images on the retina
The specialist most likely to have a medical degrees is a(n)
Psychiatrist
The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n):
Psychiatrist.
A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a ____ perspective
Psycho dynamic
A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective.
Psychodynamic
To say that "psychology is a science" means that:
Psychologists approach the study of thoughts and actions with careful observation and rigorous analysis.
The function of dendrites is to
Receive incoming information from other neurons
according to evolutionary psychologists out predisposition to overconsume fatty junk foods illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in way that promote the _____ of our ancestors
Reproductive success
Phillip Zimbardo devised a stimulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners and guards. This experiment best illustrates the impact of
Role playing on attitudes
Francis Bacon highlighted the failings of the human mind and the value of:
Scientific method
In order to evaluate various theories of human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on the process of
Scientific observation
In order to evaluate various theories of human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on the process of:
Scientific observation
Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. this best illustrates
Selection effect
Our inability to consciously perceive all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of
Selective attention
Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of
Selective mating
An African butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a temperature controlled genetic switch. this best illustrates that genes are
Self regulating
What is the rough distinction between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the bottom-up process by which the physical sensory system recieves and represents stimuli. Perception is the top-down mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory input. But in our everyday experiences, sensation and perception are different aspects of one continuous process.
Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
What is true of physical development in adult life
Sensory ability and reaction time reach their peak by the mid twenties
Empiricism is the view that knowledge originates from:
Sensory experience
John Locke emphasized that human knowledge is a product of:
Sensory experience
Perception is the process by which
Sensory input is selected, organized and interpreted
The thalamus serves as a
Sensory switchboard
Although college textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of
Shape constancy
Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. Vanna is least likely to steal the merchandise if....
She is highly aware of her negative feelings about shoplifting
As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the horse will appear to grow larger. This illustrates the phenomenon of
Size constancy
Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
Social
Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encouraged among various ethnic communities?
Social Cultural
Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcoholism among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalistic religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a ___ perspective
Social- cultural
Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcoholism among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalistic religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.
Social-Cultural
Retinal disparity refers to the
Somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object
The myelin sheath helps to increase the _____ of neural impulses
Speed
The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of:
Structuralism
When Mr. Valdez thought his 1 year old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heart beat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his_____ nervous system
Sympathetic
Gestalt psychologists emphasized that
The whole is more than the sum of its parts
After living together for a year, Sylvia and Yefim have decided to marry. Research on premarital cohabitation most strongly suggests that
Their marriage will have a higher than average probability of ending in divorce
The age at which people are expected to leave home, get a job, and marry has changed dramatically. Developmentalists would say that the ____ has been altered
Time clock
Patient's negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedures can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of
Top down processing
The local fire department sounds the 12;00 whistle. The process by which you rears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of
Transduction
The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called
Transduction
When there is a conflict between bits of information received by two or more senses, which sense tends to dominate the others
Vision
How does our system for sensing smell differ from our sensory systems for vision, touch, and taste?
We have three types of color receptors, four basic touch senses, and five taste sensations. But we have no basic smell receptors. Instead, 1000 odor receptors, individually and in combination, recognize some 10,000 discernible odors.
Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:
Weber's law
The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to the perceived is known as
Weber's law
The blind spot is located in the area of the retina
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye
The first person psychological laboratory was established by:
Wilhelm Wundt
Charles Darwin believed that behaviors, such as the emotional expressions associated with human rage, could be explained by natural selection. Which early psychologist would be most likely to agree with Darwin's assessment?
William James
The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by
William James
Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for emerging discipline of psychology?
William James
An example of a primary sex characteristic is
Woman's ovaries
An object as it appears in the world as a visual stimulus is referred to as the (A) distal simulation (B) proximal stimulus (C) figure (D) ground (E) retinal image
a
Assume you would like to look at the stars tonight. Since it is dark, you should try to use which cells in the eye to get a good look? (A) rods (B) cones (C) retina (D) fovea (E) periphery
a
Frequency theory relates to the (A) rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates (B) number of fibers in the auditory nerve (C) point at which the basilar membrane exhibits the most vibration (D) decibel level of a sound (E) number of hair cells in each cochlea
a
John complains that when he gets out of bed that he feels dizzy. He also says his ears hurt. Why is John commenting that his ears hurt? (A) The inner ear, specifically the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs, provide information for the vestibular sense, which monitors balance (B) The inner ear, specifically the hammer, anvil and stirrup, provide information for the vestibular sense, which monitors balance (C) The middle ear, specifically the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs, provide information to the vestibular sense, which monitors balance (D) The outer ear, specifically the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs, provide information to the kinesthetic sense, which monitors balance (E) The middle ear, specifically the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs, provide information to the kinesthetic sense, which monitors balance
a
Sensation refers to the (A) detection of stimulus energy from the environment (B) conversion of stimulus energy into neural code (C) organization and interpretation of stimulus energy (D) adaptation to an unchanging stimulus, resulting in diminished sensitivity (E) relaying of information that occurs in the brain
a
The _____________ is the first structure involved in focusing the photons of light. (A) cornea (B) lens (C) retina (D) sclera (E) vitreous humor
a
The part of the brain responsible for coding auditory information is the (A) temporal lobe (B) occipital lobe (C) somatosensory cortex (D) frontal lobe (E) hypothalamus
a
The two monocular depth cues that are most responsible for our ability to know that a jet flying high overhead is at an elevation of several miles are relative size and (A) relative motion (B) retinal disparity (C) interposition (D) light and shadow (E) linear perspective
a
When food supplies may be unsafe, which of the following would have an adaptive advantage over most other people? I. supertasters II. average tasters III. nontasters (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and III only (E) I, II, III
a
Retinal Disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity(difference) betwenn the two images, the closer the object
Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciated the complexity of Janna difficulties requires
a biopsychosocial approach
social
a collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of what kind of harmony?
Cochlear Implant
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
Sierra, a 28-year-old heroin addict, is pregnant. Her baby will be born:
a heroin addict
a synapse is
a junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron
Visual Cliff
a labortory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following?
a larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips
When informed that a brief imperceptible message would be flashed repeatedly during a popular TV program, many viewers reported feeling strangely hungry or thirsty during the show. Since the imperceptible message had nothing to do with hunger or thirst, viewers' strange reactions best illustrate:
a placebo effect
Iris
a ring of muscles tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
gene
a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein
Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. This best illustrates:
a selection effect
If a neurosurgeon directly stimulated parts of your sensory cortex, what would you experience
a sense of being touched
Gender role refers to:
a set of expected behaviors for males and females
gender role
a set of expected behaviors for males and females
Psychologists David Premack and Guy Woodruff described chimpanzees' seeming ability to read the intentions of other chimps as indicative of:
a theory of mind.
Signal Detection Theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a fainty stimulus(signal) ami background stimulation(noise). assumes there is no single absolute thershold and that detect depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, an alertness
In order to qualify for the office manager's job, 55-year-old Mariel's must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of _____ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old.
abstract reasoning
Adjusting current schemas to make sense of new information is called:
accommodation
In recognizing the inaccuracies of one's own ethnic stereotypes and revising his or her beliefs, an individual most clearly illustrates the process of:
accommodation
Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of:
accommodation
Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of:
accommodation.
does not really exist at any age or under any situation
according to behaviorist, free will...
Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's:
accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron
action potential
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the
action potential
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the:
action potential
a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a nueron is called the
action potential
the depolarization of a neural membrane can create a
action potential
the depolarization of a neural membrane creates a
action potential
the movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a
action potential
the movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron produces a
action potential
studies of role playing most directly highlight the effects of
actions on attitudes
depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either
active or inactive
While reading her AP Psychology textbook, Sara scans the section headings, noticing how the units are organized, and forms questions to answer while reading. According to the get, her strategy best reflects
active processes of the material
the diversity of human traits is enabled by our shared
adaptive capacity
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to:
adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.
Which phase of development extends from the beginning of sexual maturity to independent childhood
adolescence
political attitudes
adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ____________ of their adopted children
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the:
adrenal glands
epinephrine and nor epinephrine are released by the
adrenal glands
epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the
adrenal glands
The stability of personality traits is greater among:
adults than among children.
According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves:
affirmation of self-defined ethical principles.
increasing the intensity of a stimulus above the threshold will similarly increase the intensity of a neural response to that stimulus. this highlights the nature of the
all or none response
to demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscienticst should electrically stimulate the rat's
amygdala
which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as rage and fear
amygdala
Victor explains that his brother's aggressive behavior results from his brother's insecurities. Victor's explanation of his brother's behavior is an example of
an attribution
Phi Phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
emotional excitability
an infant's temperament refers most directly to its....
The phenomenon of color constancy best demonstrates that:
an object's perceived color is influenced by its surrounding objects.
Gestalt
an organized whole. his psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
ka, seven
ancient Egyptians believed that inside each person was an even smaller person called __, the line of reasoning was used up to ___ number ___
a person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. drugs used to treat this disorder prevent the action of dopamine by keeing it from binding to its receptors. these drugs are
antagonists
molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and block that neurotransmitter's effects are called what?
antagonists
Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because: 1) genetic factors influence physical, not psychological, characteristics. 2) the twins may have been raised in completely different environments. 3) any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities. 4) many fraternal twins have been shown to be psychologically different from each other.
any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities.
someone who has difficulty speaking after a a stroke is suffering from which of the following
aphasia
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are attracted to women with peak fertility
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are genetically predisposed
An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foods:
are genetically predisposed
Human sperm cells ________ than egg cells.
are smaller
The mean of a distribution of scores is the
arithmetic average of all scores
relative motion
as we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move
Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ____ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ____
assimilation, Accommodation
The cortical regions that are not primarily concerned with sensory or motor functions are known as
association areas
The process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the:
association areas
it is most likely that mr. santore suffered damage to his
association areas
the cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as
association areas
the most extensive region of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the
association areas
the process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the
association areas
An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of:
assuming that correlation provides causation
Compared to 40 years ago, American men today are marrying:
at an older age and American women are marrying at an older age.
Dr. Ensing studies the reactions of very young children who are briefly separated from their mothers while in an unfamiliar setting. It is most likely that Dr. Ensing is conducting research on:
attachment
Foster care that moves a young child through a series of foster families is most likely to result in the disruption of:
attachment
Young children typically try to stay very close to their parents when they are in an unfamiliar setting. This best illustrates the adaptive value of:
attachment
At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are:
authoritative.
The parasympathetic nervous system is a division of the _____ nervous system
autonomic
The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to the other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the
axon
Which part of the neuron is often encased by a myelin sheath
axon
the part of a nueron that transmits nueral messages to other nuerons or to muscles and glands is called the
axon
A cue used to understand distance is (A) pragnanz (B) linear perspective (C) Ponzo illusion (D) Good continuation (E) Proximity
b
According to the Gestalt principle of proximity (A) objects that display the same features are grouped together (B) objects that are close together are interpreted as belonging together (C) monocular cues allow the size of an object to remain constant (D) binocular cues allow the color of an object to remain constant (E) objects that are farther away look as if they are moving more slowly than do closer objects
b
Armando was tearing up old papers when he realized that he had accidentally torn up the homework that was due the next day. Because Armando knew what his homework was he was able to put the pieces back together with relative ease. Armando used which organizational strategy to reconstruct his homework? (A) Bottom-up processing (B) Top-down processing (C) Similarity processing (D) Perceptual blindness (E) The cocktail-party effect
b
Receptors for kinesthesis are located in the (A) retina (B) joints (C) semicircular canals (D) olfactory epithelium (E) taste buds
b
The ______________ carry information from the rods and cones back out to the ganglion cells and then out the brain. (A) Amacrine cells (B) Bipolar cells (C) Optic nerve (D) Occipital lobe (E) Temporal lobe
b
The four basic gustatory sensations that most animals possess are (A) bitter, salty, tangy, sour (B) salty, sweet, bitter, sour (C) smooth, grainy, cold, hot (D) grain, fruit, meat, vegetable (E) salty, sharp, sour, bitter
b
The part of the ear responsible for translating information into neural impulses is the (A) pinna (B) cochlea (C) semicircular canals (D) tympanic membrane (E) incus
b
The part of the eye responsible for opening and closing to allow in more or less light is the (A) sclera (B) pupil (C) lens (D) retina (E) cornea
b
The receptor cells that make the transduction for the auditory system are called the (A) basilar membrane (B) hair cells (C) cochlea (D) semicircular canals (E) stapes
b
When physical energy is transformed into neural impulses, it is referred to as (A) reception. (B) transduction. (C) perception. (D) sensation. (E) induction.
b
Which of the following is most likely to influence our memory in a painful event? (A) The overall length of the event (B) The intensity of pain at the end of the event (C) The reason for the pain (D) The amount of rest you've had in the 24 hours preceding the event (E) The specific part of the body that experiences the pain
b
Which of the following phrases describes top-down processing? (A). the entry level data captured by our various sensory systems (B). the effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception (C). our tendency to scan a visual field from top to bottom (D). our inclination to follow a predetermined set of steps, beginning with step 1, to process sound (E). the fact that information is processed by the higher regions of the brain before it reaches lower brain
b
Which sense is least involved in enabling you to maintain your balance when you stand on one foot? (A) kinesthesis (B) olfaction (C) vision (D) vestibular sense (E) somatosensation
b
assessing the relative effects of nature on nurture on individual differences in personality wold be of most direct interest to
behavior geneticists
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as:
behavior genetics
Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?
behavior genetics
Which perspective is most directly concerned with understanding the relative impact of heredity and experience on personality development
behavior genetics
the study of a relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as
behavior genetics
cognitive approach
behavior is a product of internal thought processes
psychoanalytic approach
behavior is controlled by impulses below the surface of consciousness
sociocultural approach
behavior strongly influenced by rules and expectations of specific social groups
Mrs. Thompson believes that her son as become an excellent student bc she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning effort. Her belief best illustrates a perspective
behavioral
Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective.
behavioral
Natassia believes the boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia''s belief most directly exemplifies the perspective
behavioral
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses
behavioral
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
behavioral
contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of:
behavioral and mental processes
Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states
biological
Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory
biological
Maturation refers to
biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience
Maturation refers to:
biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent
biological psychology
Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?
biological psychology
Dr. T iao conducts basic research on the effects of head inures on people's proble-solving and abstract-reasonign skills. Which psychological specialty does her recency best represent?
biological psychology
In a class lecture, Prof Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a perspective on psychological disorders
biologival
Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?
biologival psychology
Depression is an illness that may berated to chemical imbalances int eh brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills, Such an integrated explanation best illustrates the
biopsycholosocial approach
Prof Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on homosexual behavior. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the approach
biopsychosocial
Prof reed attempts to asses the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the approach
biopsychosocial
Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and experience to personality development?
biopsychosocial
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bitter tastes can be an indication of food toxic toward a developing baby, so this preference developed through natural selection
The concept of maturation is most relevant to understanding the absence of:
bladder control among 2-year-olds.
Ms. Shields, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book on the coffee table in front of her. Yet, when urged to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book cover. Her response best illustrates:
blindsight
The biological perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by
blood chemistry
while mapping the motor cortex, researchers Foerster and Penfield found that
body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest amount of cortical space
if a blind person uses one finger to read braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as a sense of touch invades the visual cortex. this is an example of
brain plasticity
the reticular formation is located in the
brainstem
we are usually least consciously aware of the processes and functions of which brain structure
brainstem
The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is:
brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex
the medulla is to the control of ___ as the cerebellum is to the control of
breathing; walking
Devin understands that when a door is opening it does not lose its original shape. This is known as (A) perceptual ability (B) inattentional blindness (C) constancy (D) proximity (E) closure
c
Mechanical energy of vibrations is transduced to the electrochemical energy of neural impulses at the (A) retina (B) lens (C) cochlea (D) olfactory mucosa (E) taste buds
c
Of the following, which is not a basic taste? (A) sweet (B) salty (C) peppery (D) bitter (E) sour
c
Signal detection theory is most closely associated with (A) vision (B) sensory adaptation (C) absolute threshold (D) hearing (E) context effects
c
The Gestalt concept of perceptual continuity refers to (A) our tendency to see objects near to each other as belonging to the same group (B) our tendency to see objects that are closer to us as larger than objects that are farther away (C) our tendency to see fluid or complete forms rather than irregular or incomplete forms (D) our tendency to see similar-looking objects as part of the same group (E) our tendency to see two slightly different images from each of our eyes
c
The Gestalt psychologists were interested in (A) depth perception and how it allows us to survive in the world (B) why we see an object near us as closer rather than larger (C) how an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces (D) what the smallest units of perception are (E) the similarities between shape constancy and size constancy
c
The amount of a stimulus required to determine that a stimulus has changed just a little bit is called the (A) difference threshold (B) absolute threshold (C) just noticeable difference (D) just noticeable threshold (E) taste aversion
c
The cells responsible for coding for color in the eye are the (A) rods (B) iris (C) cones (D) retina (E) fovea
c
The structure of the eye that changes shape to accommodate the closeness or distance of an object is the (A) cornea (B) retina (C) lens (D) sclera (E) iris
c
When Sue first went outside she found the cold unbearable. She complained how cold it was, but after a while the temperature did not seem to bother her. Which sensational process allowed Sue to tolerate the cold? (A) transduction (B) selective attention (C) sensory adaptation (D) accommodation (E) perceptual set
c
Which of the following represents perceptual constancy? (A) We recognize the taste of McDonald's food each time we eat it. (B) In the photos with people, the people almost always are perceived as figure and everything else as ground. (C) We know that the brightness of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight to shadow. (D) From the time they are very young, most people can recognize the smell of a dentist's office. (E) The cold water in a lake doesn't seem so cold after you have been swimming in it for a few minutes.
c
Identical twins with similar values and preferences are not very strongly attracted to one another's fiancés. This fact has been used to suggest that romantic attraction is influenced by:
chance encounters.
the benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in
children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed
the threadlike structures that contain genes are called
chromosomes
which professional specialty focuses not he diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders>
clinical psychology
Dr. Valeigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve math problems. He is most likely a(n) psychologist
cognitive
Piaget is best known for his interest in the process of ________ development.
cognitive
The study of human problem- solving strategies is most likely to be a central focus of the ____ perspective
cognitive
Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?
cognitive
Which perspective is most concerned with the unique ways in which individuals interpret their own life experiences?
cognitive
what is the interdisciplinary study of how brain activity is linked with our mental processes called
cognitive neuroscience
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cognitive theory can help people change unwanted personality traits
Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of:
confusing correlation with causation
Evidence that easy, relaxed infants develop secure attachments more readily than difficult, emotionally intense babies would illustrate the importance of:
conservation.
Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of:
continuity or stages.
The perception of the letter "t" as two intersecting lines rather than as four nonintersecting lines illustrates the principle of:
continuity.
Even though smoking marijuana would reduce the pain associated with her chronic medical condition, Juanita believes it would be morally wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Kohlberg would suggest that Juanita demonstrates a(n) _______ morality.
conventional
the ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ___ has been cut
corpus callosum
If those who watch a lot of TV violence are also particularly likely to behave aggressively, this would NOT necessarily that watching TV violence influence aggressive behavior because
correlation does not prove causation
When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying:
critical thinking
Evolutionary psychologists refer to memes as self-replicating: 1) neural connections. 2) gender schemas. 3) cultural mutations. 4) natural mutations.
cultural mutations.
The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of
culture
In the signal detection theory, when a participant responds that a stimulus was present and it was, the response is called a (A) Correct rejection (B) ROC curves (C) Miss (D) Hit (E) False positive
d
Neural impulses go directly to the cortex without passing through the thalamus from receptors in the (A) retina (B) joints (C) cochlea (D) olfactory epithelium (E) taste buds
d
Of the following, which bend incoming light rays to focus an image on the retina? I. cornea II. iris III. lens (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and III only (E) I, II, III
d
Study subjects were placed in a darkened room and told to focus on a single stationary point of light on the wall. After a few minutes subjects reported that the point of light was moving. This apparent movement is known as (A) phi phenomenon (B) the Gestalt law of proximity (C) stroboscopic motion (D) the autokinetic effect (E) perceptual constancy
d
The hammer, anvil, and stirrup (A) process only high frequency sounds (B) process only low frequency sounds (C) make up a frame that supports the eardrum (D) transmit sound waves to the cochlea (E) hold the hair cells that enable hearing
d
The height of a sound wave determines the (A) pitch (B) frequency (C) timbre (D) loudness (E) transduction
d
The part of the brain responsible for coding visual information is the (A) temporal lobe (B) somatosensory cortex (C) hypothalamus (D) occipital lobe (E) frontal lobe
d
_________ are the receptor cells for audition and _________ are the receptor cells for vision. (A) olfactory cells; rods and cones (B) taste buds; rods and cones (C) rods and cones; hair cells (D) hair cells; rods and cones (E) proprioceptors; rods and cones
d
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal within a single neuron travels from the
dendrites to the cell body to the axon
in transmitting sensory info to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ---------- of a single nueron
dendrites to the cell body to the axon
set up the first psych lab at the university of leipzig in Germany, thought of introspection, study structure of human consciousness which became known as structuralism
describe Wundt
student of plato, argued the mind and body are related and act as one unit one that could not exist without the other
describe aristotle
says we learn by watching and imitating models
describe bandura
proposed the mind and body interact- each influence the other but neither controls the other, believed he could read other personalities by feeling the bumps on their heads
describe descartes
developed psychoanalysis, free association, and dream analysis, unconscious desires
describe freud
called the father of medicine believed the body contains four vital fluids known as humors
describe hippocrates
believed that studying the structure of the mind was far less important then the studying of how the mind works, how the mind function in helping us adapt to our surroundings, functionalism, wrote the first psychology textbook
describe james
believe the mind and body are two distinct elements with the mind having the life of its own both before birth and after death
describe plato
revised and expanded watsons theories in a number of books and articles, one of the most popular behaviorist today
describe skinner
Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist.
developmental
Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.
developmental
Dr. Stantiello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that he is a(n) psychologist
developmental
Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of:
difference thresholds
Lewis is a 70-year-old retired college professor. In contrast to when he was 30, he now probably:
does not hear as well.
animal research has revealed a general reward system that triggers the release of the
dopamine
schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter
dopamine
the tremors of parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter
dopamine
The part of the eye responsible for receiving photons of the light then translating them into neural messages is the (A) sclera (B) lens (C) cornea (D) pupil (E) retina
e
The structure that contains the main receptor cells in the auditory system is the (A) semicircular canals (B) tympanic membrane (C) pinna (D) malleaus (E) cochlea
e
The theory that best accounts for the experience of pain is (A) the opponent-process theory (B) Weber's law (C) The trichromatic theory (D) The direct perception theory (E) The gate-control theory
e
Which of the following is not a Gestalt grouping principle? (A) proximity (B) similarity (C) closure (D) continuity (E) figure-ground
e
Your tendency to see the words "went" and "ties," rather than the word "twenties" when you look at T WENT TIES is best explained by the organizing principle of (A) bottom-up processing (B) closure (C) continuity (D) figure-ground (E) proximity
e
Although Mr. Tong was obviously busy reading an absorbing novel, his 5-year-old daughter kept interrupting him with comments and questions about the TV cartoons she was watching. Before Mr. Tong becomes irritated with his daughter for being inconsiderate, he should be alerted to Piaget's concept of:
egocentrism
the ovaries on females and the testes in males are part of the
endocrine system
jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. his lack of pain is most likely cause by the release of
endorphins
opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sights as
endorphins
opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as
endorphins
Marriage bonds are especially likely to endure when members of a couple:
engage in more positive than negative interactions with each other
Marriage bonds are especially likely to endure when members of a couple:
engage in more positive than negative interactions with each other.
Mr. Christian has designed a camera with buttons that are easy to reach and see. He is most likely
engaged in applied research
If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ________ into your bloodstream.
epinephrine
if a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ___ into your bloodstream.
epinephrine
Menopause is associated with a reduction in:
estrogen
Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect
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evolutionary
Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods bc this has enhance human survival. His belief best illustrates the perspective
evolutionary
Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.
evolutionary
Prof Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the perspective
evolutionary
Professor Archibald suggests that men are more likely than women to initiate casual sex because this has historically served to be a more successful reproductive strategy for men than for women. The professor's suggestion best illustrates a(n) ________ theory.
evolutionary
Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.
evolutionary
Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?
evolutionary
Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?
evolutionary
which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?
evolutionary
reproductive success
evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted what?
biopsychosocial
examining behavior in terms of physical changes that take place in the body
Change Blindness
failing to notice changes in the enviroment
Psychological differences between the genders are:
far outweigh the gender similarities
as the levels of hormone rise, they shut down the release of GnRH and the ganodotrophins. this example illustrates the
feedback systems connecting the brain and endocrine systems.
Primary sex characteristics are to ________ as secondary sex characteristics are to ________.
female ovaries; deepened male voice
The leading cause of metal retardation ____, may result in babies whose mothers drank alcohol heavily during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome
Broca's area is located in the left ____ lobes
frontal
The motor cortex is located in the ___ lobes
frontal
Beginning at the front of the brain and working backwards then down and around, which of the following is the correct order of the cortical regions
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
One argument against the death penalty for 16- and 17-year-olds is that maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation of the ________.
frontal lobe; limbic system
gages case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior?
frontal lobes
From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in the:
frontal lobes.
William James was a prominent
functionalist
What is the pathway from the eyes to the visual cortex?
ganglion axons forming the optic nerve run to the thalamus, where they synapse with neurons that run to the visual cortex
Visual information is processed by:
ganglion cells before it is processed by feature detectors.
A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a: 1) neurotransmitter. 2) hormone. 3) gene. 4) gender schema. 5) chromosome.
gene.
Marie feels socially useful in her career as a financial investment advisor. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Marie experiences a sense of:
generativity.
Research on left-handedness suggests that:
genes or prenatal factors play a role in handedness.
research on the left handedness suggests that
genes or prenatal factors plays a role in handedness
research most clearly suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by
genes than by home environment
193
genes than by the home environment
put the following terms in order, from smallest to largest
genes, dna, chromosome
research on left handedness suggests that
genesor prenatal factors play a role in handedness
232
genetic predispositions
According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be: 1) ecologically disruptive. 2) socially prohibited. 3) disease-producing. 4) genetically predisposed.
genetically predisposed.
the complete set of genetic instructions in an organism's chromosomes is called the
genome
The _______ approach, developed by Max Wertheimer, emphasizes the study of the human experience as a whole rather than the sum of its parts.
gestalt
Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes toward casual sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women.
greater reproductive potential
evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes toward casual sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women. 1) a weaker sense of empathy 2) larger bodies 3) greater reproductive potential 4) stronger gender identity
greater reproductive potential
According to the opponentprocess theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to:
green light are inhibited by exposure to red light.
Killing one person in order to save five by throwing a switch that diverts a runaway trolley is judged as more morally acceptable than killing one person in order to save five by pushing a stranger directly into the path of the oncoming trolley. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect:
gut-level intuitions
Authoritative parents are likely to have children who:
have high self-esteem and are self-reliant.
Conduction Hearing Loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves the cochlea
Those who suggest that our choices today shape tomorrow's possibilities are emphasizing the importance of: 1) memes. 2) personal space. 3) human responsibility. 4) behavior genetics.
human responsibility.
The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the:
hypothalamus
the secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the
hypothalamus
which brain region influences the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
placenta
identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the same...
Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing ________ with ________.
identical twins raised together; identical twins raised apart
A split brain patient has a picture of a knife flashed to her left hemisphere and that of a fork to her right hemisphere. she will be able to
identify the fork using her left hand
According to Erikson, committing oneself to meaningful social roles would be most indicative of the achievement of:
identity
According to Erikson, isolation is to intimacy as role confusion is to:
identity
Sixteen-year-old Brenda questions her parents' values but does not fully accept her friends' standards either. Her confusion about what she really wants and values in life suggests that Brenda is struggling with the problem of:
identity.
interposition
if one object particularly blocks our view of another, we percieve it as closer
relative size
if we assume two objects are similar in size, most people percieve the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away
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impact of cultural expectations on human sexual behavior
Lambs raised in the barn where the cattle are kept tend to stay near the cattle when subsequently placed in open pasture. This best illustrates a process known as:
imprinting
The process by which certain birds form attachments during a critical period very early in life is called:
imprinting
love
in comparison to 40 years ago, American women today are more likely to marry for...
Frequency Theory
in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tine, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
Place Theory
in hearing, the theroy that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
twin studies
in order to estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of what?
In a psychological experiment, researches are interested in studying the potential effects of the ____ variable
independent
In a psychological experiment, the factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ____ variable
independent
A postconventional level of morality is most likely to be found in cultures that value:
individual
Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of:
individualism
Dr. Lipka is involved in a n applied research study of customer satisfaction with a newly developed line of facial cosmetics and other beauty aids. She i most likely a(n) psychologist
industrial-organizational
According to Erikson, trust is to ________ as identity is to ________.
infancy; adolescence
By affirming that excess bile can make one irritable, Augustine acknowledged that the mind is:
influenced by the body
Top-Down Processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experinece and expectations
Most 20-year-olds outperform most 70-year-olds on video games due to age-related differences in:
information-processing speed.
Conformity resulting from the acceptance of other's opinions about reality is said to be a response to
informational social influence
Accepting other's opinions about reality is to ___ as the desire to gain approval is to ____
informative social influence; normative social influence
an all-or-none response pattern is a characteristic of the
initiation of neural impulses
an all or none response pattern is a characteristic of the
initiation of nueral impulses
individualism
innovation and creativity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by....
A mother who is slow in responding to her infant's cries of distress is most likely to encourage:
insecure attachment
At 12 months of age Jeremy shows no more desire to be held by his own parents than by complete strangers. His behavior best illustrates:
insecure attachment
At 16 months of age, Edmund is uncertain whether his busy parents will take time to feed him when he is hungry. This is most indicative of:
insecure attachment
instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located at the pediatricians waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of
insecure attachment
Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of:
insecure attachment.
Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of:
insecure attachment.
Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of:
insecure attachment.
When placed in strange situations without their artificial mothers, the Harlows' infant monkeys demonstrated signs of:
insecure attachment.
Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via
inter neurons
The unique temperaments of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the ________ of nature and nurture.
interaction
neural networks refer to
interconnected clusters of neurons in the central nervous system.
nueral networks refer to
interconnected clusters of nuerons in the central nervous system
which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord?
interneurons
information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via
internuerons
the peripheral nervous system is to sensory nuerons as the central nervous system is to
internuerons
Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for:
intimacy.
Behaviorists dismissed the value of
introspection
Contemporary psychologists are most likely to reject which of the following as appropriate for the study of psychology?
introspection
In Wilhelm Wundt's experiments, participants were asked to press a key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving a sound. By asking part. to examine and report their conscious experience, Wundt was making use of which of the following?
introspection
Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as
introspection
Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate reactions and feelings in response to diff musical sounds are using the method known as
introspection
Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate reactions and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as:
introspection
The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called
introspection
looking into oneself and reporting sensations and emotions
introspection refers to the process of..
a selection effect
kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. this best illustrates...
Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to:
lapse into a coma
severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to
lapse into a coma
based on broca's early work, which of the following brain region is involved in speech production?
left frontal lobe
someone trying to add a long series of three digit numbers is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure?
left hemisphere
if primed with the flashed word (foot) the ___ will be especially quick to recognize the word heel. if primed with foot, cry, glass the ____ will be especially quick to recognize the word cut
left hemisphere; right hemisphere
surgical destruction of brain tissue is called
lesion
surgical destruction of the brain tissue is called a
lesion
Compared to identical twins, fraternal twins are:
less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion
compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are
less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion
Compared with men, women are ________ likely to agree to go to bed with a stranger and ________ likely to perceive simple friendliness as a sexual come-on. 1) less; more 2) more; more 3) more; less 4) less; less
less; less
There is very little relationship between the age of an adult and his or her:
level of life satisfaction
addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in the
limbic system
the neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the
limbic system
A theoretic perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective is
limited in its scope
The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as:
linear perspective
The apparent narrowing of a river as it flows directly away from you into the distance best illustrates the depth cue known as:
linear perspective.
Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ______ of a sound.
location
For year old Karen cant remember anything of the first few months of her life. this is best explained by the fact that
many neural connections that underlie memories are only beginning to form shortly after birth
Identical twins typically begin walking on nearly the same day. This best illustrates the importance of _____ to motor skills.
maturation
Identical twins typically begin walking on nearly the same day. This best illustrates the importance of _______ to motor skills.
maturation
Mr. and Mrs. Batson can't wait to begin toilet training their year-old daughter. The Batsons most clearly need to be informed about the importance of:
maturation
Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to:
maturation.
educational psychologists
may be hired to help improve a school system as a whole, work directly with students, and help design learning systems in schools
The arithmetic average of a distribution of scores is the:
mean
The most commonly reported measure of central tendency is the:
mean
When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?
mean
Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the:
medulla
Your life would be most threatened if you suffered the destruction of the
medulla
your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the
medulla
which of the following statements has been supported by. the research of evolutionary psychologists
men are attracted to woman who appear fertile and capable of bearing children
Critics of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have suggested that postconventional morality is more characteristic of:
men than women
Critics of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have suggested that postconventional morality is more characteristic of ________ than of ________.
men; women
The first ejaculation is to an adolescent boy as ________ is to an adolescent girl.
menarche
Sperm is to cell as DNA is to: 1) molecule. 2) gene. 3) chromosome. 4) nucleotide.
molecule.
Learning to delay gratification promotes:
moral action.
Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be:
more responsive.
In order for you to be able to run, _____ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles
motor neurons
In order for you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.
motor neurons
for you to be able to run, ____ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.
motor neurons
in order for you to be able to run, --- must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles
motor nuerons
Direct stimulation of a part of the motor cortex would most likely result in
movement of a hand
direct stimulation of a part of the motor cortex would most likely result in
movement of a hand
direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to resul t in
movement of the mouth and lips
The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of:
multiple levels of analysis
when the release of ACh is blocked the result is
muscular paralysis
when the release of ach is blocked, the result is
muscular paralysis
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mutation
A random error in gene replication is known as a:
mutation
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by
myelin sheath
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n):
myelin sheath
the slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the
myelin sheath
the slowdown of nueral communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the
myelin sheath
the speed at which a nueral impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a
myelin sheath
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natural selection
215
natural selection
216
natural selection
221
natural selection
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natural selection
Charles Darwin suggested that the evolution of living organisms is guided by:
natural selection
Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of:
natural selection
If a genetic predisposition to fear darkness contributes to reproductive success, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates:
natural selection
If a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates:
natural selection
The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a specific ecological niche is known as:
natural selection
The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as
natural selection
The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as:
natural selection
If a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates: 1) gender schema theory. 2) social variation. 3) behavior genetics. 4) natural selection.
natural selection.
In order to study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?
naturalistic observation
Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as:
naturalistic observation
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nature and nurture
Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian American friends result from biological of cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of
nature and nurture
Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of:
nature versus nurture
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nature via nurture
Arguments as to whether psychological differences b/w men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of
nature vs. nurture
Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and woman result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of:
nature vs. nurture
Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is ore heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding
nature vs. nurture
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are:
negatively correlated
Feature Detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
The body's speedy electrochemical information system is called the
nervous system
the body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the
nervous system
A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's:
neural connections
The neurons of the central nervous system cluster into functional systems known as
neural networks
people can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color, shape, and size. this best illustrates the functioning of multiple
neural networks
the strengthen in of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of
neural networks
The association areas are the last regions of the brain to fully develop their:
neural networks.
by simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. this best illustrates
neural prosthetics
physical exercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote
neurogenesis
recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons ae actually formed in the brain.
neurogenesis
In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a _______ perspective on psychological disorders.
neuroscience
In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.
neuroscience
Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states?
neuroscience
Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
neuroscience
the chemical messenger released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called
neurotransmitter
Agonists mimic the activity of
neurotransmitters
Ben hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his families disapproval. Ben's behavior exemplifies the importance of
normative social influence
The practice of covering your mouth when you cough best illustrates the impact of:
norms
Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of:
norms
When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to:
note the range and size of the scale values
dendrites are branching extensions of
nuerons
the chemical messengers released into the special junctions between nuerons are called
nuerotransmitters
In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to as Plato is to
nurture; nature
Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense of:
object permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived is known as:
object permanence
size constancy
objects closer to our eyes will produce bigger images on our retinas, but we take distance into account in our estimations of size. we keep a constant size in mind for an object(if we are fimilar with the typical size of the object) and know that it does not grow or shrink in size as it moves closer or farther away
Shape Constancy
objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retinas, but we know the shape of an object remains constant
Behavior refers to:
observable actions and responses
The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of
observable responses
Which regions of the cerebral cortex lie at the back of the head and receive visual information
occipital
The visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobe
PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure
occipital lobes
Which region of the cerebral cortex lie at the back of the head and receives visual information
occipital lobes
identical vs. fraternal
one egg vs. split egg; same genes vs. different genes
william james
one of the founders of american psychology
The rooting reflex refers to a baby's tendency to:
open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
Government experts who are convinced of the correctness of their own mistaken political predictions most clearly demonstrate
overconfidence
Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, in order to further her career, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates:
overconfidence
Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates:
overconfidence
When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates:
overconfidence
migraine headaches are most closely linked with an
oversupply of glutamate
Today's earlier female sexual maturation is especially likely among:
overweight girls in father-absent homes.
men vs. women
pairing widely vs. wisely; aggressive vs. not; more masturbating vs. not as much; no celebacy vs. vow of celebacy
The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates:
parallel processing
while relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the 'rest-and-digest' response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins?
parasympathetic nervous system
stimulated digestion is to inhibited digestion as the ___ nervous system is to the ___ nervous sytsem
parasympathetic; sypathetic
nonconformity
parents in westernized cultures are more likely than parents in Asian cultures to encourage children to value...
parental
parents should not take too much blame for the failures and shortcomings of their children because ________ behavior is only one of many factors that influence children's behavior
which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?
parietal
The sensory cortex is located in the
parietal lobe
Damage to the temporal lobe region of the brain essential for facial recognition produces a loss of:
perception
The impact of experience on perception is most clearly illustrated by:
perceptual adaption
Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a:
perceptual set
Color Constancy
percieving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelenghths reflected by the object
motor nuerons are an important part of the
peripheral nervous system
when Jim was stung by a bee, the pain message was transmitted to his spinal cord by the
peripheral nervous system
Motor neurons are to the ________ nervous system as interneurons are to the ________ nervous system.
peripheral; central
motor neurons are to the ___ nervous sytem as interneurons are to the ___ nervous system.
peripheral; central
Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that: 1) gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from differences in life experiences. 2) differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial groups. 3) person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups. 4) developmental processes differ greatly among individuals raised in different cultures.
person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.
Even though many chairs in the library study area are unoccupied, Wang chooses to sit right next to Annest. Annest is most likely to feel uncomfortable because Wang has violated her:
personal space
Dr. WIlcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy an outgoing people. He is most likely a(n) psychologist
personality
Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between introverted and extroverted people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely an _______ psychologists.
personality
Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic
personality traits
At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the:
pituitary gland
the the age of 22, mrs. lablanc was less than 4 feet tall. her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the
pituitary gland
After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ________ theory.
place
In a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a:
placebo
In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a:
placebo
Identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the same:
placenta
When Stoyka was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Stoyka is now a successful college student who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of:
plasticity
When Susan was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Susan is now a successful college student who lives a normal life. her success best illustrates the importance of
plasticity
after terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory input from his adjacent fingers.
plasticity
the capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as
plasticity
the capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain
plasticity
after katos serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. kato is most likely to have difficulty
playing his guitar
after kyles serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kyle is most likely to have difficulty
playing his guitar
resting potential is to action potential as --- is to ---
polarization: depolarization
Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________.
polarization; depolarization
resting potential is to action potential as __ is to ___
polarization; depolarization
In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n):
population
In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor Devries randomly selected and interviews about 50 of the school's students. in this instance all the children attending the school are considered the
population
In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n):
population
As people progress into late adulthood, they increasingly use words that convey ________ emotions, and the amygdala shows diminishing activity in response to ________ events.
positive; negative
If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are:
positively correlated
Despite huge legal costs and social disapproval, Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.
postconventional
According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents a ________ morality.
preconventional
According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents a(n) _____ morality.
preconventional
Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to:
predict the outcomes of experiment before they are told the actual results
Stage theories of adult development are most likely to be criticized for exaggerating the:
predictability of development
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
prejudice
Carl had an unusually low birth weight because his mother failed to eat sufficient amounts of nutritional foods during his embryonic development. This best illustrates:
prenatal environments
According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ________ stage.
preoperational
According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the ________ stage is to the ________ stage.
preoperational; concrete operational
biopsychosocial approach
professor king emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. the professor's emphasis best illustrates....
evolutionary
professor patterson suggests that men are more likely than women to initiate casual sex because this has historically served to be a more successful reproductive strategy for men than women. the professor's suggestion best illustrates a _______ theory
one function of the glial cells is to
provide nutrients to interneurons
Clinical psychologists specialize in
providing drug therapy to troubled people
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providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors
The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called:
proximity
A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a ______ perspective.
psychodynamic
A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective.
psychodynamic
A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is emptying a(n) perspective
psychodynamic
Mrs Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. she is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) perspective
psychodynamic
Freud observed that certain symptoms of illness were relieved when patients talked freely about their past. this led Freud to suspect that these symptoms resulted from
psychological processes
human and animal behavior
psychology is the scientific study of
Which technique most clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to age or personality differences in research participants?
random assignment
In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Susan sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all the currently enrolled students. Susan employed the technique of
random sampling
Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?
random sampling
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the:
range
Which measure of variation is affected most by a few extreme scores?
range
Gloria was surprised to discover the extent to which her own ethnic and sexual stereotypes biased her perceptions of others. Gloria's reaction most directly highlights the issue of:
rationality vs. irrationality
the defense mechanism in which self justifying explanations replace the real unconscious reasons for actions is
rationalization
reuptake refers to the
re absorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron
The function of the dendrite is to
receive incoming signals from other neurons
If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation they are unable to
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape
If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to:
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
Displacement refers to the process by which people
redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets
a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called an
reflex
Although the mountains were over 30 miles away, the morning sky was so clear that Showana thought they were only half the distance away. This best illustrates the importance of:
relative clarity
In order to give greater depth to his painting, Shakir enveloped the background landscape in a misty haze. Shakir was making use of the distance cue known as:
relative clarity
Lightness constancy is most clearly facilitated by:
relative luminance
According to evolutionary psychologists, our predisposition to overconsume fatty junk foods illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in ways that promoted the ________ of our ancestors.
reproductive success
Which of the following factors contributes most positively to the development of secure attachment between human infants and their mothers?
responsive parenting
the selective permeability of a neural membrane creates a
resting potential
Which nerve network in the brain stem plays an important role in controlling arousal
reticular formation
which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name
reticular formation
which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?
reticular formation
Bipolar cells are located in the:
retina
Holding two index fingers in front of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of:
retinal disparity
Cones
retinal receptor cells that are concetarted near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions
Rods
retinal recpetors that detect blackl, white, and gray;necessary for peripheral and twiligt vision, when cones don't respond
Lolita vacillates between acting rebellious toward her parents and high school teachers and behaving with compliance and respect. Erikson would have suggested that Lolita's inconsistency illustrates:
role confusion
When Joan touched her infant's cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth. Joan was eliciting the:
rooting reflex
Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to
secure attachment
Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to:
secure attachment
The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.
seeing; hearing
the occipital lobes are to ___as the temporal lobes are to __-_
seeing; hearing
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selective mating
The axon of a resting neuron has gates that do not allow positive sodium ions to pass through the cell membrane. What is this characteristic called?
selective permeability
because he mistakenly expects substandard work from his minority employees, Mr. Johnson treats them in a patronizing manner that causes them to become demoralized and unproductive. this best illustrates the importance of
self fulfilling prophecies
a african butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a temperature controlled genetic swithc. this best illustrates that genes are
self regulating
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self-regulation
Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride?
semicircular canals
The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called:
sensation
the parietal lobes are to ___ as the occipital lobes are to ____
sensing touch; seeing
During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?
sensorimotor
When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage.
sensorimotor
Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
as you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?
sensory
After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates:
sensory adaption
which part of your brain recieves information that you are moving your legs?
sensory cortex
With her eyes closed and her nose plugged, Chandra was unable to taste the difference between an onion and a pear. Her experience best illustrates the importance of:
sensory interaction
The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Sam. This illustrates the importance of:
sensory interaction.
for you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ___ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.
sensory neurons
in order for you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, --- must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system
sensory nuerons
the genome is the complete
set of genetic material in an organism's chromosome
Although college textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of:
shape constancy.
Almost half the birds in the yard were brown cardinals and the rest were bright red cardinals, so Jimmy perceived them as two distinct groups of birds. This best illustrates the principle of:
similarity
Because the two teams wore different-colored uniforms, Cheri perceived the ten basketball players as two distinct groups. This best illustrates the principle of:
similarity
identical twins originate from the fertilization of
single egg cell by a single sperm cell
As Sherod walked away from the camera, the image of his body filled a smaller area of the television screen. Nevertheless, viewers did not perceive Sherod as suddenly shrinking. This illustrates:
size constancy
Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
social
Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. He is most likely a(n) psychologist
social
A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of:
social harmony
Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. WHich specialty area does his research best represent?
social psychology
Dr. Mills engages in basic research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent
social psychology
Dr. Kosak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among cities of a small African country can be attributed tot he strong fundamentalist religious influences int hat region. This belief best illustrates a(n) perspective
social-cultural
Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with vein members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) perspective.
social-cultural
Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encored among various ethnic communities?
social-cultural
Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encouraged among various ethnic communities?
social-cultural
Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors?
social-cultural
social psychology
sociology and psychology overlap
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of your legs when you walk
somatic nervous system
As boys with explosive tempers grow older, they are especially likely to have difficulty maintaining good jobs and happy marriages. This fact is most relevant to the issue of:
stability or change
Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of:
stability or change
A belief that adult personality is completely determined in early childhood would be most relevant to the issue of:
stability or change.
A belief that adult personality is completely determined in early childhood years would be most relevant to the issue of:
stability or change.
Questions about whether anxious children will grow up to be either fearful or relaxed adults most directly highlight the issue of:
stability or change.
The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue of:
stability or change.
Mr. Firkin wonders whether his quiet and introverted 15-year-old son will ever become a more extroverted and talkative adult. Mr. Firkin is primarily concerned with the issue of:
stability vs. change
Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?
standard deviation
Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?
standard deviation
When researcher Karen Wynn (1992, 2000) showed 5-month-old infants a numerically impossible outcome, the infants:
stared longer at the outcome.
which of the following best describes how the brain processes and controls language
subfunctions of speech (such as producing speech, reading aloud, and understand speech) are processed by different parts of the brain
A teratogen is a(n):
substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child.
According to Freud the personality system that represents out sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the
superego
Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.
surveys; experiments
When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
when Mr.valdez thought his 1 year old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. valdez state of arousal was activated by his ____ nervous system
sympathetic
messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your digestive system's stomach muscles by the
sympathetic nervous system
while you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. which of the following triggers the 'flight or fight' response, increasing your heart beat and blood pressure, as you run away?
sympathetic nervous system
an accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the __ nervous system is to the ___ nervous system.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
the spatial junction where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called
synapses
the spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one nueron to another
synapses
Compared to environmentally impoverished rats, rats housed in enriched environments experienced a dramatic increase in the number of their: 1) schemas. 2) nucleotides. 3) brain cells. 4) synapses.
synapses.
neurotransmitter are chemical messangers that travel across the
synaptic gap
Charles observed that impulses took more time to travel a nueral pathway than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of
synaptic gaps
Sir charles sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. his observation provided evidence for the existence of
synaptic gaps
Kinesthesis refers to the:
system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints.
Identical twins separated at birth and raised in completely different cultures would be most likely to have similar:
temperaments
Our enduring personality traits are first evident in our differing
temperaments
Our enduring personality traits are first evident in our differing:
temperaments
Auditory stimulation is first processed in the _____ lobes
temporal
the auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area
temporal lobes
Women are more likely than men to:
tend and befriend
If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a:
teratogen.
A hypothesis is an
testable prediction that gives direction to research
which brain structure receives information from all senses except smell
thalamus
which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex
thalamus
your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your
thalamus
Her adrenal glands, as part of the flight or fight response, released epinephrine and nor epinephrine, which increased her heart rate and blood pressure. Even after she realized it was just the curtain, her excited feelings lingered. this example illustrates
that endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages
Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because
the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted
According to Piaget's theory, during the concrete operational stage, a child is still unlikely to demonstrate:
the ability to think hypothetically
Primimg
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
Pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which enters
Mary Calkins was denied a Ph.D in psycholigy from Harvard University because:
the administration declined to grant a Ph.D to a woman.
Infant motor development is typically characterized by individual differences in ________ of the major developmental milestones.
the age-related timing but not the sequence
Intensity
the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we percieve as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude
psychoanalytic approach
the approach to the study based on the effects of unconscious conflict within the individual is known as the
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into:
the bloodstream
which of the following describes evidence for the brain's dual processing ability?
the brainstem keeps our heart beating while the cerebral cortex maintains awareness of the outside world
Fovea
the central focal point in the retinal, around which the eyes cones cluster
Middle Ear
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containg three tiny bones(hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window
Hue
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelenghth of light
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of:
the double-blind proedure
culture
the enduring traditions, ideas, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next define their...
Group polarization refers to
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were most likely to deliver high levels of the shock if
the experiment was conducted at a prestigious institute
An awareness of extensive cultural differences in attitudes and values is most helpful for avoiding:
the false consensus effect
Christine, who is opposed to capital punishment, was extremely surprised to learn that the results of a survey indicated that the majority of the population approved of capital punishment. Christine's surprise best illustrates the power of:
the false consensus effect
Jeff mistakenly assumes that everybody around him enjoys listening to country music just as much as he does. Jeff illustrates
the false consensus effect
Y
the fertilized egg with develop into a boy if the sperm contributes a __ chromosome at conception
1879
the first laboratory for studying humans was established in
Selective Attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions upon another's behavior is called
the fundamental attribution error
On the day she is to be interviewed for an important new position, Rachel awakens with a severe toothache. During the interview she feels no pain; not until 30 minutes later does she become aware again of the troublesome toothache. Rachel's experience is best explained by:
the gate-control theory
schools or other educational settings
the greatest proportion of psychologist work in...
The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by:
the hindsight bias
individualism
the importance of romance in marriage relationships is more strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by...
According to Piaget, ego-centrism refers to
the inability to perceive things from another persons point of view
Inner Ear
the innermost part of the ear, containg the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
207
the interaction of nature and nurture
164
the left hemisphere is dominant in language processing
As people grow older, they are most likely to need glasses because:
the lens loses its ability to change shape readily.
Retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
bring buried impulses to the surface
the main purpose of Freuds psychoanalysis is to
Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings:
the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode
Difference Threshold
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. we experinece the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference
Absolute Threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
B.F. skinner
the most famous behaviorist
Frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Ten-year-old Heidi is maturing early and already towers over all the girls and most of the boys in her fifth-grade class. Heidi is likely to be:
the object of some teasing.
The fact that people who are colorblind to red and green may still see yellow is most easily explained by:
the opponent-process theory
Figure-Ground
the organization of the visual field into objects(the figures) that stand out from their surroundings(the ground)
Grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Freud
the person who developed the psychoanalytic approach to studying behavior is
The cocktail party effect provides an example of:
the phi phenomenon
The sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion. This best illustrates:
the phi phenomenon
The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by:
the placebo effect
Blind Spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves th eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
norms
the practice of covering your mouth when you cough illustrates what?
Sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our enviroment
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
introspection
the process of studying humans was established by wundt is called
Parallel Processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many fuctions, including vision
Audition
the sense or act of hearing
Wilhelm Wundt's early experiments were attempts to investigate which area of psychology>
the simplest metal processes
Those who criticize theories of age-linked adult developmental stages are most likely to emphasize the importance of _____ on adult development.
the social clock
Those who criticize theories of age-linked adult developmental stages are most likely to emphasize the importance of ________ on adult development.
the social clock
Parapsychology
the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and pstchokinesis
Psychophysics
the study of relationships between the physical characterisitics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits
Kinesthesis
the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic(three-color) Theory
the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Gate-Control Theory
the theroy that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. the "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
According to Freud the unconscious is
the thoughts wishes feelings and memories of which we are largely unaware
according to Freud, the unconscious is
the thoughts, wishes feelings and memories of which we are largely unaware
Lens
the transparent structire behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
After living together for a year, Sylvia and Yefim have decided to marry. Research on premarital cohabitation most strongly suggests that:
their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of ending in divorce
In an experiment, children see a doll named Sally leave her ball in a red cupboard and go away. They then observe another doll, Anne, move the ball to a different location. In asking children where Sally will look for the ball upon her return, the investigators are testing the children's:
theory of mind
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there is widespread consensus among scientists that evolution is scientific fact, but half of U.S. adults do not believe in evolution
dizygotic twins
they are formed when 2 different eggs are fertilized by different sperm cells
Newborn infants typically prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice because:
they become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born
Newborn infants typically prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice because:
they become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born.
People are more likely to perceive a figure and ground illustration as reversible if they are told it is reversible. This best illustrates the importance of:
top-down processing
the sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of
touch
the sensory cortext is most critical for our sense of
touch
heritability refers to the extent to which
trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variation
Characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation are called
traits
The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of:
transduction
within a single neuron the action potenial
travels in one direction toward the axon terminals
In order to estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of:
twin studies
to estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of
twin studies
research and applied
two basic types of psychologists are
fraternal twins originate from the fertilization of
two egg cells by two sperm cells
The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is tits emphasis on
unconscious conflicts
Darlene smoked heavily during the entire 9 months of her pregnancy. Her newborn baby will most likely be:
underweight.
American university students are more likely than Japanese university students to describe themselves in terms of their:
university affiliation
According to the text, the SQ3R study method is affective because it
utilizes active processing of the text info
The surgical removal of a large tumor from Allen's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Allen is most likely to suffer some loss of
visual perception
the surgical removal of a large tumor from Dave's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dave is most likely to suffer from loss of
visual perception
shelah was able to jerk her hand out of the scalding water before sensing any pain because this withdrawal reflex
was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord
Introspection was later criticized a research method because it:
was unscientific since it did not use objective measurement, but rather used only self report.
the role of learning in behavior
watson was most interested in...
The amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the ________ of light.
wavelength
Closure
we fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object
Similarity
we group similar figures together
which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech
wernicke's area
209
what are the genetic differences between siblings who are and are not depressed
tend and befriend
what are women likely to do?
humors
what did hippocrates say the four vital fluids are called
providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors
what is one the evolutionary psychologists may be criticized for?
pitchfork
what is the symbol for psychology
In additive color mixing, the combination of red, green, and blue creates ________; in subtractive color mixing, the combination of red, yellow, and blue creates ________.
white; black
women
who's sexuality is plastic?
237
women prefer men who express interest incaring for joint offspring
A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of:
wording effects
surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "government welfare" than "government aid to the needy" these somewhat paradoxial survey results best illustrate the importance of
wording effects
clinical psychologist
work with patients who are having personal problems
According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to ________ light are inhibited by exposure to ________ light.
yellow; blue
Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that men will marry women who are ________ than they are.
younger
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n):
zygote and finally develops into a fetus.
