NUR 130 Exam#3 PrepU

Which assessment findings would cause the nurse to suspect compartment syndrome after casting of the leg?

• Complaints of numbness and tingling in toes of affected leg Numbness and tingling indicate nerve ischemia and edema, suggesting development of compartment syndrome.

Which is a hallmark sign of compartment syndrome?

• Pain A hallmark sign of compartment syndrome is pain that occurs or intensifies with passive range of motion

On ocular examination, the health care provider notes severely elevated IOP, corneal edema, and a pupil that is fixed in a semi-dilated position. The nurse knows that these clinical signs are diagnostic of the type of glaucoma known as:

• Acute angle-closure. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is characterized by the symptoms listed, as well as by being rapidly progressive and accompanied by pain.

When the client who has experienced trauma to an extremity reports severe burning pain, vasomotor changes, and muscles spasms in the injured extremity, the nurse recognizes that the client is likely demonstrating signs of

• complex regional pain syndrome. Complex regional pain syndrome is frequently chronic and occurs most often in women. Avascular necrosis is manifested by pain and limited movement. Pain and decreased function are the prime indicators of reaction to an internal fixation device. Heterotrophic ossification causes muscular pain and limited muscular contraction and movement.

Which nursing intervention is appropriate for minimizing muscle spasms in the client with a hip fracture?

• Maintain Buck's traction. Buck's traction decreases pain, muscle spasm, and external rotation by immobilizing the hip fracture.

Primary prevention of osteoporosis includes:

• optimal calcium intake and estrogen replacement therapy. Primary prevention of osteoporosis includes maintaining optimal calcium intake and using estrogen replacement therapy. Placing items within a client's reach, using a professional alert system in the home, and installing grab bars in bathrooms to prevent falls are secondary and tertiary prevention methods.

Audiometry is testing that measures hearing acuity precisely. Who does the nurse know can perform audiometric testing?

• Audiologist Audiometry is done by an audiologist. Audiometric testing measures hearing acuity precisely. Options A, B, and D can screen hearing but they cannot do audiometric testing.

What food can the nurse suggest to the client at risk for osteoporosis?

• Broccoli Calcium is important for the prevention of osteoporosis. Broccoli is high in calcium.

A nurse is reviewing the medical records of several patients who have had their intraocular pressure (IOP) measured: Patient A: IOP 12 mm Hg Patient B: IOP 15 mm Hg Patient C: IOP 21 mm Hg Patient D: IOP 24 mm Hg Which patient would the nurse identify as having increased IOP suggesting glaucoma?

• Patient D When IOP is in balance, the pressure ranges from 10 to 21 mm Hg. Increased IOP greater than 21 mm Hg suggests glaucoma.

A client with osteoporosis is prescribed calcitonin (Miacalcin) 100 units subcutaneously. The medication is available 200 units per ml. How many milliliters will the nurse administer to the client?

• 0.5 100 units x 1 ml/200 units = 0.5 ml.

A client with metastatic bone cancer sustained a left hip fracture without injury. What type of fracture does the nurse understand occurs without trauma or fall?

• Pathologic fracture A pathologic fracture is a fracture that occurs through an area of diseased bone and can occur without trauma or a fall. An impacted fracture is a fracture in which a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment. A transverse fracture is a fracture straight across the bone. A compound fracture is a fracture in which damage also involves the skin or mucous membranes.

Which of the following may occur if a client experiences compartment syndrome in an upper extremity?

• Volkmann's contracture If compartment syndrome occurs in an upper extremity, it may lead to Volkmann's contracture, a clawlike deformity of the hand resulting from obstructed arterial blood flow to the forearm and hand. A whiplash injury is a cervical spine sprain. Callus refers to the healing mass that occurs with true bone formation after a fracture. Subluxation refers to a partial dislocation.

A client is experiencing pain, joint instability, and difficulty walking due to an injury to the knee ligaments. The injury was judged not to require surgery. Which intervention would not be included in this client's care?

• traction Joint immobilization, limited weight bearing, ice, and NSAIDs would be included in the initial treatment. Traction is not required because there is no break, and surgery is not required.

Which is an appropriate nursing intervention in the care of the client with osteoarthritis?

• Encourage weight loss and an increase in aerobic activity Weight loss and an increase in aerobic activity such as walking, with special attention to quadriceps strengthening, are important approaches to pain management. Clients should be assisted to plan their daily exercise at a time when the pain is least severe, or plan to use an analgesic, if appropriate, before an exercise session. Gastrointestinal complications, especially bleeding, are associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Topical analgesics such as capsaicin and methylsalicylate may be used for pain management.

The client is having a Weber test. During a Weber test, where should the tuning fork be placed?

• In the midline of the client's skull or in the center of the forehead The Weber test is performed by striking the tuning fork and placing its stem in the midline of the client's skull or in the center of the forehead. In the Rinne test, the tuning fork is struck and placed on the mastoid process behind the ear. The tuning fork is not placed near the external meatus of each ear or under the bridge of the nose.

After surgery to treat a hip fracture, a client returns from the postanesthesia care unit to the medical-surgical unit. Postoperatively, how should the nurse position the client?

• With the leg on the affected side abducted The nurse must keep the leg on the affected side abducted at all times after hip surgery to prevent accidental dislodgment of the affected hip joint. Placing a pillow or an A-frame between the legs helps maintain abduction and reminds the client not to cross the legs. The nurse should avoid acutely flexing the client's affected hip (for example, by elevating the head of the bed excessively), adducting the leg on the affected side (such as by moving it toward the midline), or externally rotating the affected hip (such as by removing support along the outer side of the leg) because these positions may cause dislocation of the injured hip joint.

A nurse advises a patient with a casted femur fracture to check for signs of a fat embolism. She tells the patient that the onset of symptoms for FES occur:

• Within 12 to 48 hours. The onset of symptoms for a fat embolism is rapid, usually within 12 to 48 hours after injury, but may occur up to 10 days after injury.

The nurse identifies the nursing diagnosis of deficient knowledge related to a new hearing aid for a client. After teaching a client about caring for his new hearing aid, the nurse determines that the outcome has been achieved when the client states which of the following?

• "I need to keep my ear canal clean and dry." The client demonstrates understanding of the care of a hearing aid when stating the need to keep the ear canal clean and dry. The ear mold is the only part of the hearing aid that can be washed frequently, that is daily with soap and water. It should be allowed to dry completely before it is snapped into the receiver or inserted into the ear.

The nurse is teaching the client to instill eye drops. Which statement is correct?

• "Wash your hands before and after instilling eye drops and do not touch the tip of the bottle." Eye medications should be administered using an aseptic technique. Therefore, handwashing and not contaminating the tip of the medication container is important. Eye drops are administered after eye ointments, not before. The waiting time between administering eye ointments is 10 minutes. The client should also be taught to wait 5 minutes between the instillation of different eye drops. Contact lenses should be removed before eye drops or ointment is applied.

When assessing the pressure of the anterior chamber of the eye, a nurse normally expects to find a pressure of:

• 10 to 20 mm Hg. Normally, pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye remains relatively constant at 10 to 20 mm Hg.

An older adult female has a bone density test that reveals severe osteoporosis. What does the nurse understand can be a problem for this client due to the decrease in bone mass and density?

• Compression fractures In osteoporosis, loss of bone substance exceeds bone formation. The total bone mass and density is reduced, resulting in bones that become progressively porous, brittle, and fragile. Compression fractures of the vertebrae are common. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiac disease may occur in response to the aging process but are not the result of osteoporosis.

After undergoing surgery the previous day for a total knee replacement, a client states that he doesn't feel ready to ambulate yet. What should the nurse do?

• Discuss the complications that the client's may experience if he doesn't cooperate with the care plan. The nurse should discuss the care plan and its rationale with the client. Calling the physician to report the client's noncompliance won't alter the client's degree of participation and shouldn't be used to force the client to comply. Doing nothing isn't acceptable. Although the client does have the right to make choices, it's the nurse's responsibility to provide education to help the client make informed decisions. Although the nurse should ultimately document the client's refusal, she should first discuss the care plan with the client.

Impaired balance and uncontrolled tremors of Parkinson's disease is correlated with which neurotransmitter?

• Dopamine The impaired balance and uncontrolled tremors of Parkinson's disease have been linked with low levels of dopamine. The other neurotransmitters have not been implicated in Parkinson's disease in this manner.

A nurse is providing care to a client with Parkinson's disease. The nurse understands the the client's signs and symptoms are related to a depletion of which of the following?

• Dopamine Parkinson's disease is associated with decreased levels of dopamine resulting from destruction of pigmented neuronal cells in the substantia nigra in the basal ganglion region. The loss of dopamine stores results in more excitatory neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) than inhibitory transmitters (dopamine). Serotonin and norepinephrine are not involved.

A client has just been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The nurse is teaching the client and family about dietary issues related to this diagnosis. Which of the following are risks for this client? Select all that apply.

• Dysphagia • Choking • Constipation Eating problems associated with Parkinson's disease include aspiration, choking, constipation, and dysphagia. Fluid overload and anorexia are not specifically related to Parkinson's disease.

A client with a fracture develops compartment syndrome that requires surgical intervention. The nurse would most likely prepare the client for which of the following?

• Fasciotomy Surgical treatment of compartment syndrome is achieved with a fasciotomy, a surgical incision of the fascia and separation of the muscle to relieve pressure and restore tissue perfusion. Bone graft, joint replacement or amputation may be done for a client who experiences avascular necrosis.

Which term refers to a break in the continuity of a bone?

• Fracture A fracture is a break in the continuity of the bone. A malunion occurs when a fractured bone heals in a misaligned position. Dislocation is a separation of joint surfaces. A subluxation is a partial separation or dislocation of joint surfaces.

The nurse is monitoring a patient who sustained an open fracture of the left hip. What type of shock should the nurse be aware can occur with this type of injury?

• Hypovolemic Hypovolemic shock resulting from hemorrhage is more frequently noted in trauma patients with pelvic fractures and in patients with a displaced or open femoral fracture in which the femoral artery is torn by bone fragments.

A client is admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. He has a history of Parkinson disease, which his family says is worsening. Which assessment should the nurse expect?

• Impaired speech In Parkinson's disease, dysarthria, or impaired speech, results from a disturbance in muscle control. Muscle rigidity, not flaccidity, causes resistance to passive muscle stretching. The client may exhibit a masklike appearance rather than a pleasant and smiling demeanor. Tremors should decrease, not increase, with purposeful movement and sleep.

Which findings best correlate with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis?

• Joint stiffness that decreases with activity A characteristic feature of osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) is joint stiffness that decreases with activity and movement. Erythema and edema over the affected joint, anorexia, weight loss, and fever and malaise are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, a more severe and destructive form of arthritis.

The nurse teaches the client which intervention to avoid hip dislocation after replacement surgery?

• Never cross the affected leg when seated Crossing the affected leg may result in dislocation of the hip joint after total hip replacement. The client should be taught to keep the knees apart at all times, to put a pillow between the legs when sleeping, and to avoid bending forward when seated in a chair.

Which condition is the leading cause of disability and pain in the elderly?

• Osteoarthritis (OA) OA is the leading cause of disability and pain in the elderly. RA, SLE, and scleroderma are not leading causes of disability and pain in the elderly.

Which of the following is the most common cause for a patient to seek medical attention for arthritis?

• Pain The symptom that most commonly causes a person to seek medical attention is pain. Other common symptoms include joint swelling, limited movement, stiffness, weakness, and fatigue.

A client diagnosed with osteoporosis is being discharged home. Which priority education should the nurse should provide?

• Remove all small rugs from the home A client with osteoporosis is at risk for fractures related to falls. The home environment needs to be evaluated for safety issues, such as rugs and other objects that could cause a fall. All other education is important in educating the client, but the risk for injury from a fall and potential for a fracture makes safety in the home environment a priority.

The RICE acronym is helpful for remembering treatment interventions for musculoskeletal injuries. Which of the following are components of the RICE acronym? Select all that apply.

• Rest • Ice • Compression • Elevation The acronym RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. Edema and corticosteroids are not part of the RICE acronym.

Which of the following is the most important nursing diagnosis for an elderly patient diagnosed with osteoporosis?

• Risk for injury related to fractures due to osteoporosis The most important concern for an elderly patient with osteoporosis is prevention of falls and fractures. Pain and constipation can be managed, and knowledge can be reinforced, but fractures can cause significant morbidity and mortality

Nursing students are reviewing information about Parkinson's disease in preparation for class the next day. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which of the following as a cardinal sign of this disorder? Select all that apply.

• Tremor • Rigidity • Bradykinesia • Postural instability Cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease are tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Although mental status changes can occur over the course of the disease, intellect is usually not affected.

A client who comes to the ambulatory care facility states, "It feels like things are moving or spinning around me." The nurse interprets this as indicating which of the following?

• Vertigo Vertigo is most often described as a spinning sensation or as objects moving around a person. Dizziness most often refers to any altered sensation of orientation in space. Nystagmus is na involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes. Motion sickness is a disturbance of equilibrium caused by constant motion.

The nurse teaches the client with a high risk for osteoporosis about risk-lowering strategies, including which action?

• Walk or perform weight-bearing exercises Risk-lowering strategies for osteoporosis include walking or exercising outdoors, performing a regular weight-bearing exercise regimen, increasing dietary calcium and vitamin D intake, quitting smoking, and consuming alcohol and caffeine in moderation.

A client undergoes an open reduction of a femur fracture, and returns to the orthopedic unit with a cast in place. What is the rationale for frequently assessing the client's pedal pulses

• maintaining adequate circulation Circulation, sensation, and mobility of exposed fingers or toes must be assessed every 1 to 2 hours to ensure neurovascular status is not compromised.

A client who has suffered a compound fracture is preparing for discharge to home. During the teaching session, the client asks why he needs antibiotics for a broken bone. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?

• "Antibiotic therapy has been prescribed as a precaution because your bone was exposed to the environment at the time of your injury." The nurse should tell the client that antibiotics are prescribed as a preventive measure for a client with a compound fracture because such fractures expose the bone to the environment and possible infection. Telling the client to discuss his medications with the physician at his follow-up appointment doesn't address the client's questions or immediate needs. The client needs this medication regardless of his body temperature. Antibiotics don't help a bone fracture to heal.

A client with osteoarthritis tells the nurse she is concerned that the disease will prevent her from doing her chores. Which suggestion should the nurse offer?

• "Pace yourself and rest frequently, especially after activities." A client with osteoarthritis must adapt to this chronic and disabling disease, which causes deterioration of the joint cartilage. The most common symptom of the disease is deep, aching joint pain, particularly in the morning and after exercise and weight-bearing activities. Because rest usually relieves the pain, the nurse should instruct the client to rest frequently, especially after activities, and to pace herself during daily activities. Telling the client to do her chores in the morning is incorrect because the pain and stiffness of osteoarthritis are most pronounced in the morning. Telling the client to do all chores after performing morning exercises or in the evening is incorrect because the client should pace herself and take frequent rests rather than doing all chores at once.

A home care nurse makes a visit to a client with Parkinson's disease who is being cared for by his spouse. During the visit, the spouse says, "I'm just so tired. I have to do just about everything for him." Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?

• "You sound a bit overwhelmed. Tell me more about what's happening." The spouse appears to be under considerable stress from living with and caring for the husband. Therefore, the nurse's response about being overwhelmed addresses the spouse's concerns and feelings. Telling the nurse about what is happening provides the spouse with an opportunity to verbalize her concerns and provides the nurse with additional information from which to identify areas where additional assistance may be needed. Telling the spouse that she is doing a great job ignores the spouse's feelings. Although the statement about it being difficult for the spouse may be true, it does not address the underlying issues related to the spouse's original statement. Asking the spouse if she is upset about her husband's condition may be appropriate, but it is a closed-ended question that would not allow the spouse to verbalize what she is feeling.

A client with Parkinson's disease is prescribed amantadine hydrochloride 100 mg twice a day. The pharmacy supplies amantadine syrup, because the client has a history of difficulty swallowing tablets. The label reads 50 mg/5 mL. How many milliliters would the nurse administer to the client for each dose?

• 10 Because each 5 mL contains 50 mg, the client would receive 10 mL for the prescribed dose of 100 mg. To calculate the amount, set up a proportion: 5/50 = x/100; cross multiply and solve for x, which is 10.

A patient is suspected of having glaucoma. What reading of IOP would demonstrate an increase resulting from optic nerve damage?

• 21 mm Hg or higher Intraocular pressure of greater than 21 mm Hg is a sign of primary open-angle glaucoma.

A client has undergone tonometry to evaluate for possible glaucoma. Which result would the nurse record as abnormal?

• 25 mm Hg Normally, intraocular pressure (IOP) ranges between 10 to 21 mm Hg. Any reading greater than 21 mm Hg indicates increased IOP.

The nurse is establishing a visual test using the Snellen chart for a client experiencing visual changes. At which distance should the nurse instruct the client to stand?

• A 20-feet distance The nurse is correct in instructing the client to stand at a 20-feet distance from the Snellen chart. Often, the nurse places tape on the floor to denote the correct distance for the client to stand.

Which client would the nurse identify as having the greatest risk for osteoporosis?

• A small-framed, thin 45-year-old white woman Small-framed, thin white women are at greatest risk for osteoporosis. African American women have a greater bone density and thus are less susceptible to osteoporosis. Men have an increased bone mass and do not have hormonal changes, and do not acquire osteoporosis as frequently and get it at a later age. Asthma does not increase the risk for osteoporosis.

The nurse admits a client to the emergency department who has been referred by the eye clinic. Which condition is an emergency where the nurse should refer the client for medical treatment immediately?

• Acute angle-closure glaucoma Acute angle-closure glaucoma is an emergency where the nurse should refer the client for medical treatment immediately because vision may be permanently lost in 1 to 2 days. Treatment of a chalazion is not necessary if the cyst is small and does not interfere with vision. Occurrence of a hordeolum or blepharitis is not an emergency and may be treated with warm soaks or frequent washing of the eye.

A major role for nursing in the management of glaucoma is health education. Which of the following is the most important teaching point that the nurse should advise the patient of?

• Adhere to the medication regimen. All of the teaching points are important but the most important is emphasizing the strict adherence to the medication regimen because glaucoma cannot be cured but its progression can be slowed.

An older adult client slipped on an area rug at home and fractured the left hip. The client is unable to have surgery immediately and is having severe pain. What interventions should the nurse provide for the patient to minimize energy loss in response to pain?

• Administer prescribed analgesics around-the-clock. Pain associated with hip fracture is severe and must be carefully managed with around-the-clock dosing of pain medication to minimize energy loss in response to pain. The client may not request the medication even if they are in pain, and it should be offered at the prescribed time. Give pain medication prior to providing any type of care involved in moving the client.

The nurse is assigned to care for a client who has had a total knee arthroplasty yesterday. What type of pharmacologic therapy does the nurse anticipate administering to this client to prevent complications related to the surgery?

• Anticoagulation therapy Anticoagulation therapy and early ambulation are very important for clients who have knee or hip replacement to prevent thrombus formation. The other therapy is not indicated solely for the knee or hip arthroplasty.

A client is transported to the emergency department for a femur fracture following a motor vehicle crash. What action by the nurse is the highest priority?

• Assess vital signs and level of consciousness. Femur fractures can lead to hypovolemic shock due to blood loss in the tissue. By assessing the vital signs and level of consciousness, the nurse can assess for shock. Assessing the pedal pulses and measuring the diameter of the thigh are appropriate interventions for someone with a femur fracture, but assessing for hypovolemic shock would be a priority. Pain medication should be safely administered per orders to help control pain. Many pain medications lower blood pressure (BP). If the client is in shock, BP may be too low to administer the pain medication safely.

Following cataract removal, discharge instructions will be provided to the client. Which of the following instructions is most important?

• Avoid any activity that can increase intraocular pressure. For approximately 1 week, the client should avoid any activity that can cause an increase in intraocular pressure. Clients may sleep on back or unaffected side. Clients may use a clean damp cloth to remove eye discharge and wash face. An eye shield is often ordered for the first 24 hours and during the night to prevent rubbing or trauma to the operative eye.

A client you are caring for has a hearing loss. The client tells you he is self-conscious about his hearing loss. What advice should the nurse give a self-conscious client with hearing loss to protect his self-esteem?

• Be forthright and inform others about the hearing deficit The nurse should encourage clients with a hearing loss to be forthright and inform others about their hearing deficit. Clients should be advised not to hide the fact that they do not understand what has been said and should be encouraged to maintain friendships because a physical impairment is unlikely to affect genuine friendships.

A client diagnosed with a cataract comes into the clinic. What assessments should the nurse observe in this client?

• Blurred or cloudy visual image When a cataract forms, the light is blocked from reaching the macula and the visual image becomes blurred or cloudy. The client does not experience any burning or the sensation of an object in the eye, an inability to produce sufficient tears, or a swollen lacrimal caruncle.

A nurse is caring for an elderly female client with osteoporosis. When teaching the client, the nurse should include information about which major complication?

• Bone fracture Bone fracture is a major complication of osteoporosis; it results when loss of calcium and phosphate increases the fragility of bones. Estrogen deficiencies result from menopause — not osteoporosis. Calcium and vitamin D supplements may be used to support normal bone metabolism, but a negative calcium balance isn't a complication of osteoporosis. Dowager's hump results from bone fractures. It develops when repeated vertebral fractures increase spinal curvature.

The nurse is educating a patient about the risks of stroke related to the new prescription for a COX-2 inhibitor and what symptoms they should report. Which COX-2 inhibitor is the nurse educating the patient about?

• Celecoxib (Celebrex) The COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke.

Which of the following medications needs to be withheld for 5 to 7 days prior to cataract surgery?

• Coumadin It has been common practice to withhold any anticoagulant therapy such as Coumadin to reduce the risk for retrobulbar hemorrhage (after retrobulbar injection) for 5 to 7 days before surgery.

A client with osteoarthritis asks for information concerning activity and exercise. When assisting the client, which concept should be included?

• Delaying exercise for at least 1 hour after awakening allows the client to participate in exercise after some of the morning-related stiffness has subsided. A client with osteoarthritis has increased stiffness in the morning upon awakening. Exercise should be scheduled at least 1 hour after awakening. Exercising in the evening interferes with the client's ability to rest at bedtime.

Which nursing intervention is appropriate for a client who plans to use a hearing aid?

• Describe the various types of hearing aids that are available The nurse should describe the various types of hearing aids that are available, some of which fit almost unnoticeably in the ear. The nurse should emphasize the importance of avoiding the purchase of a hearing aid from a mail order catalog or a company salesman. In addition, the nurse should encourage the client to be forthright and inform others about the hearing deficit, rather than trying to hide it.

A client has been prescribed eye drops for the treatment of glaucoma. At the yearly follow-up appointment, the client tells the nurse that she has stopped using the medication because her vision did not improve. Which action by the nurse is appropriate?

• Explain the therapeutic effect and expected outcome of the medication. The nurse needs to explain the therapeutic effect and expected outcome of the medication. The medication is not a cure for glaucoma, but can slow the progression. The client will not see improvements in vision with the use of the medication but should experience little to no deterioration of vision. The doctor may choose to switch the medication, but not because the vision is not improving; it would be based on not obtaining the set intraocular pressure. Administering the medication immediately or referring the client to the emergency department is not appropriate because this is not an emergent situation.

The client with chronic open-angle glaucoma is receiving timolol (Timoptic) eye drops. Which evaluation finding would indicate to the nurse the treatment is working?

• Intraocular pressure 15 mm Hg Timoptic is a beta-blocker that is used topically to decrease the flow rate of aqueous humor in the eye. As flow rate decreases, the intraocular pressure decreases. IOP of 12 to 21 mm Hg is within normal range. Reduced peripheral vision, halos around lights, and blurred vision are all symptoms of open-angle glaucoma. Nausea and vomiting are more likely to occur with acute angle-closure glaucoma.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding osteoarthritis?

• It is a noninflammatory disorder and the most common and frequently disabling of joint disorders. Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as degenerative joint disease, is a chronic, noninflammatory (even though inflammation may be present), progressive disorder that causes cartilage deterioration in synovial joints and vertebrae. OA is the most common and most frequently disabling of the joint disorders that is overdiagnosed and trivialized and frequently over or undertreated. Aging is the risk factor most strongly correlated with OA. Gout is caused by an overproduction of uric acid. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common inflammatory arthritic disorder.

The nurse is caring for a patient with Parkinson's disease and is preparing to administer medication. What does the nurse administer to the patient that is considered the most effective drug currently given for the tremor of Parkinson's?

• Levodopa Levodopa is the most effective agent and the mainstay of treatment for Parkinson's disease.

A patient is participating in aural rehabilitation. The nurse understands that this type of training emphasizes which of the following?

• Listening skills Auditory training emphasizes listening skills, so the person who is hearing-impaired concentrates on the speaker.

Which of the following would the nurse most commonly assess in a client with ankylosing spondylitis?

• Low back pain The most common symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis are low back pain and stiffness. A red, butterfly-shaped rash on the face and a patchy loss of hair are the associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ankylosing spondylitis does not affect urine output.

An older adult patient has noticed a significant amount of vision loss in the last few years. What does the nurse recognize as the most common cause of visual loss in older adults?

• Macular degeneration Age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of visual loss in people older than 65 years in the United States (Prevent Blindness America, 2011b).

The nurse is performing an assessment of the visual fields for a patient with glaucoma. When assessing the visual fields in acute glaucoma, what would the nurse expect to find?

• Marked blurring of vision Glaucoma is often called the "silent thief of sight" because most patients are unaware that they have the disease until they have experienced visual changes and vision loss. The patient may not seek health care until he or she experiences blurred vision or "halos" around lights, difficulty focusing, difficulty adjusting eyes in low lighting, loss of peripheral vision, aching or discomfort around the eyes, and headache.

What intervention is a priority for a client diagnosed with osteoarthritis?

• Physical therapy and exercise Clients with osteoarthritis need to maintain joint mobility. To preserve joint function, individuals need to learn appropriate activities. Colchicine and allopurinol are used for gout, not osteoarthritis. Hydrotherapy is not a priority for care.

Which terms refers to the progressive hearing loss associated with aging?

• Presbycusis Age-related changes of both the middle and inner ear result in hearing loss. Exostoses refer to small, hard, bony protrusions in the lower posterior bony portion of the ear canal. Otalgia refers to a sensation of fullness or pain in the ear. Sensorineural hearing loss is loss of hearing related to damage of the end organ for hearing and/or cranial nerve VIII.

Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for an elderly client with osteoarthritis?

• Risk for injury related to altered mobility Typically, a client with osteoarthritis has stiffness in large, weight-bearing joints, such as the hips. This joint stiffness alters functional ability and range of movement, placing the client at risk for falling and injury. Therefore, Risk for injury is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis. Impaired urinary elimination, Ineffective breathing patterns, and Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements are incorrect because osteoarthritis doesn't affect urinary elimination, breathing, or nutrition.

In teaching clients with osteoarthritis about their condition, it would be important for the nurse to focus on:

• Strategies for remaining active Exercise is important for pain and disease management.

A nurse is managing the care of a client with osteoarthritis. Appropriate treatment strategies for osteoarthritis include:

• administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and initiation of an exercise program. NSAIDs are routinely used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. NSAIDs reduce inflammation, which causes pain. Opioids aren't used for pain control in osteoarthritis. Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids is used cautiously for an immediate, short-term effect when a joint is acutely inflamed. Normal joint range of motion and exercise (not vigorous physical therapy) are encouraged to maintain mobility and reduce joint stiffness.

A patient has had cataract extractions and the nurse is providing discharge instructions. What should the nurse encourage the patient to do at home?

• Avoid bending the head below the waist. The nurse should encourage the patient to avoid bending or stooping for an extended period. Keep activity light. Avoid lying on the side of the affected eye the night after surgery. Avoid lifting, pushing, or pulling objects heavier than 15 pounds.

Which of the following eye disorders is caused by an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)?

• Glaucoma In glaucoma, there is an abnormally high IOP. Cataracts occur when there is a clouding of the lens. Hyperopia is farsightedness. Myopia is nearsightedness.

The nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client with glaucoma. Which of the following would alert the nurse to suspect that the client was at increased risk for this disorder?

• Prolonged use of corticosteroids Risk factors associated with glaucoma include prolonged use of topical or systemic corticosteroids, older age, myopia, and a history of cardiovascular disease.

Osteoarthritis is known as a disease that

• is the most common and frequently disabling of joint disorders. The functional impact of osteoarthritis on quality of life, especially for elderly clients, is often ignored. Reiter syndrome is a spondyloarthropathy that affects young adult males and is characterized primarily by urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis. Psoriatic arthritis, characterized by synovitis, polyarthritis, and spondylitis, requires early treatment because of early damage caused by disease. Ankylosing spondylitis affects the cartilaginous joints of the spine and surrounding tissues, making them rigid and decreasing mobility; it is usually diagnosed in the second or third decade of life.

There are a variety of problems that can become complications after a fracture. Which is described as a condition that occurs from interruption of the blood supply to the fracture fragments after which the bone tissue dies, most commonly in the femoral head?

• avascular necrosis Avascular necrosis is described as a condition that occurs from interruption of the blood supply to the fracture fragments after which the bone tissue dies, most commonly in the femoral head.

For a client with osteoporosis, the nurse should provide which dietary instruction?

• "Eat more dairy products to increase your calcium intake." Osteoporosis causes a severe, general reduction in skeletal bone mass. To offset this reduction, the nurse should advise the client to increase calcium intake by consuming more dairy products, which provide about 75% of the calcium in the average diet. None of the other options would stop osteoporosis from worsening.

Which medication is the most effective agent in the treatment of Parkinson disease?

• Levodopa Levodopa is the most effective agent and is the mainstay of treatment for Parkinson disease (PD). Benztropine, amantadine, and bromocriptine mesylate are utilized in the treatment of PD but are not the most effective.

Hearing aids help with which of the following problems?

• Makes sounds louder A hearing aid makes sounds louder, but it does not improve a patient's ability to discriminate words or understand speech. Hearing aids amplify all sounds, including background noise, which may be disturbing to the wearer. It does not improve communication skills.

You are admitting a 30-year-old who has a hearing impairment. The client is accompanied by family members. What information would be important to ask the family members to help you care for your client?

• The client's preferred method of communication Some clients with hearing deficits learn sign language, a method for communication that uses a hand-spelled alphabet and word symbols. Clients also learn speech reading, also called lip reading. Knowing when the client lost their hearing, or what allergies the client has or how much the client weighs will not help you communicate, thereby, care for the client better.

A client has sustained a right tibial fracture and has just had a cast applied. Which instruction should the nurse provide in his cast care?

• "Keep your right leg elevated above heart level." The nurse should instruct the client to elevate the leg to promote venous return and prevent edema. The cast shouldn't be covered while drying. Covering the cast will cause heat buildup and prevent air circulation. The client should be instructed not to insert foreign objects into the cast because of the risk of cutting the skin and causing an infection. A foul smell from a cast is never normal and may indicate an infection.

A nurse is performing discharge teaching for an elderly client diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which statement about home safety should the nurse include?

• "Most falls among the elderly occur in the home. These clients should remove throw rugs and install bathroom grab bars." Falls in the home cause most injuries among the elderly. Elderly clients should take measures to decrease the clutter that can contribute to falls, such as removing objects such as throw rugs from the floor. Elderly clients should also install grab bars in the shower and next to the toilet. The threat of fire makes burglar bars on every window impractical.

A client with Parkinson's disease asks the nurse what their treatment is supposed to do since the disease is progressive. What would be the nurse's best response?

• "Treatment aims at keeping you independent as long as possible." Treatment aims at prolonging independence. Treatment does matter, it is not palliative, and it is not aimed at keeping you emotionally healthy.

The nurse is educating a group of women on the prevention of osteoporosis. The nurse recognizes the education as being effective when the group members make which statement?

• "We need an adequate amount of exposure to sunshine." The only accurate statement is related to getting an adequate amount of exposure to sunshine. Aerobic exercise, such as swimming, does not prevent osteoporosis. The exercise needs to be weight bearing. A diet low in calcium and high in phosphorus will increase the risk forosteoporosis. Estrogen deficiency is linked to decreased bone mass.

Many orthopedic-related injuries occur while participating in sports or in the workplace. Which elements would be included in client and family teaching aiming at prevention?

• All options are correct. Use proper equipment at work and during participation in athletic activities. At work, look at ways to modify the environment to prevent injury. Exercise regularly to maintain joint and muscle strength.

Which nursing action would help prevent deep vein thrombosis in a client who has had an orthopedic surgery?

• Apply anti embolism stockings Applying antiembolism stockings helps prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in a client who is immobilized due to orthopedic surgery. Regular administration of analgesics controls and prevents escalation of pain, while ROM exercises help maintain muscle strength and tone and prevent contractions. On the other hand, cold packs are applied to help reduce swelling; cold does not prevent deep vein thrombosis.

A client who has sustained a fracture reports an increase in pain and decreased function of the affected extremity. The nurse would suspect which of the following?

• Avascular necrosis Avascular necrosis refers to the death of the bone from insufficient blood supply, typically manifested by complaints of increased pain and decreased function. Fever or redness, purulent drainage, and swelling of the site would suggest infection. Respiratory distress would suggest a pulmonary embolism. Changes in vital signs, level of consciousness, and signs and symptoms of fluid loss would suggest hypovolemic shock.

Which of the following inhibits bone resorption and promotes bone formation?

• Calcitonin Calcitonin, which inhibits bone resorption and promotes bone formation, is decreased in osteoporosis. Estrogen, which inhibits bone breakdown, decreases with aging. On the other hand, parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases with aging, increasing bone turnover and resorption. The consequence of these changes is net loss of bone mass over time. Corticosteroids place patients as risk for developing osteoporosis.

Which nursing assessment finding would be indicative of compartment syndrome in the client with a cast applied to the left forearm 3 hours earlier?

• Capillary refill of left fingers greater than 3 seconds Compartment syndrome is characterized by neurovascular compromise. Capillary refill should be less than 3 seconds.

The nurse is caring for a client who was involved in an automobile accident and sustained multiple trauma. The client has a Volkmann's contracture to the right hand. What objective data does the nurse document related to this finding?

• Clawlike deformity of the right hand without ability to extend fingers A Volkmann's contracture is a claw like deformity of the hand resulting from obstructed arterial blood flow to the forearm and hand. The client is unable to extend the fingers and complains of unrelenting pain, particularly if attempting to stretch the hand. Nodule on the knuckles and dislocation are not indicative of Volkmann's contracture.

Which assessment findings would the nurse expect to find in the postoperative client experiencing fat embolism syndrome?

• Column B Fat embolism syndrome is characterized by fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypoxia. Arterial blood gas findings include a partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) less than 60 mm Hg, with early respiratory alkalosis and later respiratory acidosis.

An x-ray demonstrates a fracture in which a bone has splintered into several pieces. Which type of fracture is this?

• Comminuted A comminuted fracture may require open reduction and internal fixation. A compound fracture is one in which damage also involves the skin or mucous membranes. A depressed fracture is one in which fragments are driven inward. An impacted fracture is one in which a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment.

A client sustains a fractured right humerus in an automobile accident. The arm is edematous, the client states that he cannot feel or move his fingers, and the nurse does not feel a pulse. What condition should the nurse be concerned about that requires emergency measures?

• Compartment syndrome Separation of adjacent bones from their articulating joint interferes with normal use and produces a distorted appearance. The injury may disrupt local blood supply to structures such as the joint cartilage, causing degeneration, chronic pain, and restricted movement. Compartment syndrome is a condition in which a structure such as a tendon or nerve is constricted in a confined space. The fractured humerus may also be dislocated but is not the result of the impaired circulatory status. Muscle spasms may occur around the fracture site but are not the cause of circulatory impairment. Subluxation is a partial dislocation.

Which term refers to a blunt force injury to soft tissue?

• Contusion A contusion is blunt force injury to soft tissue. A dislocation is a separation of joint surfaces. A strain is a musculotendinous injury. A fracture is a break in the continuity of the bone.

The patient presents to the emergency room with an open fracture of the femur. Which action would the nurse implement to prevent the most serious complication of an open fracture?

• Cover the wound with a sterile dressing to prevent infection. The most important complication of an open fracture is infection. Therefore, the wound is covered with a sterile dressing. No attempt is made to reduce the fracture or apply pressure.

The nurses instructs the client not to cross their legs and to have someone assist with tying their shoes. Which additional instruction should the nurse provide to client?

• Do not flex the hip more than 90 degrees. Proper alignment and supported abduction are encouraged for hip repairs. Flexion of the hip more than 90 degrees can cause damage to the a repaired hip fracture. By telling the patient to not to cross their legs, the leg stays in a the abducted position allowing for the hip to heal in the proper position. Having someone assist with the shoes does not allow for the hip to flex more than 90 degrees.

A patient is exhibiting bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors related to Parkinson's disease. The nurse understands that these symptoms are directly related to what decreased neurotransmitter level?

• Dopamine Parkinson's disease is associated with decreased levels of dopamine resulting from degeneration of dopamine storage cells in the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia region of the brain.

The nurse is caring for a client hospitalized after a motor vehicle accident. The client has a comorbidity of Parkinson's disease. Why should the nurse closely monitor the condition and the drug regimen of a client with Parkinson's disease?

• Drugs administered may cause a wide variety of adverse effects. Drugs administered for Parkinsonism may cause a wide variety of adverse effects, which requires careful observation of the client. Over time, clients may respond less and less to their standard drug therapy and have more frequent "off episodes" of hypomobility. As a result, the nurse should administer the drugs closely to the schedule. Generally, a single drug called levodopa is administered to clients with Parkinson's disease. It is also not true that drugs may not cause the requisite therapeutic effect or such clients do not adhere to the drug regimen.

A client with Parkinson's disease has been receiving levodopa as treatment for the past 7 years. The client comes to the facility for an evaluation and the nurse observes facial grimacing, head bobbing, and smacking movements. The nurse interprets these findings as which of the following?

• Dyskinesia Most clients within 5 to 10 years of taking levodopa develop a response to the medication called dyskinesia, manifested as facial grimacing, rhythmic jerking movements of the hands, head bobbing, chewing and smacking movements, and involuntary movements of the trunk and extremities. Bradykinesia refers to an overall slowing of active movement and is a manifestation of the disorder. Micrographia refers to the development of small handwriting as dexterity declines with Parkinson's disease. Dysphonia refers to soft, slurred, low-pitched, and less audible speech that occurs as the disorder progresses.

A nurse is inspecting the area of contusion and notes numerous areas of bruising. The nurse would document this finding as which of the following?

• Ecchymosis Bruises due to the rupture of many small blood vessels leads to ecchymoses. Whiplash injury refers to a sprain of the cervical spine. Callus refers to the healing mass that occurs in the bone after a fracture. Palsy refers to decreased sensation and movement.

Which nursing intervention is appropriate for a client with a closed-reduction extremity fracture?

• Encourage participation in ADLs General nursing measures for a client with a fracture reduction include administering analgesics, providing comfort measures, encouraging participation with ADLs, promoting physical mobility, preventing infection, maintaining skin integrity, and preparing the client for self-care. Omega-3 fatty acids have no implications on the diet of a client with a fracture reduction. Dependent positioning may increase edema because the extremity is below the level of the heart. While some pain medications may contribute to constipation, this intervention would be reserved for a client experiencing constipation and not as a preventative measure.

A nurse is caring for a client who has a leg cast. The nurse observes that the client uses a pencil to scratch the skin under the edge of the cast. How should the nurse respond to this observation?

• Encourage the client to avoid scratching, and obtain a prescription for an antihistamine if severe itching persists. Scratching should be discouraged because of the risk for skin breakdown or damage to the cast. Most clients can be discouraged from scratching if given a mild antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine, to relieve itching. Benzodiazepines would not be given for this purpose.

The nurse identifies a nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements related to difficulty in chewing and swallowing for a client with Parkinson's disease. Which of the following would be most appropriate for the nurse to integrate into the client's plan of care?

• Encourage the client to massage the facial and neck muscles before eating. The client is having difficulty swallowing, which is interfering with nutritional intake. Therefore, the nurse should encourage the client to massage the facial and neck muscles before meals, sit in an upright position during meals, consume a semisolid diet with thick rather than thin liquids (which are easier to swallow), and think through the swallowing sequence. Raising the head of the bed 30 degrees is not high enough. Using specialized utensils would be more appropriate for a nursing diagnosis of self-care deficit, feeding to foster a sense of greater independence and control with eating.

A 68-year-old female client who had a total hip replacement is to be discharged because her healing is almost complete. Which of the following would be most important for this client?

• Exploring factors related to the client's home environment. Exploring factors related to the older adult client's home environment and determining a plan for continued rehabilitation before discharge is most important. The client should be encouraged to eat foods rich in protein, calcium, and vitamin D. Since the healing is almost complete, the client need not always keep the affected limb elevated unless prescribed to do so. Since the client is in her late 60s, she is most likely to have already undergone menopause. Therefore, educating her about the effects of menopause is not as important.

Which term describes a surgical procedure to release constricting muscle fascia so as to relieve muscle tissue pressure?

• Fasciotomy A fasciotomy is a surgical procedure to release constricting muscle fascia so as to relieve muscle tissue pressure. An osteotomy is a surgical cutting of bone. An arthroplasty is a surgical repair of a joint. Arthrodesis is a surgical fusion of a joint

Which factor inhibits fracture healing?

• History of diabetes Factors that inhibit fracture healing include diabetes, smoking, local malignancy, bone loss, extensive local trauma, age greater than 40, and infection. Factors that enhance fracture healing include proper nutrition, vitamin D and calcium, exercise, maximum bone fragment contact, proper alignment, and immobilization of the fracture.

A nurse notices a client lying on the floor at the bottom of the stairs. He's alert and oriented and states that he fell down several stairs. He denies pain other than in his arm, which is swollen and appears deformed. After calling for help, what should the nurse do?

• Immobilize the client's arm. Signs of a fracture in an extremity include pain, deformity, swelling, discoloration, and loss of function. When a nurse suspects a fracture, she should immobilize the extremity before moving the body part. It isn't appropriate for the nurse to move the client into a sitting position without further assessment. The client shouldn't walk to the nurses' station; he should stay where he is until help arrives.

Which type of fracture occurs when a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment?

• Impacted An impacted fracture is one in which a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment. An oblique fracture occurs at an angle across the bone. A spiral fracture is one that twists around the shaft of the bone. A transverse fracture is one that is straight across the bone shaft.

Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for a client with a strained ankle?

• Impaired physical mobility Ankle strains result in pain and damage to the ligaments as well as Impaired physical mobility. Although the traumatic event that caused the strain may disrupt the skin, the manifestations of a strain don't warrant a nursing diagnosis of Impaired skin integrity. Risk for deficient fluid volume is an appropriate nursing diagnosis for a process that results in the loss of a large volume of fluid or blood; it isn't appropriate for a client with a strained ankle. Disturbed body image would be appropriate if the client's livelihood alters because of the strain.

A client has come to the orthopedic clinic for a follow-up appointment 6 weeks after fracturing his ankle. Diagnostic imaging reveals that bone union is not taking place. What factor may have contributed to this complication?

• Inadequate immobilization Inadequate fracture immobilization can delay or prevent union. A short-term vitamin D deficiency would not likely prevent bone union. VTE is a serious complication but would not be a cause of nonunion. Similarly, bleeding would not likely delay union.

Which type of fracture involves a break through only part of the cross-section of the bone?

• Incomplete An incomplete fracture involves a break through only part of the cross-section of the bone. A comminuted fracture is one that produces several bone fragments. An open fracture is one in which the skin or mucous membrane wound extends to the fractured bone. An oblique fracture runs across the bone at a diagonal angle of 45 to 60 degrees.

Which nursing diagnosis takes the highest priority for a client with parkinsonian crisis?

• Ineffective airway clearance In parkinsonian crisis, dopamine-related symptoms are severely exacerbated, virtually immobilizing the client. A client confined to bed during such a crisis is at risk for aspiration and pneumonia. Also, excessive drooling increases the risk of airway obstruction. Because of these concerns, the nursing diagnosis of Ineffective airway clearance takes the highest priority. Although Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements, Impaired urinary elimination, and Risk for injury are also appropriate nursing diagnoses, they aren't immediately life-threatening.

The nurse is caring for a patient who sustained an open fracture of the right femur in an automobile accident. What does the nurse understand is the most serious complication of an open fracture?

• Infection In an open fracture, there is a risk for osteomyelitis, tetanus, and gas gangrene. The objectives of management are to prevent infection of the wound, soft tissue, and bone and to promote healing of bone and soft tissue.

A client undergoes hip-pinning surgery to treat an intertrochanteric fracture of the right hip. The nurse should include which intervention in the postoperative care plan?

• Keeping a pillow between the client's legs at all times After hip pinning, the client must keep the affected leg abducted at all times; placing a pillow between the legs reminds the client not to cross the legs and to keep the leg abducted. Passive or active ROM exercises shouldn't be performed on the affected leg during the postoperative period, because this could damage the operative site and cause hip dislocation. Most clients should be turned to the unaffected side, not from side to side. After hip pinning, the client must avoid acute flexion of the affected hip to prevent possible hip dislocation; therefore, semi-Fowler's position should be avoided.

Which topic is most important for the nurse to include in the teaching plan for a client newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease?

• Maintaining a safe environment The primary focus in caring for Parkinson's disease is on maintaining a safe environment. Parkinson's disease often has a propulsive gait, characterized by a tendency to take increasingly quicker steps while walking and an inability to stop abruptly without losing balance. Prevention of communicable diseases and establishing a balanced nutrition is encouraged with any chronic disorder. Diversional activities can be helpful in times of stress but not a priority.

A client is in Buck's traction after fracturing his right hip. The nurse should include which action in the care plan?

• Maintaining correct body alignment Buck's traction produces realignment by exerting a pulling force on the fractured hip. Therefore, the nurse must maintain correct body alignment. Traction should be continuous; if the weights must be removed, the nurse should apply manual traction until the weights are replaced. The nurse shouldn't use the knee-Gatch position because it disrupts the constant pulling force needed for alignment. Using the semi-Fowler's position would cause the client to slide in the direction of the traction, defeating the purpose of traction.

When caring for a client with a fracture, assessment of which of the following would be the priority?

• Neurovascular compromise When caring for a client with a fracture, the nurse assesses for the neurovascular compromise. A fracture or a treatment for fracture is not known to lead to hormonal imbalances, cardiac problems, or an altered kidney function.

The nurse is caring for a client who has had a fracture reduction using a cast. Which of the following would be most important for the nurse to assess?

• Neurovascular status When caring for a client with a fracture, the nurse should carefully assess neurovascular status, checking for possible complications. Assessment of cardiac and renal status would be priorities if the client experienced multiple fractures or had an open reduction. The client's sleep status would be a low priority.

Which term refers to the failure of fragments of a fractured bone to heal together?

• Nonunion When nonunion occurs, the client reports persistent discomfort and movement at the fracture site. Dislocation refers to the separation of joint surfaces. Subluxation refers to partial separation or dislocation of joint surfaces. Malunion refers to growth of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty position, forming an imperfect union

Nursing assessment after a closed reduction would include checking for a sign of neurovascular complications. What is the indicator?

• Numbness or tingling Neurovascular assessments are initially done every 15 minutes to make certain that blood supply has not been compromised and nerves are intact. Numbness and tingling may indicate nerve damage

Which disease is associated with decreased levels of dopamine due to destruction of pigmented neuronal cells?

• Parkinson disease In some clients, Parkinson disease can be controlled; however, it cannot be cured. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, degenerative, progressive disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by the occurrence of small patches of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Huntington disease is a chronic, progressive, hereditary disease of the nervous system that results in progressive involuntary dancelike movements and dementia. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rare, transmissible, progressive and fatal disease of the CNS characterized by spongiform degeneration of the gray matter of the brain.

The nurse teaches the client with which disorder that the disease is due to decreased levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia of the brain?

• Parkinson disease In some patients, Parkinson disease can be controlled; however, it cannot be cured. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, degenerative, progressive disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by the occurrence of small patches of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Huntington disease is a chronic, progressive, hereditary disease of the nervous system that results in progressive involuntary dancelike movements and dementia. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rare, transmissible, progressive and fatal disease of the CNS characterized by spongiform degeneration of the gray matter of the brain.

A 55-year-old female client presents at the walk-in clinic complaining of feeling like a mask is on her face. While doing the initial assessment, the nurse notes the demonstration of a pill-rolling movement in the right hand and a stooped posture. Physical examination shows bradykinesia and a shuffling gait. What would the nurse suspect is the causative factor for these symptoms?

• Parkinson's disease Early signs include stiffness, referred to as rigidity, and tremors of one or both hands, described as pill-rolling (a rhythmic motion of the thumb against the fingers). The hand tremor is obvious at rest and typically decreases when movement is voluntary, such as picking up an object. Bradykinesia, slowness in performing spontaneous movements, develops. Clients have a masklike expression, stooped posture, hypophonia (low volume of speech), and difficulty swallowing saliva. Weight loss occurs. A shuffling gait is apparent, and the client has difficulty turning or redirecting forward motion. Arms are rigid while walking. These symptoms are not indicative of MS, Myesthenia gravis, or Huntington's.

A nurse is caring for a client who underwent a total hip replacement. What should the nurse and other caregivers do to prevent dislocation of the new prosthesis?

• Prevent internal rotation of the affected leg. The nurse and other caregivers should prevent internal rotation of the affected leg. However, external rotation and abduction of the hip will help prevent dislocation of a new hip joint. Postoperative total hip replacement clients may be turned onto the unaffected side. The hip may be flexed slightly, but it shouldn't exceed 90 degrees. Maintenance of flexion isn't necessary.

The emergency department nurse teaches clients with sports injuries to remember the acronym PRICE. This acronym stands for which combination of treatments?

• Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation PRICE is used to treat contusions, sprains, and strains. While circulation problems must be examined, the PRICE treatment does not refer to circulation and examination. Rotation of a joint is contraindicated when injury is suspected, and immersion of the area may be anatomically difficult. Rotation of a joint is contraindicated when injury is suspected, and examination, while indicated, does not provide treatment.

Which nursing intervention is essential in caring for a client with compartment syndrome?

• Removing all external sources of pressure, such as clothing and jewelry Nursing measures should include removing all clothing, jewelry, and external forms of pressure (such as dressings or casts) to prevent constriction and additional tissue compromise. The extremity should be maintained at heart level (further elevation may increase circulatory compromise, whereas a dependent position may increase edema). A compression wrap, which increases tissue pressure, could further damage the affected extremity. There is no indication that diagnostic studies would require I.V. access in the affected extremity.

Which nursing assessment finding indicates the client with traction has not met expected outcomes?

• Right calf warm and swollen Deep vein thrombosis is a potential complication of the client immobilized by traction. Clinical manifestations of deep vein thrombosis include calf tenderness, warmth, redness, and swelling of the affected extremity.

A client diagnosed with Parkinson's disease has developed slurred speech and drooling. The nurse knows that these symptoms indicate which of the following?

• The disease has entered the late stages. In late stages, the disease affects the jaw, tongue, and larynx; speech is slurred; and chewing and swallowing become difficult. Rigidity can lead to contractures. Salivation increases, accompanied by drooling. In a small percentage of clients, the eyes roll upward or downward and stay there involuntarily (oculogyric crises) for several hours or even a few days. Options A, B, and C are therefore incorrect.

A client has been in a motor vehicle collision. Radiographs indicate a fractured humerus; the client is awaiting the casting of the upper extremity and admission to the orthopedic unit. What is the primary treatment for musculoskeletal trauma?

• immobilization Treatment of musculoskeletal trauma involves immobilization of the injured area until it has healed.

A client has been diagnosed with a muscle strain. What does the physician mean with the term "strain"?

• stretched or pulled beyond its capacity A strain is an injury to a muscle when it is stretched or pulled beyond its capacity.

A client undergoes a total hip replacement. Which statement made by the client indicates to the nurse that the client requires further teaching?

• "I don't know if I'll be able to get off that low toilet seat at home by myself." The client requires additional teaching if he is concerned about using a low toilet seat. To prevent hip dislocation after a total hip replacement, the client must avoid bending the hips beyond 90 degrees. The nurse should instruct the client to use assistive devices, such as a raised toilet seat, to prevent severe hip flexion. Using an abduction pillow or placing several pillows between the legs reduces the risk of hip dislocation by preventing adduction and internal rotation of the legs. Teaching the client to avoid crossing the legs also reduces the risk of hip dislocation. A sock puller helps a client get dressed without flexing the hips beyond 90 degrees.

Which of the following clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to find in a client who has had osteoporosis for several years?

• Decreased height Clients with osteoporosis become shorter over time.

A nurse is assessing a client with Parkinson's disease. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find?

• Slowing of activity Clients with Parkinson's disease typically manifest bradykinesia (slowing of all active movement), a propulsive, forward leaning gait, tremors that disappear with active movement, and muscle rigidity.

A client has a fractured femur and is being seen in the emergency department. The nurse assessing the area notices there is a grating sound that is suspected to be bone ends moving over one another. This would be called:

• crepitus. Crepitus is the grating sound of bone ends moving over one another, which may be audible (this term also refers to a popping sound caused by air trapped in soft tissue). False motion is unnatural motion that occurs at the site of the fracture. Spasm is the involuntary contraction of the muscles near the fracture. Deformity describes the unusual position or bending backward assumed by the extremity due to the break.

An important nursing assessment, post fracture, is to evaluate neurovascular status. Therefore, the nurse should check for:

• Capillary refill. Assessment for neurovascular impairment includes checking for weak pulses or delayed capillary refill (normal is <2 seconds).

The nurse is planning an education program for women of childbearing years. The nurse recognizes that primary prevention of osteoporosis includes:

• Ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake Nutritional intake of calcium and vitamin D are essential for the prevention of osteoporosis.

A male client, an ace professional tennis player, sprains his right ankle during a tennis match. The client is immediately rushed to the nurse who provides him with first-aid care. Which of the following would the nurse immediately provide?

• Rest, ice, compression, and elevation A method for remembering the treatment for strains, contusions, and sprains is the mnemonic RICE, which refers to rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Sometimes, the letter S is added to the end to refer to stabilization. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed to ease the discomfort but exercise is not advisable because the full use of the injured joint is discouraged temporarily.

Which nursing diagnosis takes highest priority for a client with a compound fracture?

• Risk for infection related to effects of trauma A compound fracture involves an opening in the skin at the fracture site. Because the skin is the body's first line of defense against infection, any skin opening places the client at risk for infection. Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements is rarely associated with fractures. Although Impaired physical mobility and Activity intolerance may be associated with any fracture, these nursing diagnoses don't take precedence because they aren't as life-threatening as infection.

Which is a strategy for lowering risk for osteoporosis?

• Smoking cessation Risk-lowering strategies include increased dietary calcium and vitamin D intake, smoking cessation, alcohol and caffeine consumption in moderation, and outdoor activity. Individual risk factors include low initial bone mass and increased age. A lifestyle risk factor is a diet low in calcium and vitamin D.

Which type of fracture produces several bone fragments?

• Comminuted A comminuted fracture is one that produces several bone fragments. An open fracture is one in which the skin or mucous membrane wound extends to the fractured bone. An oblique fracture runs across the bone at a diagonal angle of 45 to 60 degrees. An incomplete fracture involves a break through only part of the cross-section of the bone.

In a client with a dislocation, the nurse should initially perform neurovascular assessments a minimum of every 15 minutes until stable. Which complication does the assessments help the nurse to monitor?

• Compartment syndrome The nurse should initially perform neurovascular assessments a minimum of every 15 minutes until stable in a client with a dislocation to assess for compartment syndrome. It is a complication associated with dislocation. A client with a dislocation does not experience an increased risk of complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, carpal tunnel syndrome, or ganglion cysts.

A client with a musculoskeletal injury is instructed to alter the diet. The objective of altering the diet is to facilitate the absorption of calcium from food and supplements. Considering the food intake objective, which food item should the nurse encourage the client to include in the diet?

• Vitamin D-fortified milk The nurse should advise the client to include dietary sources of vitamin D, such as fatty fish, vitamin D-fortified milk, and cereals. These foods protect against bone loss and decrease the risk of fracture by facilitating the absorption of calcium from food and supplements. Red meat, bananas, and green vegetables do not facilitate calcium absorption from food and supplements.

A client sustains an injury to the left ankle when he fell down three steps. There was immediate swelling and pain from the injury, and the client was taken to the local emergency department. What initial test does the nurse anticipate the physician will order to rule out a fracture?

• X-ray X-rays may show a larger-than-usual joint space and rule out or confirm an accompanying fracture. Arthrography demonstrates asymmetry in the joint as a result of the damaged ligaments, or arthroscopy may disclose trauma in the joint capsule. A CT scan is costly and not used as a first-line diagnostic tool in the initial stage of an ankle injury.

A physician diagnoses primary osteoporosis in a client who has lost bone mass. In this metabolic disorder, the rate of bone resorption accelerates while bone formation slows. Primary osteoporosis is most common in:

• elderly postmenopausal women. Although the cause of primary osteoporosis is unknown, an important contributing factor may be faulty protein metabolism resulting from estrogen deficiency and a sedentary lifestyle. Typically, these conditions occur in elderly postmenopausal women.

To help minimize calcium loss from a hospitalized client's bones, the nurse should:

• encourage the client to walk in the hall. Calcium absorption diminishes with reduced physical activity because of decreased bone stimulation. Therefore, encouraging the client to increase physical activity, such as by walking in the hall, helps minimize calcium loss. Turning or repositioning the client every 2 hours wouldn't increase activity sufficiently to minimize bone loss. Providing dairy products and supplemental feedings wouldn't lessen calcium loss — even if the dairy products and feedings contained extra calcium — because the additional calcium doesn't increase bone stimulation or osteoblast activity.

A client has had surgical repair of a hip injury after joint manipulation was unsuccessful. After surgery, the nurse implements measures to prevent complications. Which complications is the nurse seeking to prevent? Select all that apply.

• skin breakdown • wound infection • pneumonia After surgery, the nurse implements measures to prevent skin breakdown, wound infection, pneumonia, constipation, urinary retention, muscle atrophy, and contractures.