NUS111: Diabetes Review
A controlled type 2 diabetic client states, "The doctor said if my blood sugars remain stable, I may not need to take any medication." Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? A. "Diet, exercise, and weight loss can eliminate the need for medication." B. "You will be placed on a strict low-sugar diet for better control." C. "Some doctors do not treat blood sugar elevation until symptoms appear." D. "You misunderstood the doctor. Let's ask for clarification."
A. "Diet, exercise, and weight loss can eliminate the need for medication." RATIONALE Dieting, exercise, and weight loss can control and/or delay the need for medication to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus in some clients. Because the client is controlling blood sugars, changing the diet is not indicated. Controlling blood glucose levels will prevent multisystem complications and should be the mainstay of treatment for diabetes mellitus. Although clarification is appropriate, stating the client misunderstood can close the line of communication between client and nurse.
A nurse prepares teaching for a client with newly-diagnosed diabetes. Which statements about the role of insulin will the nurse include in the teaching? Select all that apply. A. "Insulin permits entry of glucose into the cells of the body." B. "Insulin promotes synthesis of proteins in various body tissues." C. "Insulin promotes the storage of fat in adipose tissue." D. "Insulin interferes with glucagon from the pancreas." E. "Insulin interferes with the release of growth hormone from the pituitary."
A. "Insulin permits entry of glucose into the cells of the body." B. "Insulin promotes synthesis of proteins in various body tissues." C. "Insulin promotes the storage of fat in adipose tissue."
Which statement about fluid replacement is accurate for a client with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome? A. Administer 2 to 3 L of IV fluid rapidly. B. Administer 10 L of IV fluid over the first 24 hours. C. Administer a dextrose solution containing normal saline solution. D. Administer IV fluid slowly to prevent circulatory overload and collapse.
A. Administer 2 to 3 L of IV fluid rapidly. RATIONALE Regardless of the client's medical history, rapid fluid resuscitation is critical for maintaining cardiovascular integrity. Profound intravascular depletion requires aggressive fluid replacement. A typical fluid resuscitation protocol is 6 L of fluid over the first 12 hours, with more fluid to follow over the next 24 hours. Various fluids can be used, depending on the degree of hypovolemia. Commonly ordered fluids include dextran (in cases of hypovolemic shock), isotonic normal saline solution and, when the client is stabilized, hypotonic half-normal saline solution.
A 61-year-old man who has achieved great success in the areas of business and community influence is frustrated that he has received a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. The man tells the nurse, "I'm not at all obese, so I don't see how this could have developed." When discussing the risk factors for diabetes, which of the following factors should the nurse identify? Select all that apply. A. Age greater than 45 years B. History of angina or myocardial infarction C. High-stress lifestyle D. Hypertension E. Family history
A. Age greater than 45 years B. Hypertension E. Family history
Which would be included in the teaching plan for a client diagnosed with diabetes mellitus? A. An elevated blood glucose concentration contributes to complications of diabetes, such as diminished vision. B. Sugar is found only in dessert foods. C. The only diet change needed in the treatment of diabetes is to stop eating sugar. D. Once insulin injections are started in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, they can never be discontinued.
A. An elevated blood glucose concentration contributes to complications of diabetes, such as diminished vision. RATIONALE Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among people between 20 and 74 years of age in the United States; it occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. When blood glucose is well controlled, the potential for complications of diabetes is reduced. Several types of foods contain sugar, including cereals, sauces, salad dressings, fruits, and fruit juices. It is not feasible, nor advisable, to remove all sources of sugar from the diet. If the diabetes had been well controlled without insulin before the period of acute stress causing the need for insulin, the client may be able to resume previous methods for control of diabetes when the stress is resolved.
A nurse is assigned to care for a patient who is suspected of having type 2 diabetes. Select all the clinical manifestations that the nurse knows could be consistent with this diagnosis. A. Blurred or deteriorating vision B. Fatigue and irritability C. Polyuria and polydipsia D. Sudden weight loss and anorexia E. Wounds that heal slowly or respond poorly to treatment
A. Blurred or deteriorating vision B. Fatigue and irritability C. Polyuria and polydipsia E. Wounds that heal slowly or respond poorly to treatment
Which factors will cause hypoglycemia in a client with diabetes? Select all that apply. A. Client has not consumed food and continues to take insulin or oral antidiabetic medications. B. Client has not consumed sufficient calories. C. Client has been exercising more than usual. D. Client has been sleeping excessively. E. Client is experiencing effects of the aging process.
A. Client has not consumed food and continues to take insulin or oral antidiabetic medications. B. Client has not consumed sufficient calories. C. Client has been exercising more than usual.
A nurse educates a group of clients with diabetes mellitus on the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. Which of the following suggestions would be most important? A. Control blood glucose levels. B. Drink plenty of fluids. C. Take the antidiabetic drugs regularly. D. Eat a high-fiber diet.
A. Control blood glucose levels. RATIONALE Controlling blood glucose levels and any hypertension can prevent or delay the development of diabetic nephropathy. Drinking plenty of fluids does not prevent diabetic nephropathy. Taking antidiabetic drugs regularly may help to control blood glucose levels, but it is the control of these levels that is most important. A high-fiber diet is unrelated to the development of diabetic nephropathy.
The diabetic nurse educator is teaching a class for newly diagnosed diabetics and their families. In this class, the educator is teaching about "sick day rules." What guideline applies to periods of illness in a diabetic patient? A. Do not eliminate insulin when nauseated and vomiting. B. Seek care for glucose levels >150 mg/dL. C. Eat three meals a day. D. If nauseated, do not eat solid foods.
A. Do not eliminate insulin when nauseated and vomiting. RATIONALE The most important issue to teach patients with diabetes who become ill is not to eliminate insulin doses when nausea and vomiting occur. Rather, they should take their usual insulin or oral hypoglycemic agent dose, and then attempt to consume frequent small portions of food. In general, blood sugar levels will rise but should be reported if they are >300 mg/dL.
Which of the following is a characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? Select all that apply. A. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine B. Rapid onset C. More common in type 1 diabetes D. Absent ketones E. Normal arterial pH level
A. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine B. Rapid onset C. More common in type 1 diabetes
Exercise lowers blood glucose levels. Which of the following are the physiologic reasons that explain this statement. Select all that apply. A. Increases lean muscle mass B. Increases resting metabolic rate as muscle size increases C. Decreases the levels of high-density lipoproteins D. Decreases total cholesterol E. Increases glucose uptake by body muscles
A. Increases lean muscle mass B. Increases resting metabolic rate as muscle size increases D. Decreases total cholesterol E. Increases glucose uptake by body muscles
After being sick for 3 days, a client with a history of diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse should evaluate which diagnostic test results to prevent dysrhythmias? A. Serum potassium level B. Serum calcium level C. Serum sodium level D. Serum chloride level
A. Serum potassium level RATIONALE The nurse should monitor the client's potassium level because during periods of acidosis, potassium leaves the cell, causing hyperkalemia. As blood glucose levels normalize with treatment, potassium reenters the cell, causing hypokalemia if levels aren't monitored closely. Hypokalemia places the client at risk for cardiac arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia. DKA has a lesser affect on serum calcium, sodium, and chloride levels. Changes in these levels don't typically cause cardiac arrhythmias.
A nurse has been caring for a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The client is overwhelmed by what he's facing and not sure he can handle giving himself insulin. This client has been discharged and the charge nurse is insisting the nurse hurry because she needs the space for clients being admitted. How should the nurse handle the situation? A. Suggest the client find a supportive friend or family member to assist in his care. B. Ask the physician to delay the discharge because the client requires further teaching. C. Tell the charge nurse she doesn't believe this client will be safe and refuse to rush. D. Ask the physician for a referral for a diabetes nurse-educator to see the client before discharge.
B. Ask the physician to delay the discharge because the client requires further teaching. RATIONALE The nurse's primary concern should be the safety of the client after discharge. She should provide succinct information to the physician concerning the client's needs, express her concern about ensuring the client's safety, and ask the physician to delay the client's discharge. The nurse shouldn't suggest that the client rely on a friend or family member because she doesn't know if a friend or family member will be available to help. Refusing to rush and telling the charge nurse she isn't sure the client will be safe demonstrate appropriate intentions, but these actions don't alleviate the pressure to discharge the client. Asking a physician to refer the client to a diabetic nurse-educator addresses the client's needs, but isn't the best response because there's no guarantee a diabetic nurse-educator will be available on such short notice.
The nurse is administering an insulin drip to a patient in ketoacidosis. What insulin does the nurse know is the only one that can be used intravenously? A. NPH B. Regular C. Lispro D. Lantus
B. Regular RATIONALE Short-acting insulins are called regular insulin (marked R on the bottle). Regular insulin is a clear solution and is usually administered 20 to 30 minutes before a meal, either alone or in combination with a longer-acting insulin. Regular insulin is the only insulin approved for IV use. Reference:
A client has type 1 diabetes. Her husband finds her unconscious at home and administers glucagon, 0.5 mg subcutaneously. She awakens in 5 minutes. Why should her husband offer her a complex carbohydrate snack as soon as possible? A. To decrease the possibility of nausea and vomiting B. To restore liver glycogen and prevent secondary hypoglycemia C. To stimulate her appetite D. To decrease the amount of glycogen in her system
B. To restore liver glycogen and prevent secondary hypoglycemia RATIONALE A client with type 1 diabetes who requires glucagon should be given a complex carbohydrate snack as soon as possible to restore the liver glycogen and prevent secondary hypoglycemia. A complex carbohydrate snack doesn't decrease the possibility of nausea and vomiting or stimulate the appetite, and it increases the amount of glycogen in the system.
The nurse understands that a client with diabetes mellitus is at greater risk for developing which of the following complications? A. High blood pressure B. Urinary tract infections C. Lifelong obesity D. Elevated triglycerides
B. Urinary tract infections RATIONALE Elevated levels of blood glucose and glycosuria supports bacterial growth and places the diabetic at greater risk for urinary tract, skin, and vaginal infections. Obesity, elevated triglycerides, and high blood pressure are considered symptoms of metabolic syndrome, which can result in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A nurse is explaining the action of insulin to a client with diabetes mellitus. During client teaching, the nurse reviews the process of insulin secretion in the body. The nurse is correct when she states that insulin is secreted from the: A. adenohypophysis. B. beta cells of the pancreas. C. alpha cells of the pancreas. D. parafollicular cells of the thyroid.
B. beta cells of the pancreas. RATIONALE The beta cells of the pancreas secrete insulin. The adenohypophysis, or anterior pituitary gland, secretes many hormones, such as growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, corticotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, but not insulin. The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon, which raises the blood glucose level. The parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete the hormone calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium metabolism.
A client with type 1 diabetes asks the nurse about taking an oral antidiabetic agent. The nurse explains that these medications are effective only if the client: A. prefers to take insulin orally. B. has type 2 diabetes. C. has type 1 diabetes. D. is pregnant and has type 2 diabetes.
B. has type 2 diabetes. RATIONALE Oral antidiabetic agents are effective only in adult clients with type 2 diabetes. Oral antidiabetic agents aren't effective in type 1 diabetes. Pregnant and lactating women aren't ordered oral antidiabetic agents because the effect on the fetus or breast-fed infant is uncertain.
A client with type 1 diabetes presents with a decreased level of consciousness and a fingerstick glucose level of 39 mg/dl. His family reports that he has been skipping meals in an effort to lose weight. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate? A. Inserting a feeding tube and providing tube feedings B. Administering a 500-ml bolus of normal saline solution C. Administering 1 ampule of 50% dextrose solution, per physician's order D. Observing the client for 1 hour, then rechecking the fingerstick glucose level
C. Administering 1 ampule of 50% dextrose solution, per physician's order RATIONALE The nurse should administer 50% dextrose solution to restore the client's physiological integrity. Feeding through a feeding tube isn't appropriate for this client. A bolus of normal saline solution doesn't provide the client with the much-needed glucose. Observing the client for 1 hour delays treatment. The client's blood glucose level could drop further during this time, placing him at risk for irreversible brain damage.
A patient is prescribed Glucophage, an oral antidiabetic agent classified as a biguanide. The nurse knows that a primary action of this drug is its ability to: A. Stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin. B. Decrease the body's sensitivity to insulin. C. Inhibit the production of glucose by the liver. D. Increase the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestines.
C. Inhibit the production of glucose by the liver. Explanation: The action of the biguanides can be found in Table 30-6 in the text.
An older adult patient that has type 2 diabetes comes to the emergency department with second-degree burns to the bottom of both feet and states, "I didn't feel too hot but my feet must have been too close to the heater." What does the nurse understand is most likely the reason for the decreasonane in temperature sensation? A. A faulty heater B. Autonomic neuropathy C. Peripheral neuropathy D. Sudomotor neuropathy
C. Peripheral neuropathy RATIONALE As the neuropathy progresses, the feet become numb. In addition, a decrease in proprioception (awareness of posture and movement of the body and of position and weight of objects in relation to the body) and a decreased sensation of light touch may lead to an unsteady gait. Decreased sensations of pain and temperature place patients with neuropathy at increased risk for injury and undetected foot infections.
A client with type 1 diabetes has been on a regimen of multiple daily injection therapy. He's being converted to continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy. While teaching the client about continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy, the nurse should tell him that the regimen includes the use of: A. intermediate- and long-acting insulins. B. short- and long-acting insulins. C. rapid-acting insulin only. D. short- and intermediate-acting insulins.
C. rapid-acting insulin only. RATIONALE A continuous subcutaneous insulin regimen uses a basal rate and boluses of rapid-acting insulin. Multiple daily injection therapy uses a combination of rapid-acting and intermediate- or long-acting insulins.
A nurse is developing a teaching plan for a client with diabetes mellitus. A client with diabetes mellitus should: A. use commercial preparations to remove corns. B. cut the toenails by rounding edges. C. wash and inspect the feet daily. D. walk barefoot at least once each day.
C. wash and inspect the feet daily. RATIONALE A client with diabetes mellitus should wash and inspect his feet daily and should wear nonconstrictive shoes. Corns should be treated by a podiatrist — not with commercial preparations. Nails should be filed straight across. Clients with diabetes mellitus should never walk barefoot.
A nurse expects to note an elevated serum glucose level in a client with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). Which other laboratory finding should the nurse anticipate? A. Elevated serum acetone level B. Serum ketone bodies C. Serum alkalosis D. Below-normal serum potassium level
D. Below-normal serum potassium level RATIONALE A client with HHNS has an overall body deficit of potassium resulting from diuresis, which occurs secondary to the hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic state caused by the relative insulin deficiency. An elevated serum acetone level and serum ketone bodies are characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis. Metabolic acidosis, not serum alkalosis, may occur in HHNS.
Which information should be included in the teaching plan for a client receiving glargine, which is "peakless" basal insulin? A. Administer the total daily dosage in 2 doses. B. Draw up the drug first, then add regular insulin. C. Glargine is rapidly absorbed and has a fast onset of action. D. Do not mix with other insulins.
D. Do not mix with other insulins. RATIONALE Because glargine is in a suspension with a pH of 4, it cannot be mixed with other insulins because this would cause precipitation. Glargine is a "peakless" basal insulin that is absorbed very slowly over a 24-hour period and can be given once a day. When administering glargine insulin it is very important to read the label carefully and to avoid mistaking Lantus insulin for Lente insulin and vice versa.
