NUTR 221 Modules 1-6

The preferred source of energy in the body comes from

Carbohydrates

Which of the following nutrients do not provide energy as kcal, but are essential for energy production?

Carbohydrates

(SA) Describe the processes and primary organs that are needed for digestion

Digestion takes place in the GI tract. Chemicals break the molecular bonds in food so that nutrients can be absorbed and transported throughout the body. Saliva mixes with and moistens food in the mouth, making it easier to swallow. Once a bolus of food mixes with gastric juices in the stomach, it becomes chyme. Maximum digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine. Undigested residue enters the large intestine, where water is removed from the chyme as it is prepared for elimination. The remnants, the feces, are eliminated through the anus.

Portion ________, or perceiving larger portions of food as appropriate sizes, may be contributing to obesity

Distortion

(SA) Name the protein in wheat, barley and rye which causes an abnormal immune response in

Gluten

___ occurs when the longitudinal, circular and diagonal muscles that surround the organ forcefully push, churn, and mix the contents of the stomach with the gastric juices

Mechanical digestion

____ is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place within the 10 trillion cells in the body.

Metabolism

Which of the following credentials signifies that someone is a nutrition professional who is qualified to assess nutritional status?

RDN

Mary has passed a national exam after four years of nutrition training at a university. Her name tag reads

Registered dietitian nutritionist

(SA) Name the accessory organs and explain their roles in digestion

Salivary Glands-produce saliva Liver - produces bile Gallbladder - concentrates and stores bile Pancreas - produces digestive enzymes and hormones

(SA) List three tools which can be used to plan healthy eating

The Dietary Reference Intakes, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, MyPlate, Nutrition Facts Panel, and the Exchange Lists for Healthy Eating

If Maria consumes more than the UL of a nutrient in a supplement on a regular basis, she is likely to experience __ symptoms.

Toxicity

The process of moving nutrients from the Gi tract into the circulatory system

absorption

The period immediately after you eat is the

absorptive state

Most Americans over consume

added sugars

The primary enzyme in saliva is salivary ___.

amylase

The exchange system of healthy eating was developed from an exchange system which was designed for persons with

diabetes

The chemical and mechanical processes by which the body breaks food down into individual nutrient molecules

digestion

The process of excreting or removing undigested and unabsorbed food components from the body is called

elimination

In the body, the capacity to do the work of digesting and absorbing a meal, contracting heart muscles, fueling the heartbeat, and creating new body cells is referred to as

energy

Substances which must be consumed from foods because they cannot be made in the body are

essential nutrients

The leading cause of death among American adults is

heart disease

An inherited genetic defect in one or more genes that code for enzymes that control metabolic process is called a(n)

inborn error of metabolism

In recent years, America's incidence of overweight and obesity has been

increasing

The most metabolically active organ in the body is the

liver

Without properly functioning sphincters, the food mass would

move in the wrong direction

Ana wants to lose weight so she should try to eat more __ foods

nutrient-dense foods

Whole Foods mush first be broken down into __ that can be absorbed into the body's cells

nutrients

The study of food and the nutrients needed to sustain life and for reproduction is called

nutrition

Catabolic reactions __ energy as the break down large molecules into simple structures

release

The functions of ___ are to dissolve small food particles, which allows them to react with the taste buds so we can savor food and to moisten and bind food to lubricate it for comfortable swallowing

saliva

Chyme is semiliquid, particularly digested food mass that leaves the stomach and enters the

small intestine

The RDAs are

the recommended daily amounts of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all individuals in a group of similar age and sex

Individuals who are consuming a mixture of different food groups and foods within each group are meeting the diet principle of

variety

The fingerlike projections which line the small intestine increase the surface area to maximize absorption and help mix the partially digested chyme with intestinal secretions are

villi

Biochemical measurements provide insights into

vitamin and mineral status

The large intestine mainly absorbs

water

(SA) What are the ABCDs of nutrition assessment?

Anthropometric, Biochemical, Clinical, Dietary Intake

(SA) Name the key principles of healthy eating

Balance, moderation, and a variety of nutrient-dense foods.

(SA) Alcohol is metabolized by the liver at a rate of about ___ ounce(s) per ____ hour(s). (Extra Credit)

0.5 ounces per 1.5 hours

(SA) What are the 5 components of the MyPlate model?

1. Fruit 2. Vegetable 3. Grain 4. Protein 5. Dairy

One gram of carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol provide calories as follows

4:4:9:7

The recommended range of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake expressed as a percentage of total energy is the

AMDR

The energy source which cells use to fuel metabolic reactions is

ATP

Carbohydrates are first used for ATP synthesis, and excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen and triglycerides in the ____ tissue

Adipose