Nutr 251 - LS - Ch 7

Amino acids are required for the synthesis of many hormones , such as

thyroid hormone and insulin

Lipoprotein

transports lipids

High PER (protein efficiency ratio)

tuna, chicken

A person who has the genetic disease PKU requires ____ to be conditionally essential amino acid

tyrosine

The amino groups is in what form in the urine?

urea

What are the components that make up an amino acid?

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

Which of the following might happen to someone with an illness?

negative protein balance

Amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain

nitrogen

A ____ amino acid, sometimes called dispensable, is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

Amino acids that are _____ can also be referred to as dispensable amino acids

nonessential

Pulses are a group of 12 crops, including...

peas, beans, and lentils

A ____ bond is a chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein

peptide

Most ___ proteins are examples of lower-quality proteins

plant

Quinoa and ____ protein is an example of a plant-based protein that meets the essential amino acids needs.

soy

What are some potential causes of denaturation?

stomach acid and heat

What shape of the protein determines the function?

tertiary

What hormones stimulate positive protein balance?

testosterone, growth hormone, insulin

Protein is a nutrient

that provides structural support to body cells and tissues

Plants proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no ____ than animal sources of protein.

saturated fat and cholesterol

Healthy individuals need to consume protein in an amount that replaces the protein lost in...

feces, urine, hair

During recovery from illness or injury, a person's protein needs and, thus, their RDA

increase

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in food or diet relative to body needs is the

limiting amino acid

A ____ protein balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed.

negative

The major source of protein in many areas of the world, excluding North America, are

plants

What nutrients supply the body with usable energy?

proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

What situations does an individual require positive protein balance?

- adolescent boy during growth spurt - older adult recovering from an illness - middle-aged adult recovering from an injury

What components describe an amino acid?

- amino group - side chain - acid group

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids can be

- converted into glucose - are converted into fat - metabolized as fuel

PKU

- is caused by an enzyme inefficiency - leads to a lack of tyrosine production

What happens when excess protein is consumed?

- it is stored as fat - it is used as energy

What occurs with inadequate consumption of protein?

- protein concentration in the blood drops - edema can develop

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

- pump ions into and out of cells - serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

If your carbohydrate intake is inadequate, the liver is forced to make glucose from ____

- stored glycogen - amino acids in body tissue - protein in body tissues

There a total of ___ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function

11

How many pounds equate to 1 kilogram?

2.2

Proteins supply the body with about ___ kilocalories per gram

4

Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein

56 grams

How many amino acids are considered essential?

9

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ___ code

DNA

____ is a double-stranded molecule in a helical form

DNA

If the synthesis of protein drops below normal rate due to disease or malnourishment, what condition will develop?

Kwashiorkor

The blood proteins ____ are important in maintaining fluid balance.

albumin and globulin

The body links ____ acids with peptide bonds to form proteins.

amino

Mos of the ____ ____ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins

amino acids

____ are the building blocks of protein.

amino acids

The RDA for protein would be higher

during recover from illness or injury and in highly trained athletes

When a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called

anergy

What are examples of conditionally essential amino acids?

arginine and glutamine

____ ____ is a measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein

biological value

Low PER (protein efficiency ratio)

bread, corn

Changing a protein's shape ____ destroy its ability to function normally.

can

An amino acid without an amino group is called

carbon skeleton

transferrin

carries iron

Hemoglobin

carries oxygen

retinol-binding protein

carries vitamin A

The likelihood of developing what disease increases if anergy develops from a protein deficiency?

chicken pox, mumps, measles

A _____ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids

complementary

Proteins that are ____ need not be consumed at the same meal but can be balanced over the course of a day to provide sufficient essential amino acids

complementary

Losing an amino group from an amino acid without transferring it to a carbon skeleton is called

deamination

What is the process of altering the 3-dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

denaturation

What protein process helps to facilitate protein digestion?

denaturation

In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be ___ during digestion.

denatured

The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) is derived by multiplying a food's chemical score by the food's _______

digestibility

Fluid buildup in the interstitial spaces is called ____

edema

____ involves a buildup of excess fluids in tissues

edema

When protein intake equals the amount in losses, an individual is in protein balance or

equilibrium

Amino acids that are ____ can also be called indispensable amino acids

essential

An _____ amino acid, also called indispensable, cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential

Animal proteins are a good source of all 9 _____, or indispensable, amino acids.

essential

Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?

fats and carbohydrates

What hormone stimulates positive protein balance?

insulin

What proteins function as transporters for other nutrients?

lipoproteins and transferrin

Most plant proteins are examples of ____ proteins

lower-quality

A ____ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses

positive

Fats and carbohydrates are ____ used to meet energy needs

primarily

The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient ___, which makes it a costly energy source of calories.

protein

Which macro-nutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

protein

Almost all enzymes are ____

proteins

____ ____ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and re-synthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time.

Protein Turnover