NUTR 251 - Smartbook Ch. 13 - Water-Soluble Vitamins

1

60 mg of tryptophan will produce _____ mg of niacin

Beriberi

A person suffering from weakness, muscle wasting, enlargement of the heart, and edema caused by lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency known as _____

these nutrients often occur in the same foods

A riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with a deficiency of several other B-vitamins because ______.

riboflavin

Milk is an excellent source of ____

coenzyme

Niacin serves as a _____ in energy metabolism

donate electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions

One of vitamin C's main functions in the body is to

maintaining normal blood pressure & reducing the risk of stroke

Other possible roles for folate in the body include:

folate

The coenzymes of which B-vitamin are needed for the synthesis and maintenance of new cells?

scurvy

The deficiency disease for vitamin C

liver, mushrooms, spinach and other green leafy vegetables, broccoli, asparagus, milk, and cottage cheese

The food sources of riboflavin include:

nitrogen-containing compounds

The function of PLP, the coenzyme form of vitamin B-6, pertains mainly to enzymatic reactions involving _____.

naturally in foods

The generic name of the B-vitamin folate refers to the form of the vitamin found

becoming very large and being unable to divide due to the lack of DNA

The red blood cells of a folate-deficient person differ from a healthy person by

the kidneys filter out the excess daily

The risk of water-soluble vitamin toxicity is low because _____?

folic acid

The synthetic forms of the B vitamin folate is called what?

carbohydrate

Thiamin is a key component required to metabolize the macronutrient ____.

numerous

Vitamin B-6 participates in _____ metabolic reactions.

alcohol decreases thiamin absorption, increases thiamin excretion in the urine, & they may consume a poor-quality diet lacking sufficient thiamin

Why are alcoholics more susceptible to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Niacin in corn is unavailable & corn contains little tryptophan

Why are corn-based diets associated with pellagra?

increases

When either folate or vitamin B-12 is lacking, the amount of homocysteine in the body _____

THFA levels decrease

When vitamin B-12 is lacking;

riboflavin

Which B-vitamin is a component of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)?

folate

Which B-vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism?

vitamin B-6

Which B-vitamin participates in transamination reactions that allow the synthesis of nonessential amino acids?

the vitamins may leach into the cooking water

Why is there a loss of water-soluble vitamins when preparing foods?

Water-Soluble Vitamins

are needed for the growth of body tissues; help maintain body tissues; are needed for the normal function of body tissues

energy metabolism, protein and amino acid metabolism, and blood formation and clotting

Which of the following are common major functions across the water-soluble vitamins?

low toxicity risk, organic compounds, and have important roles in energy metabolism

Which of the following is characteristic of many of the water-soluble vitamins?

stomach

Which organ produces the intrinsic factor that enhances vitamin B-12 absorption?

conversion of homocysteine to methionine; conversion of histidine to glutamic acid; conversion of glycine to serine

Which specific reactions involve THFA?

Vitamin B-12

Which vitamin has foods of animal origin as its only reliable food source and is the only vitamin that contains a mineral as part of its structure?

vitamin B-12

Which vitamin is also known as cobalamin?

Vitamin C

Which water-soluble vitamin acts as an electron donor and has a cofactor role for several metalloenzymes?

Ariboflavinosis

caused by a deficiency of riboflavin; causes inflammation of the throat, mouth, and tongue; cracking of the tissue around the mouth; and red, scaly skin

pellagra

corn-based diets are associated with which condition?

functions of thiamin

involved in decarboxylation reactions & coenzyme required for the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids

thiamin

pork products are excellent sources of ____

decarboxylation

removal of 1 molecule of carbon dioxide from a compound

thiamin

Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of ____

norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

Folate is involved in the formation of the neurotransmitters

energy-yielding metabolism & assisting antioxidant reactions

Functions of riboflavin include _____.

dietary folate equivalents (DFE)

How are folate requirements expressed?

12,000

How many milligrams of tryptophan are required to yield 200 mg of niacin?

pork products, sunflower seeds, and legumes

Identify the food sources of thiamin.

absorption

Dietary folate equivalents (DFE) reflect the differences in the ____ of food folate and synthetic folic acid.

water

The category of vitamins that are stored only to a small degree in the body are the ____-soluble vitamins.

fatigue; pinpoint hemorrhages around hair follicles; gums and joints bleed; impaired wound healing; bone pain; fractures; diarrhea

Signs of scurvy include:

smoking increases vitamin C turnover

Smokers need more vitamin C daily than nonsmokers because:

the interconversion of amino acids

THFA is especially involved in amino acid metabolism via

thiamin

The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to metabolize carbohydrates and some amino acids is _____.

35 mg/day

The RDA for vitamin C smokers is _____ higher than those who do not smoke.

animal

Vitamin B-12 is found in ____ foods only.

homocysteine

Vitamin B-12 is required for an enzymatic reaction involved in _____ metabolism.

nonheme

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of ____ iron.

bile acids

Vitamin C is involved in the conversion of cholesterol to ____

carnitine, epinephrine, and thyroxine

Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of which of the following compounds?

small

Water-soluble vitamins are essential organic substances needed in _____ amounts.

alcoholics

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamin deficiency mainly found in ____

meat, fish, poultry, and whole grains

What are good food sources of vitamin B-6?

steaming, stir-frying, and microwaving

What are the best methods for retaining the water-soluble vitamins when preparing food?

NAD+ and NADP+

What are the coenzyme forms of niacin?

required for the release of glucose from glycogen; converts homocysteine to the amino acid cysteine; major role in amino acid metabolism

What are the functions of vitamin B-6?

white bread

What is not a good source of vitamin B-6 because it is lost in the refining of grain and is not added back during refinement.

megaloblastic

What type of anemia occurs when large red blood cells are unable to divide due to a folate deficiency?

Vitamin C

______ enhances iron absorption?