NUTR 251 - Smartbook Ch. 13 - Water-Soluble Vitamins
1
60 mg of tryptophan will produce _____ mg of niacin
Beriberi
A person suffering from weakness, muscle wasting, enlargement of the heart, and edema caused by lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency known as _____
these nutrients often occur in the same foods
A riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with a deficiency of several other B-vitamins because ______.
riboflavin
Milk is an excellent source of ____
coenzyme
Niacin serves as a _____ in energy metabolism
donate electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions
One of vitamin C's main functions in the body is to
maintaining normal blood pressure & reducing the risk of stroke
Other possible roles for folate in the body include:
folate
The coenzymes of which B-vitamin are needed for the synthesis and maintenance of new cells?
scurvy
The deficiency disease for vitamin C
liver, mushrooms, spinach and other green leafy vegetables, broccoli, asparagus, milk, and cottage cheese
The food sources of riboflavin include:
nitrogen-containing compounds
The function of PLP, the coenzyme form of vitamin B-6, pertains mainly to enzymatic reactions involving _____.
naturally in foods
The generic name of the B-vitamin folate refers to the form of the vitamin found
becoming very large and being unable to divide due to the lack of DNA
The red blood cells of a folate-deficient person differ from a healthy person by
the kidneys filter out the excess daily
The risk of water-soluble vitamin toxicity is low because _____?
folic acid
The synthetic forms of the B vitamin folate is called what?
carbohydrate
Thiamin is a key component required to metabolize the macronutrient ____.
numerous
Vitamin B-6 participates in _____ metabolic reactions.
alcohol decreases thiamin absorption, increases thiamin excretion in the urine, & they may consume a poor-quality diet lacking sufficient thiamin
Why are alcoholics more susceptible to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Niacin in corn is unavailable & corn contains little tryptophan
Why are corn-based diets associated with pellagra?
increases
When either folate or vitamin B-12 is lacking, the amount of homocysteine in the body _____
THFA levels decrease
When vitamin B-12 is lacking;
riboflavin
Which B-vitamin is a component of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)?
folate
Which B-vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism?
vitamin B-6
Which B-vitamin participates in transamination reactions that allow the synthesis of nonessential amino acids?
the vitamins may leach into the cooking water
Why is there a loss of water-soluble vitamins when preparing foods?
Water-Soluble Vitamins
are needed for the growth of body tissues; help maintain body tissues; are needed for the normal function of body tissues
energy metabolism, protein and amino acid metabolism, and blood formation and clotting
Which of the following are common major functions across the water-soluble vitamins?
low toxicity risk, organic compounds, and have important roles in energy metabolism
Which of the following is characteristic of many of the water-soluble vitamins?
stomach
Which organ produces the intrinsic factor that enhances vitamin B-12 absorption?
conversion of homocysteine to methionine; conversion of histidine to glutamic acid; conversion of glycine to serine
Which specific reactions involve THFA?
Vitamin B-12
Which vitamin has foods of animal origin as its only reliable food source and is the only vitamin that contains a mineral as part of its structure?
vitamin B-12
Which vitamin is also known as cobalamin?
Vitamin C
Which water-soluble vitamin acts as an electron donor and has a cofactor role for several metalloenzymes?
Ariboflavinosis
caused by a deficiency of riboflavin; causes inflammation of the throat, mouth, and tongue; cracking of the tissue around the mouth; and red, scaly skin
pellagra
corn-based diets are associated with which condition?
functions of thiamin
involved in decarboxylation reactions & coenzyme required for the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids
thiamin
pork products are excellent sources of ____
decarboxylation
removal of 1 molecule of carbon dioxide from a compound
thiamin
Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of ____
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
Folate is involved in the formation of the neurotransmitters
energy-yielding metabolism & assisting antioxidant reactions
Functions of riboflavin include _____.
dietary folate equivalents (DFE)
How are folate requirements expressed?
12,000
How many milligrams of tryptophan are required to yield 200 mg of niacin?
pork products, sunflower seeds, and legumes
Identify the food sources of thiamin.
absorption
Dietary folate equivalents (DFE) reflect the differences in the ____ of food folate and synthetic folic acid.
water
The category of vitamins that are stored only to a small degree in the body are the ____-soluble vitamins.
fatigue; pinpoint hemorrhages around hair follicles; gums and joints bleed; impaired wound healing; bone pain; fractures; diarrhea
Signs of scurvy include:
smoking increases vitamin C turnover
Smokers need more vitamin C daily than nonsmokers because:
the interconversion of amino acids
THFA is especially involved in amino acid metabolism via
thiamin
The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to metabolize carbohydrates and some amino acids is _____.
35 mg/day
The RDA for vitamin C smokers is _____ higher than those who do not smoke.
animal
Vitamin B-12 is found in ____ foods only.
homocysteine
Vitamin B-12 is required for an enzymatic reaction involved in _____ metabolism.
nonheme
Vitamin C enhances the absorption of ____ iron.
bile acids
Vitamin C is involved in the conversion of cholesterol to ____
carnitine, epinephrine, and thyroxine
Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of which of the following compounds?
small
Water-soluble vitamins are essential organic substances needed in _____ amounts.
alcoholics
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamin deficiency mainly found in ____
meat, fish, poultry, and whole grains
What are good food sources of vitamin B-6?
steaming, stir-frying, and microwaving
What are the best methods for retaining the water-soluble vitamins when preparing food?
NAD+ and NADP+
What are the coenzyme forms of niacin?
required for the release of glucose from glycogen; converts homocysteine to the amino acid cysteine; major role in amino acid metabolism
What are the functions of vitamin B-6?
white bread
What is not a good source of vitamin B-6 because it is lost in the refining of grain and is not added back during refinement.
megaloblastic
What type of anemia occurs when large red blood cells are unable to divide due to a folate deficiency?
Vitamin C
______ enhances iron absorption?