LAND 240

New grange

250ft wide mound with 3 recessed chambers, early cremation occurred

Catal Huyuk

A Near East Neolithic community, this settlement is located in Turkey, with a fortress-like wall surrounding, mud-brick structures whose entrances were on the roof, and became a huge trading post for obsidian

Nile River Valley

A government system regulated the growth crops, crop storage and divided lands. The first armies and organization of labor, writing and literacy classes were developed, communication and record keeping began

Megaliths

A large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or together with other stones Neolithic period

colonnade

A long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free- standing, or part of a building.

Giza pyramids

A monumental tomb for a king with a rectangular base which unified the deceased with Re the sun god.

portico

A porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls

Axis Mundi

A vertical center pole uniting heaven, Earth and the underworld

Mount Meru

Ancient Hindus regarded it as the navel of the universe, mimics a mountain. Links a cave in the center of the earth to celestial above space. Energy from the cavernous interior is assumed to radiate up and down the axis mundi.

Karnak: The temples of Mentuhotep II

Built into a rock facade, a high square colonnaded platform and a sycamore lined forecourt were connected through an axial funerary procession

Chemi Shanidar Mounds in Mesa Verde, Colorado

Cosmogony seemed to be a universal belief at one time in our prehistory. All of the following are examples of cosmological landscapes in the Pre Spanish Conquest Americas EXCEPT:

winter solstice

December 21-22 when the sun is at its southernmost point (shortest day)

Landschap

Dutch, 17th century signified not only the non human aspects of the landscape but also the need for the spatial design of human made constructs

Watson Brake

Earlier evidence of a constructed landscape in the Americas. A series of constructed large earthen mounds with the center area as an early plaza space. Mainly used for ceremonial funerary processes of surrounding communities

Landskip

English, pre 17th century "a portion of land which the eye can comprehend at a glance."

Cahokia Mounds, Illinois

Functioned as an Astronomical marker and observatory, had ceremonial functions and funerary associations. Total of 120 man made earthen mounds with the sun raising directly over "Monks Mound"

Landschaft

German, 18th century referred mor to the working community and its surroundings rather than simply its scenery

Chaulet caves

Hundreds of animal paintings depecting at least 13 different species. showed they were well traveled. no paintings of human figures

summer solstices

June 20-21 when the sun is at its northernmost point (longest day)

Geoglyph

Large scale mages inscribed on the Earth, generally by carving into stone or the ground plane

Ur-Uk

Largest city in the world at the time. One of the first real cities broken into districts. Marked shift from small agricultural villages to a larger urban center with a full time bureaucracy, military and stratified society

The Grotto of Tiberius

Located in Sperlonga, Rome (79 B.C.) and famous for its luxurious villas, this area functioned as a holy place with a natural seaside cave. The Cave was extended into the landscape and fish pond with an area for outdoor banqueting functioned at its entranceway

neolithic

New stone age Neo: new

Obelisk

Select the word which is best used to describe a tall, narrow, four-sided, tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top and is usually placed upon a pedestal, regularly constructed during the Egyptian times to pay homage to rulers and placed at entrances to other symbolic sites

Chaco Canyon

The beginning of a regional center and public space aligned to the movement of the east west connections aligned to the sun's position at equinox

Animism

The belief that elements such as wind and water had conscious life and that spirit forces dwelt within trees, birds, fish, reptiles, and mammals

Processional axes

The ceremonial way developed in conjunction with religious rituals in which priests and populations assembled before ziggurats, pyramids, and temples

spatial hierophany

The notion that within the larger sanctity of nature, some places are especially sacred

Genius Loci

The spirit of a specific place and the idea of guardian deities of that landscape

classical

The term used to describe the aesthetic values embodied in Greek and Roman art and architecture

Erbil

This Assyrian city in Mesopotamia was organized around water resources and parks (known as pairidaeza) were its key feature, generally walled hunting parks. Also, Exotic non-native trees characterized the landscape and it rested upon a mound of debris from constant rebuilding of its fallen mud and clay structures

Cosquer Caves

This Paleolithic settlement in Marseilles, France is characterized by wall paintings of hands using negative space and four-fifths of the interior, including any art on its walls, was submerged and obliterated by rising levels

Delphi

This city was the spiritual center, belly button of the universe, sacred to ALL Greeks and was said to housevthe most important oracle in the classical Greek world. Pilgrimages were made to consult oracles and journeys for men who lacked governmental roles and didn't take part in athletic contests.

Stonehenge

This cosmological landscape is found in the Salisbury Plains in England and evolved from an earthen bankment, to a wooden structure, to the stone stackings

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primiqenia

This is an urban shrine and shopping center set into a hillside above the town of Praeneste, located 23 miles east-southeast of Rome with 7 terraces organized around a central axis. Columns and colonnades decorate the passageways and newly developed arches are celebrated through design

Venus de Willendorf

This piece of Paleolithic art was sculpted of limestone and believed to be a symbol of fertility to prehistoric peoples and generally describe the ideal woman of the time

Fertile Crescent

This semicircle of alluvial soils in an otherwise arid landscape housed a bulk of the Neolithic settlements clustered and is generally accepted as the original site of agriculture

Mehrgarh

This settlement in India is thought to be the oldest city in the Neolithic period. It was a farming village consisting of rectangular mud huts compactly packed together

Simple forms, harmonious proportions, and detailed ornament

Which of the following statements best describes the primary characteristics of architectural design in the classical world

city-state

a central city and its surrounding villages which together follow the same law have one form of government and share languages, religious beliefs and ways of life

peristyle

a columned enclosed porch or open colonnade in a building surrounding a court with an internal garden

menhir

a large upright standing stone

microliths

a minute shaped flint, typically part of a composite tool such as a spear. used as cutting tools and weapons

place

a narrative of the relationship between human beings and their world

villa

a roman country houses built for the upper class. four different styles of villas

acropolis

a settlement built upon an area of elevated ground. the place of religion and communal tradition

dolmen

a stone grouping with a flat horizontal stone on top, early land art

kivas

a sunken or subterranean ceremonial room

Ur

access to Euphrates river provided irrigation. Organic hives of residential activity surrounding religious areas. Naturally arranged with religious spaces dotted throughout

Nazca lines

an extensive series of straight lines and animal figures inscribed on a dry lake. intended to act as an observatory. created to be seen by their gods in the sky

Zawi Chemi Shanidar

an industrial cave with farming village outside. Compound of circular structures arranged around shared open spaces. Domesticated deer, goat and plants

laurel tree

apollo, sun

palm tree

artemis, hunting

olive tree

athena, wisdom

Mesopotamia

between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, high water table aided in agricultural yield increase. Included Sumer, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires

insulae

blocks formed by the intersection of all streets

planned growth settlements

carefully laid out with decisions made based on determinants

organic growth settlements

chaotically grew through time as determinants changed. most all early neolithic and arabian settlements

Terrestrial space

composed of the land and all that dwell upon its grounds. Mimicked by art

stoas

covered always or porticos, commonly for public usage; lined principle streets and defined public spaces outline building edges to three dimensionalize connections

Equinoxes

either of two times of the year when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator and day and night are of equal length

Hippodamian planning

father of modern planning, created gridiron system and first zoning categories

Stone Age

first known period of prehistoric human culture

villa urbana

followed the form of urbanization

theocratic

form of government in which official policy is governed by divine guidance, kingships, defined territories, located ceremonial axes and defined functions by district

polis

greek city, should not be so large that the settled area couldn't be taken in one single view with two nuclei, the acropolis and the agora

willow tree

hera, marriage

caves and springs

human purification

villa rustica

independent farmer and simple ancient values

carnac stones

largest collection of menhir in the world with 3 main groups (menace alignment, kermario alignment and kerlescan alignment)

villa suburbana

located on the outskirts of the city

Two Bison

made of unbaked clay depicts permeating ritual

Human with Feline head

mammoth ivory 30,000-26,000 BC

ziggurats

massive monuments having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successive receding stories of levels. an attempt to mimic the mountains and the axis mundi through architecture

mesolithic

middle stone age meso: middle

Stone dolls of Kuklica, Macedonia

monument of nature, 120 natural stone figures believed to be sacred by prehistoric people

Cliff Palace

offered protection from the conditions that huts could not. A small settlement etched into a mountain facee

Paleolithic

old stone age paleo: old

Jericho

oldest Neollithic community in the Near East. Developed small permanent settlements with natural resources laid as the foundation. Marked transition of humans as figures in the landscape to shapers of the landscape

Jarmo

open and wooded plains along a stream. Grew wheat, barley, acorns, pistachio, lentils, field peas. Raised goats, pigs and wild cattle. Loosly organized grouping of houses, made from mud with courtyards as shared workspaces

oak branches

oracle, foresight

topos

order within the chaos through containment

chora

outlying environments and regional space, connections for trade defense and building materials

Hall of Bulls

paint on limestone may incorporate prehistoric star charts linking the millie bison and their patterns of migration

spotted horses and humans hands

paint on limestone possible beginning of domestication of animals

Bison

paint on limestone the first cave in which prehistoric cabe paintings were discovered

Songlines

paths across the land or sky which marked the route followed by the "creator beings"

agora

place of government commerce and community, the center of athletic, artistic, economic and political life

Mimis and kangaroo

red and yellow ocher and white pipe clay the mimi spirits are tuning kangaroos, the spirits are teaching the people to hunt

plaza

regional center and public space

demes

regional villages or towns

villa marittima

seaside villa for the wealthy

architraves

the beam that rests on top of the columns

daemon

the natural shrines, sacred woods, springs and mountain caves uniting the urban areas to the non-developed areas

decumanus

the primary east west running street

cardo

the primary north south running street

ben ben

the triangular shaped stone on top of a pyramid

first 2 agricultural plants

two row barley and einkorn wheat