NUTR 340

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, added sugar intake should be limited to less than ________ % of total daily calories.

10

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 mL water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies.

117 kcals

Adults absorb ________% of the calcium we intake.

33%

Approximately how many grams of carbohydrate are in a sugar-sweetened beverage that supplies 200 kcals and contains no fiber, fat, protein, or alcohol?

50 grams carbohydrate

Which of the following describe a conditionally essential nutrient?

A nutrient that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions. A nutrient that becomes essential due to a metabolic disorder or serious disease (e.g. kidney or liver disease). A nutrient that may be made in the body, but in amounts that are inadequate.

Which of the following can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients?

Acetyl CoA

Who is most at risk for vitamin E deficiency? Choose all correct responses.

Adults with ulcerative colitis Preterm infants Adults with Crohn's disease

Which group of vitamins is responsible for energy metabolism?

B-vitamins

Select all foods that are rich in potassium.

Bananas, Potatoes, Fresh orange

During "feasting", excess carbohydrates are converted to

Body fat stores

Which of the following is NOT a rich source of cobalamin (Vitamin B12)?

Broccoli

Describe the role of diet in cancer development. How can you educate patients on reducing cancer risk with diet?

Cancer can occur as a result of a poor unbalanced diet that lacks many of the vitamins neccessary for our bodies. Ensuring that we get adequate amounts of vitamins will help us to avoid vitamin deficiencies which will help reduce our risk of developing cancer.

Which of the following dietary nutrients would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person?

Carbohydrate

Match the following acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges for carbohydrates, protein, and fat.

Carbohydrates 45-65 Protein 10-35 Fat 20-35

Describe mechanical digestion. Describe chemical digestion.

Chemical digestion takes place in areas like the stomach and small intestine where different digestive enzymes, such as amylase and lipase, break down the food. Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth through mastication and alsin other areas such as the small intestine where muscle contract to assist with the breakdown of food.

What is the classic physical symptom of Wilson disease (toxic amounts of copper in the body)?

Copper-colored rings around the eyes

Toxicity from magnesium is most commonly from

Excess intake of laxatives or antacids

Glycogen that is stored in muscle tissue can be broken down and sent to other places in the body.

False

Describe the difference between "feasting" and "fasting".

Feasting is when the body receives sufficient nutrients through food which can then be stored as energy. Feasting is anabolic. Fasting is when the body does not receive sufficient nutrients through food intake, thus needs to break down stores of energy throughout the body. Feasting is catabolic.

The major storage form of iron that is commonly used to check iron status is

Ferritin

Which of the following represent the five overarching guidelines of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount. Shift to healthier food and beverage choices. Support healthy eating patterns for all. Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan. Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake.

_____________ is a hormone that instructs cells to use catabolic rather than anabolic pathways.

Glucagon

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors is ______________.

Gluconeogenesis

You are asked to provide dietary education for a patient with hypertension. How would you recommend your patient alter her diet?

I would reccomend they incorporate more fruits, vegtables, and grain in their diet while avoiding saturated and trans fat as much as possible. also need to limit sodium consumption

What is the primary function of iodine?

Iodine help the thyroid to prduce hormones.

Are animal or plant foods richer in vitamins?

It depends on the vitamin

Which of the following best describes chromium?

It plays a role to prevent insulin resistance and improve glucose tolerance

The rapid breakdown of glucose in the muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in pH within the muscle. The muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate into _______________.

Lactate

Name the 3 accessory organs of the digestive system:

Liver, Galbladder, Pancreas

What is the difference between major minerals and trace minerals? Are they both essential?

Major minerals are minerals that your body needs in large amounts whereas thace minerals are needed by your body in small amounts. both are essential

A healthy large intestine is home to numerous bacteria. Which of the following is not a function of the gut microbiota?

Neutralize acidic chyme

Megadoses of which vitamin may reduce LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels?

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

The pancreas secretes enzymes important for digestion. Match the four following enzymes to their function.

Pancreatic amylase: Digests starch Pancreatic lipase: Gigests fat Trypsin & chemotrypsin: partially digests protein

Describe a dinner meal rich in antioxidants. Be sure your meal includes all Choose My Plate food groups.

Pecan crusted chicken with green beans, fruit salad, a dinner roll and a glass of milk.

_____________ is/are the form of vitamin A that is most commonly found in animal products.

Retinoids

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups?

Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

Most absorption takes place in the

Small intestine

Which of the following enhance the bioavailability of iron? Choose all that apply.

Soaking beans Consuming with vitamin C Fermenting grains

For lunch today Quentin ate a turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, a small bag of pretzels, and an apple. He also drank a 20-fluid ounce orange-flavored sports drink. Which component of his lunch would be considered a source of empty calories?

Sports drink

Name at least 3 influences on individual water requirements.

The amount of exercise a person perfrms, the overll helath of an individual, and the type of environment you live in.

Describe the role of vitamin-like compounds.

They help to maintainnormal levels of metabolism during times of rapid tissue growth

Amino acids becoming muscle tissue is anabolism.

True

Which of the following vitamins has demonstrated teratogenic effects at high levels when taken during pregnancy?

Vitamin A

The metabolism of folate is dependent on adequate levels of which vitamin?

Vitamin B12

Name the fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of dehydration?

Weight loss, Low volume of urine, Confusion, Weakness

Which of the following foods typically acts as a prebiotic (NOT probiotic)?

Whole grains

Inorganic arsenic (found in soils, sediments, and groundwater) should be avoided. How can we decrease our overall intake of arsenic?

You can decrease your intake of arsenic by rinsing fruits and vegetables before consuming them or by filtering your water, rinse/soak rice, avoid excess consumption of apple juice, consume a variety of grains

Describe 3 key functions of zinc.

Zinc play a role in the growth and division of cells as well as in the healing of woulds.

Which of the following is NOT source of fluoride?

aged cheese

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population

The formation of glycogen by the liver is an example of _______________.

anabolism

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach?

bile

A primary function of the digestive system is the

breakdown of food into nutrients

Name the three macronutrients:

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Which of the following does NOT describe Wernicke-Kosakoff syndrome?

caused by riboflavin deficiency

In the United States, consumers eat more ________ than recommended.

cheese

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called _____________.

coenzymes

Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a(n)

condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning.

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been

enriched

According to scientific research, most dietary supplements provide considerable health benefits.

false

In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health.

false

It is easy to obtain adequate amounts of trace minerals from food.

false

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose is an example of anabolism.

false

The richest sources of minerals are plant foods.

false

When a sphincter relaxes, the passageway closes to prevent movement of GI contents.

false

Your patient has vitamin D deficiency. What would you recommend for your patient to boost his vitamin D levels?

fatty fish, fortified dairy

Most Americans purchase less than recommended amounts of:

fruits

Ketones are made in the body when there is inadequate _________ in the diet.

glucose

A feature of catabolic reactions is that they

involve the release of energy

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving?

leafy greens

The primary storage sites for glycogen in the body are the _________________ and the _______________.

liver skeletal muscle

_____________ is the organelle that synthesizes most of the ATP that cells need to function.

mitochondria

Correctly order the major organs of the digestive system in ascending order, beginning with the mouth as number 1

mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, Ileum, large intestine, rectum, anus

Are vitamins metabolized for energy?

no

Water-soluble vitamins are sensitive to which of the following? Choose all correct responses.

oxidation boiling in water Answer long periods of storage heat

Aerobic metabolism is the production of ATP that occurs in the presence of ______________.

oxygen

What macronutrient requires deamination for metabolism?

protein

You are conducting a physical assessment of your patient. She has a deep red swollen tongue and cracks in the corners of her mouth, and she reports that it hurts to swallow. What vitamin deficiency is she experiencing?

riboflavin deficiency

Chyme is the

semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach

Energy is defined as

the capacity to do work

Your patient has hypothyroidism. His thyroid hormone levels have not responded well to medication. After speaking with your patient, you find that he consumes a high amount of broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage each day. What dietary advice do you have for him?

these veggies are high in goitrogens, which inhibit iodine metabolism thus interfere with production of thyroid hormones; these veggies should be limited

A nutrient requirement is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health.

true

All three macronutrients have the potential to be stored as fat if not used by the body for energy or other functions.

true

In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

true

Most food guides classify eggs in the protein foods group.

true

Saliva includes enzymes that are important for digestion.

true

The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful.

true

The lining of the small intestine is covered with ________, tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food.

villi

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?

vitamin D

Which vitamin is responsible for production of blood-clotting factors?

vitamin K

Your patient had a total knee replacement two days ago and is now taking Coumadin. The registered dietitian has gone home for the day, and you must provide nutrition education on vitamin K before discharge. What information is necessary for your patient to know?

vitamin k intake should be consistent when on blood thinners

Most ___________-soluble vitamins act as important parts of coenzymes.

water