Nutrition 219: Study Guide Exam 4

What are the recommended behaviors to help prevent obesity?

Diet, limit consumption of sweets, eat more fruits and veggies, 60 minutes of physical activity

What practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy?

Drinking alcohol, illicit drugs, smoking, chewing tabacco, and consult a doctor for medical drugs and herbal supplements

What are the characteristics of adolescent food habits and intakes?

Females: puberty age 10-11, peak at 12, iron for menstruation Males: puberty age 12-13, peak at 14, iron for lean body mass, snacks provide 1/4 of teenage intake, 1/3 of meals eaten away from home, skip breakfast, drink soda, influence by peers

What is the major storage form of iron?

Ferritin

Understand concept of a "critical period"

Finite periods of intense development and rapid cell division, the development of each organ and tissues is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its own critical period.

What are the components of fitness?

Flexibility, muscle strength and endurance, and cardio respiratory.

What nutrients are required in higher amounts due to their role in red blood cell synthesis?

Folate, iron, and zinc

Zinc deficiency may result in what condition?

Growth retardation, arrested sexual maturity, diarrhea, impaired immune response, damage of the CNS, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, and loss of appetite

What iron containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?

Hemoglobin

What advantage does breast feeding have over formula?

Imunological protection--colostrum produced in the first 2-3 days, contains antibodies and WBCs, Bifidus factors, lactoferrin, Lactadherin, growth factors, lipase enzymes, sterile

What mineral is necessary for thyroxine production?

Iodine

What is the most preventable nutrient deficiency amount U.S. children?

Iron

High intake of milk may lead to what deficiency in children?

Iron deficiency

What does calcium do to iron?

It decreases the absorption of it

What substance builds up in tissue when those tissues are deprived of oxygen?

Lactic acid

What binds with Zinc and limits its bio-availability?

Methallothionein

What is the common gastrointestinal problem associated with pregnancy?

Morning sickness, constipation, heartburn, food and non-food cravings.

What protein carries oxygen in the muscle cells?

Myoglobin

What is the recommendation for alcohol in pregnancy issued by the Surgeon General?

No alcohol consumption

What is the function of the placenta?

Performs the function of respiration, absorption, and excretion for the fetus

What is the best food sources of iodine?

Processed foods, salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil, and animals fed those plants

What affect do nutritional inadequacies have on milk of a lactating woman?

Reduced quantity

What are the benefits of cardio respiratory conditioning?

Cardiac output is increased and enhances oxygen delivery, heart stronger-pumps more blood per minute, resting heart rate decreases, breathing more efficient, improves circulation, and reduces blood pressure.

Who is the most susceptible to iron deficiency?

10% of toddlers, adolescent girls, women of childbearing age

What is the minimum recommended weight gain for a pregnant obese woman?

11-20 lbs

What is the average lifespan of the RBC?

120 days (4 months)

How many extra calories are needed per day during lactation?

1800 kcal a day or 330 kcal extra for the first 6 months and 400 kcal the next 6 months

During vigorous physical activity, how long until glycogen reserves are depleted?

2 hours

How many hours a day does the AAP recommend limiting TV to?

2 hrs

What percent of body water loss will affect physical performance?

2%

What is the expected weight gain of an infant in the first year?

20-25 lbs

Ideally how much weight should a normal women gain during pregnancy?

25-35 lbs

What percent of U.S. children are overweight?

32% of 1/3 of children

How many extra calories are needed per day in the 2nd and 3rd trimester?

340 kcal a day in the 2nd 450 kcal a day in the 3rd

At what age is an infant ready to swallow solid foods?

4-6 months

When is the first cereal introduced to infants? Why?

4-6 months, because it is least allergenic

What is the energy requirements for infants?

450 kcal per day or 100 kcal per kilogram

At what stage in pregnancy is there a beating heart and complete nervous system?

8 weeks

What is the energy that drives immediate muscle contractions?

ATP

What is a food intolerance?

Adverse reaction to foods and other discomforts such as stomach ache, headache, rapid pulse rate, nausea, wheezing, hives, bronchial irritations, cough, symptoms WITHOUT antibody production

At what age can you introduce whole milk to a child?

After age 1

What transports Zinc?

Albumin and transferrin

What are the likely reasons for the increase in childhood obesity over the past 30 years?

Convenience foods, meals eaten away from home, non-nutritious choices at schools, sedentary activities, soft drinks

What are the nutrient difference between cow's milk compared to human breast milk?

Cow's milk contains 20% protein, 51% fat, and 29% carbs, whereas human breast milk has 6% protein, 55% fat, and 39% carbs.

What is pica?

Craving for ice, clay, and dirt.

What can result from iodine deficiency during pregnancy?

Cretinism in the child, major birth defects in baby

What period of pregnancy would the most damages occur from alcohol?

during the 1st trimester

What fuel is used predominantly by muscle cells after about 20 minutes of low or moderate physical activity?

fat and less glycogen

What are the best sources of fluoride?

fluorinated drinking water, tea, seafood

What nutrient is depleted when a runner "hits the wall"?

glycogen

What nutrient raises muscle glycogen concentration?

high carb

What type of diet promotes superior performance in athletes?

high carb

What is the progressive overload principle?

to slightly increase comfortable capacity

What nutrient is depleted most rapidly with exercise?

water

What should be the composition of the pregame meal in the athlete?

water and carbs 300-800 kcal, low protein and fat

What factors enhance the absorption of iron?

when iron stores are depleted, with increased body need -pregnancy, with rapid growth and development

Which nutrients are particularly difficult to meed the RDA during pregnancy?

iron and calcium

Which nutrients increases their absorption in pregnancy?

iron and calcium

What is the function of the MFP?

it enhances absorption of non-heme iron from foods eatne at the same meal

What is the major cause of iron deficiency?

low iron stores

In what foods is MFP found in?

meats, fish, and poultry

What is muscle atrophy?

muscle loss in size and strength, the result of lack of activity

What are the best sources of zinc?

oysters, shelllfish, meats, poultry, milk, cheese, peanuts, legumes

What foods have iron added to them to make them in fortification?

pastas, breads, cereals, grains- iron enriched grains

Which foods most often cause allergies?

peanuts, milk, eggs, soy, also tree nuts, wheat, fish, and shellfish.

What foods reduce the absorption of iron?

phytates- in legumes, whole grains, rice, vegetable proteins- in soybeans. legumes, nuts, calcium- in milk, tannic acid- in coffee and tea

Why should you avoid fiber in the pregame meal?

soluble fiber slow it down and holds water in the GI tract

What is the minimum time cardio-respiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for maximum benefits?

work 20 minutes or longer, use large muscle groups, train at intensity to increase heart rate.

What condition results from iodine deficiency?

the body's thyriod hormone decreases, secretes more TSH, thyroid gland enlarges resulting in a goiter

What protein carries iron in the bloodstream?

Transferrin

What is the process of iron absorption and recycling?

Transferrin carries iron in the blood, bone marrow incorporates iron into hemoglobin of RBC and stores exccess iron in ferritin and hemosiderin, iron-containing hemoglobin in RBC carries oxygen, Liver and spleen dismantle RBC, packages iron into transferrin, and stores excess iron in ferritin and hemosiderin.

What is "nursing bottle" tooth decay?

Upper and lower tooth decay that can be caused by formula, milk, or juice due to prolonged exposure when sleeping

What nutrient may need to be supplemented in the breast fed infant?

Vitamin D and fluoride, also iron after 6 months

What is the process of zinc absorption and recycling?

Zinc in food, goes into mucosal cells in the intestine store excess in metallothionein, If not needed: excreted in shed intestinal cells, zinc absorption reduced when body doesn't need zinc, If needed: Metallothionein releases zinc to albumin and transferrin for transport, pancreas uses zinc to make digestive enzymes and secretes them into the intestine

Approximately what percentage of iron is normally absorbed overall?

about 18% in mixed diets, about 10% in vegetarian diets

When can low fat milk be introduced to a child?

after the age of 2

What is the composition of formula compared to human breast milk?

attempt to copy composition of breast milk, iron fortified, no protective antibodies, safe prep

What characteristics might you seen in children who skip breakfast?

behavior and performance affected, poor concentration, shorter attention span, lower score in IQ test

The neural tube forms the initial part of what structure?

brain and spinal cord

What deficiency would a low level of hemoglobin indicate?

Anemia deficiency

What can pregnant women do to alleviate her nausea?

Arise slowly, eat dry toast or crackers, chew gum or suck on hard candy, eat small frequent meals.

How can you help avoid allergies in infants when starting solid foods?

try new foods every 3-5 days and one at a time

What is a food allergy?

Anaphylactic shock--life threatening food allergy reaction, epinephrine injections can be used to counteract the shock

What is the definition of fitness?

The characteristics that enable the body to perform physical activity, the demands with enough reserve energy to rise to a sudden challenge.

What is the best indicator of an infant's overall health status?

The infants birth weight.

What foods should be avoided in infants?

corn syrup, honey, sweets, canned vegetables, carrots, cherries, hot dogs, marshmallows, etc

What condition does fluoride deficiency result in?

susceptibility to tooth decay