Nutrition 3
insulin
hormone that helps lower blood glucose levels
glucagon
hormone that helps raise blood glucose levels
lactose intolerance
inability to digest lactose properly
To prevent metabolic syndrome, one should
increase the intake of vegetables, fruits, and nuts
Insoluble fiber______ stool "bulk" which may ease bowel movements
increases
glucagon
increases blood glucose
dietary fiber
indigestible plant material; most types are polysaccharides
soluble fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels
insoluble fiber may ease bowel movements
Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water are called
insoluble fibers
lactase
intestinal enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
triglyceride
lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
arterial plaque
lipid-filled patch that builds up within the wall of an artery
essential fatty acids
lipids that must be supplied by the diet
low-density lipoprotein
lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to tissues
very-low-density lipoprotein
lipoprotein that transports a high proportion of lipids in the bloodstream
high-density lipoprotein
lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and tot he liver, where is can be eliminated
atherosclerosis
long term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls, causing hardening of the arteries
To reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes is
losing excess weight exercising regularly following a diet
stroke
loss of blood flow to a region of the brain, causing the death of brain cells in that area
heart attack
loss of blood flow to a section of the heart muscle, causing the tissue to die
lecithin
major phospholipid in food
Phospholipids function
manufactured in our bodies
glycemic index
measure of the body's blood glucose response after eating a food that supplies 50g of digestible carbohydrates as compared to a standard amount of glucose or white bread
Methods for monitoring diabetes include
measuring HbA1c levels daily blood glucose testing
Deficiency
mo true deficiency, but increased risk of cavities
fructose
monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables; "levulose" or "fruit sugar"
galactose
monosaccharide that is a component of lactose
glucouse
monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells; "blood sugar"
The three most important dietary ______ are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
monosaccharides
an alternate term for "single sugars" is
monosaccharides
Molecules which can yield 4 calories per gram include...
monosaccharides disaccharides table sugar
Deficiency
muscle loss, nerve damage, anemia, weakness
EPA
omega 3 fatty acid derived from alpha-linolenic acid
DHA
omega-3 fatty acid derived from alpha-linolenic acid
AA
omega-6 fat derived from linoleic acid
Phospholipids sources
plant and animal foods
phospholipid
type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells
chylomicrons
type of lipoprotein that's formed in the absorptive cells
omega-3 fatty acid
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that has its first double bond at the number 3 carbon
omega-6 fatty acid
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that has its first double bond at the number 6 carbon
trans fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acids that an unusual sturcture
glycemic load
value determined by multiplying the glycemic index of a carbohydrate-containing food by the amount of carbohydrate in a typical serving of the food
starch, glycogen, and most forms of dietary fiber are polyscaccharides.
your intestinal tract can digest starch into individual glucose molecules that can be absorbed.
Metabolism
-Primary energy source for cells -Red blood cells -Brain cells -Carbon dioxide and water
***Metabolic Syndrome
-Three or more of these signs Large waist circumference Chronically high blood pressure Chronically high fasting triglycerides High fasting blood glucose Low fasting high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol -Increased risk of heart and blood vessel diseases
Fiber health benefits
-blood cholesterol lowering -blood glucose control
Fructose
-fruit sugar; levulose -naturally occurring (fruit, honey, some vegetables) -converted to glucose -structural differences
What are monosaccharides?
-galactose -glucose -fructose
Fiber and weight control high-fiber diet
-increases volume of food eaten -stomach fullness -lower energy content
Excessive fiber
-intestinal absorption interference -increased intestinal gas beano swallowing air drinking carbonated beverages chewing gum
What event occurs in the large intestine and/or rectum?
-intestinal gas is produced -very little dietary carbohydrate is excreted -soluble fiber is fermented by bacteria
Insulin
-keeps blood sugar from going to high -moves glucose from blood into the cells -aids in the storage of glycogen -plays a role in the storage of excess energy (body fat)
Which of the following are sugar alcohols?
-mannitol -xylitol -sorbital
High-fiber diets
-reduced blood cholesterol -reduced risk of cardiovascular disease -bile recycling (or lack of)
Alternative sweeteners
-reduced or no calories -sugar alcohols sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, mannitol - sugar that has been fermented do not promote dental decay -sugar free chewing gums, breath mints, diabetic candies -absorption (2 kcal/g) -digestive issues
What are the two types of fiber
-soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water -insoluble fiber generally doesn't dissolve in water
Glycogen
-storage form in animals -muscles and liver
Nutritive sweeteners
-sugars and syrups -4 kcal/g -food labels -high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) soft drinks candies baked goods
Sucrose
-table sugar -comprises glucose and fructose molecules -naturally occuring(honey, maple syrup, carrots, pineapples) -refined from sugarcane and sugar beets 50% glucose and 50% fructose = sucrose
what is the order of blood glucose regulation when you haven't eaten for awhile
1. Blood glucose levels drop 2. the pancreas releases glucagon 3. glycogen is broken down in the liver 4. blood glucose levels normalize
Polysaccharides contain a minimum of _____ monosaccharides
10
Carbohydrate
45 - 65% of total energy concern for excess added sugars -22 vs. 8 tsp/day
Nutritionally adequate diets should provide ___ to ___% of total calories from carbohydrates
45 to 65%
Triglycerides
95% of lipids in body Three fatty acids and a glycerol
High fiber diets
A high-fiber diet can prevent constipation and the development of diverticula and hemorrhoids
What's the Glycemic Index?
Blood glucose response varies by food
Tooth Decay
Carbohydrates contribute -Simple sugars -Bacteria -Nursing bottle syndrome *Limit simple sugar consumption *Floss and brush regularly *Routine dental checkups *Major health issue with sugar in the diet is with the teeth
Fiber
Dietary fiber -mostly glucose -mostly indigestible -cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages -Lignin -Only in plant foods soluble fiber insoluble fiber
Deficiency
Easy bruising Bleeding gums nosebleeds
Symptoms of diabetes
Excessive thirst Frequent urination Blurry vision Vaginal yeast infections Foot pain Impotence - sexual disfunction Sores that do not heal quickly
Vitamin A
Fat Soluble Vitamin
Vitamin E
Fat Soluble Vitamin
Vitamin K
Fat soluble vitamin
Lipids
Fats, oil, and cholesterol -Energy -Cell membrane maintenance -Hormones -Insulation -Blood pressure and inflammation -Protection -Absorption of vitamins and phytochemicals
Excess energy
Formation of adipose cells (fat cells) Use of adipose cells Excess carbohydrate and protein intake Alcohol consumption
Cardiovascular disease
Heart disease and stroke Among top four leading causes of death in the U.S. Nearly 30% of all deaths Often begins during adolescence or young adulthood
Carbohydrates for Weight Loss
High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets (more than 70% of energy as carbohydrate)
Fiber and Health
High-fiber food consumption -Risk reduction intestinal tract disorders obesity diabetes cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke)
Glucose is the primary end product of carbohydrate digestion and an important cellular fuel
Insulin and glucagon maintain normal blood glucose levels. Cells need a small amount of glucose to metabolize fat energy properly.
Glucagon
Keeps blood sugar from going too low
lactose intolerance
Lactase Bacteria in large intestine symptoms: -intestinal cramps -bloating -gas -diarrhea alternatives -soy milk -pretreated products -lactase solution/pills
Another name for fructose is
Levulose
Reducing risk of type 2 diabetes
Losing excess weight Exercising regularly Dietary modification
Larger
Macro
The body needs lipids for many functions, including energy, maintaining cell membranes, producing bile certain hormones, insulating against cold temperatures, regulating blood pressure and inflammation, and cushioning against bumps, blows, and falls.
Major lipids are triglycerides, sterols, and phospholipids.
Fluoride
Trace Mineral
Magnesium
Trace Mineral
Chromium
Trace mineral
Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.
Unsaturated fatty acids can be either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
What is Diabetes?
Untreated or poorly controlled diabetes Nerve damage (lower limb amputations, blindness) Damage to organs (heart disease, kidney failure) Damage to blood vessels (blindness, lower limb amputations) 7th leading cause of death in the United States 25.8 million diabetics (2010) in the United States
Vitamin C
Water Soluble Vitamin
Type 1 diabetes
a autoimmune disease such disease occur when certain immune system cells don't recognize the body's own insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. As a result, the immune system cells attack and destroy the pancreatic cells
hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure levels that presist
alpha-linolenic acid
an essential omega-3 fatty acid
linoleic acid
an essential omega-6 fatty acid
Beta Carotene functions as a ______
antioxidant
peripheral vascular disease
atherosclerosis affecting a blood vessel that doesn't carry blood to the heart or brain
Deficiency
blood glucose levels stay high after meals
fiber and health
eating high-fiber foods may reduce your risk of certain intestinal tract disorders, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.
Cells will use carbohydrates are their major source of ______
energy
salivary amylase
enzyme secreted by the salivary glands that begins starch digestion in the mouth
maltase
enzyme that breaks down maltose into two glucose molecules
sucrase
enzyme that breaks down sucrose into a glucose and a fructose molecule
lipases
enzymes that break down lipids
In response to hypoglycemia the body secretes the hormone
epinephrine
adipose cells
fat cells
monosaturated fatty acid
fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain
polyunsaturaed fatty acid
fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
saturated fatty acid
fatty acid that only has single bonds holding each carbon in the barbon chain together
The dietary polysaccharide that is not digested and thus passes through the intestinal tract is
fiber
Intestinal gas resulting from the consumption of dietary fiber is produced by
fiber metabolism by bacteria that live in the colon
partial hydrogenation
food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats and saturated fats
soluble fiber
forms of dietary fiber that dissolve or swell in water
insoluble fiber
forms of dietary finer that generally don't dissolve in water
Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides
fructose glucose
Sugar sweetened beverages, a main dietary source of added sugar, include...
fruit"ades".
Glucose is a fuel for muscles and other cells nervous system and red blood cells rely on glucose for energy under normal conditions
fruits, vegetables, grapes, berries, corn and carrots are good food sources for glucose
which of the following are monosaccharides?
galactose fructose glucose
Diabetes is diagnosed when the body is unable to regulate blood levels of
glucose
Diabetes is diagnosed when the body is unable to regulate blood levels of _____
glucose
Soluble fiber binds cholesterol and slows _______ absorption
glucose
The monosaccharide commonly called "blood sugar" is
glucose
______ is the only monosaccharide found in maltose
glucose
Lactose is made up of the two monosaccharides ____ and ______
glucose galactose
Lactose is made up of which two monosaccharides
glucose and galactose
lactose is made up of
glucose and galactose
Maltose is comprised of
glucose and glucose
The three most important dietary monosaccharides are
glucose, fructose, and galactose
cardiovascular disease
group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
nonnutritive ("artificial") sweeteners
group of manufactured alternative sweeteners that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar
Glucouse if drops to low you will get to low, results in seizures or death ***need it
- Blood sugar - Fuel source muscle cells red blood cells nervous system cells - Sources fruits and vegetables grapes, berries, corn, carrots
Carbohydrates
- Desirable taste - Energy for cells - Sugars, starches, ad most fiber
Carbohydrate metabolism
- Energy for cellular functions - Overconsumption
Monosaccharides
- Glucose - Galactose - Fructose
Disaccharides
- Lactose - Maltose - Sucrose
Simple Carbohydrates (-ose)
- Monosaccharides - Disaccharides
Energy for cellular functions
- Muscle contraction - Enzyme producution - Bone growth
Galactose
- uncommon in foods - constituent of lactose(milk sugar) -converted to glucose
Diabetes mellitus
-Abnormally high blood glucose levels -Type 1 (5 to 10% of diabetics) -Type 2
Type 1 Diabetes
-Autoimmune disease Genetic susceptibility Environmental factors Viral intestinal infections -Insulin injections or insulin pump -Poorly controlled type 1 diabetes Increased appetite with weight loss, breath that smells like fruit, fatigue, confusion
Glycemic index (GI)
-Body's response to a carbohydrate food versus a standard carbohydrate -GI scores and foods
Gestational diabetes
-Develops during pregnancy -Affects fetus and babies -Pregnancy risks -Post-pregnancy diabetes -Risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Low Dietary Carbohydrate
-Fat metabolism becomes inefficient -Ketone bodies Muscle and brain cells Ketosis -Daily recommendation (130 g/day) -Amino acids as a source of glucose
Glycemic load (GL)
-GI multiplied by serving size amounts of carbohydrates
What is Hypoglycemia?
-Low blood glucose (less than 70 mg/dl) -Epinephrine (adrenalin) Increases supply of glucose and fatty acids -Symptoms Irritable, restless, shaky, sweaty Confusion, loss of consciousness -Reactive hypoglycemia - eating something really sweet blood glucose levels drop
Maltose
-Malt sugar -Comprises two glucose molecules -maltose syrup use in brewing beer and flavoring
Achieve and maintain normal blood glucose levels
-Meal planning -Blood monitoring/testing -Hemoglobin A1c -Estimated glucose average (eGA) -Individualized treatment plans
The Fate of Glucose
-Metabolized if needed -Glycogen storage -Storage as fat -Weight gain
Lactose
-Milk sugar -Comprises galactose and glucose -Milk and some products made for milk
Type 2 Diabetes
-Most common form -Insulin resistance
Smaller
Micro
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
More than one double bond between carbons Safflower, grapeseed, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils
Deficiency
Muscle weakness and pain Poor heart function Impaired glucose use
Fasting blood glucose levels
Normal (70 to 99 mg/dl) Pre-diabetic (100 to 125 mg/dl) Diabetic (126 mg/dl or greater)
**Alpha-linolenic acid
Omega-3 fatty acid Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
**Linoleic acid
Omega-6 fatty acid Arachidonic acid (AA)
Monounsaturated fatty acid
One double bond between carbons Avocados, many nuts Olive, peanut, and canola oils
Risk of type 2
Physically inactive Overweight or obese Genetically predisposed Ethnically predisposed
Starches
Polysaccharides energy storage plant structures starch glycogen Storage form in plants digestion seeds, roots, and tubers wheat, rice, barely, oats breads and cereals vegetables (corn, squash, beans, peas) tubers (potatoes, yams, taro, cassava, jicama)
Managing type 2 diabetes
Regular exercise Weight loss Special diets Medication
Sweeteners
Safety of artifical sweetners USDA approval Acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) Aspartame Amino acids Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Saturation
Saturated fatty acid -All carbons have single bonds -Animal fats -Coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils
Liquid vs. solid
Saturated fatty acids straighter Unsaturated fatty acids bent ***Saturated with hydrogen's
Fructose is found naturally in
cabbage honey fruit
Starch is identified as a
carbohydrate
Plants use energy from the sun to combine carbon dioxide and water to form
carbohydrates
Which nutrient is a source of energy for cells?
carbohydrates
ketone bodies
chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown
angina
chest pain that results from lack of oxygen to heart muscle tissue
lipids
class of organic nutrients that generally dont dissolve in water -water insoluble-
bile salts
component of bile
Polysaccharides
compounds comprised of more than 10 monosaccharides bonded together
metabolic syndrome
condition that increases risk of CVD *signs -large waist circumference -chronically high blood pressure -chronically high fasting blood fats -high fasting glucose level -low fasting HDL cholesterol level
hypoglycemia
condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is abnormally low
arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
condition that results from atherosclerosis
In which food category is galactose typically found?
dairy
insulin
decreases blood glucose
lactose
disaccharide comprised of glucose and a galactose molecule; "milk sugar
maltose
disaccharide comprised of two glucose molecules; "malt sugar"
Maltose is a member of a group of simple sugars called _______
disaccharides
pancreatic lipase
disgestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
sucrose
dissccharide comprised of a glucose and a fructose molecule; "table sugar"
Deficiency
scurvy
disaccharide
simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides
Monosaccharide
simple sugar that's the basic molecule of carbohydrates
tooth decay
simple sugars stick to your teeth and contribute to tooth decay.
The absorption of carbohydrates primarily occurs in the
small intestine
Alternative nutritive sweeteners include
sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol
The storage form of glucose in plants is ______
starch
seeds, roots, and tubers are considered ______ foods
starchy
cholesterol
sterol in animal foods that's made by your body
glycogen
storage form of glucose in humans and other animals
starch
storage form of glucose in plants
lipoprotein
structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream and lymph
alternative sweeteners
substances that are added to sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories
small intestinal enzymes that digest disaccharides include
sucrase maltase lactase
The disaccharide that is composed of glucose and fructose is called _____
sucrose
disaccharides include
sucrose lactose maltose
Dissaccharides include
sucrose maltose lactose
added sugars
sugars added to foods during processing or preparation
Type 2 diabetes
the body cells are insulin resistant, which means they don't respond properly to the hormone.