Nutrition 3

insulin

hormone that helps lower blood glucose levels

glucagon

hormone that helps raise blood glucose levels

lactose intolerance

inability to digest lactose properly

To prevent metabolic syndrome, one should

increase the intake of vegetables, fruits, and nuts

Insoluble fiber______ stool "bulk" which may ease bowel movements

increases

glucagon

increases blood glucose

dietary fiber

indigestible plant material; most types are polysaccharides

soluble fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels

insoluble fiber may ease bowel movements

Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water are called

insoluble fibers

lactase

intestinal enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

triglyceride

lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

arterial plaque

lipid-filled patch that builds up within the wall of an artery

essential fatty acids

lipids that must be supplied by the diet

low-density lipoprotein

lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to tissues

very-low-density lipoprotein

lipoprotein that transports a high proportion of lipids in the bloodstream

high-density lipoprotein

lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and tot he liver, where is can be eliminated

atherosclerosis

long term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls, causing hardening of the arteries

To reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes is

losing excess weight exercising regularly following a diet

stroke

loss of blood flow to a region of the brain, causing the death of brain cells in that area

heart attack

loss of blood flow to a section of the heart muscle, causing the tissue to die

lecithin

major phospholipid in food

Phospholipids function

manufactured in our bodies

glycemic index

measure of the body's blood glucose response after eating a food that supplies 50g of digestible carbohydrates as compared to a standard amount of glucose or white bread

Methods for monitoring diabetes include

measuring HbA1c levels daily blood glucose testing

Deficiency

mo true deficiency, but increased risk of cavities

fructose

monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables; "levulose" or "fruit sugar"

galactose

monosaccharide that is a component of lactose

glucouse

monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells; "blood sugar"

The three most important dietary ______ are glucose, fructose, and galactose.

monosaccharides

an alternate term for "single sugars" is

monosaccharides

Molecules which can yield 4 calories per gram include...

monosaccharides disaccharides table sugar

Deficiency

muscle loss, nerve damage, anemia, weakness

EPA

omega 3 fatty acid derived from alpha-linolenic acid

DHA

omega-3 fatty acid derived from alpha-linolenic acid

AA

omega-6 fat derived from linoleic acid

Phospholipids sources

plant and animal foods

phospholipid

type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells

chylomicrons

type of lipoprotein that's formed in the absorptive cells

omega-3 fatty acid

type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that has its first double bond at the number 3 carbon

omega-6 fatty acid

type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that has its first double bond at the number 6 carbon

trans fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acids that an unusual sturcture

glycemic load

value determined by multiplying the glycemic index of a carbohydrate-containing food by the amount of carbohydrate in a typical serving of the food

starch, glycogen, and most forms of dietary fiber are polyscaccharides.

your intestinal tract can digest starch into individual glucose molecules that can be absorbed.

Metabolism

-Primary energy source for cells -Red blood cells -Brain cells -Carbon dioxide and water

***Metabolic Syndrome

-Three or more of these signs Large waist circumference Chronically high blood pressure Chronically high fasting triglycerides High fasting blood glucose Low fasting high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol -Increased risk of heart and blood vessel diseases

Fiber health benefits

-blood cholesterol lowering -blood glucose control

Fructose

-fruit sugar; levulose -naturally occurring (fruit, honey, some vegetables) -converted to glucose -structural differences

What are monosaccharides?

-galactose -glucose -fructose

Fiber and weight control high-fiber diet

-increases volume of food eaten -stomach fullness -lower energy content

Excessive fiber

-intestinal absorption interference -increased intestinal gas beano swallowing air drinking carbonated beverages chewing gum

What event occurs in the large intestine and/or rectum?

-intestinal gas is produced -very little dietary carbohydrate is excreted -soluble fiber is fermented by bacteria

Insulin

-keeps blood sugar from going to high -moves glucose from blood into the cells -aids in the storage of glycogen -plays a role in the storage of excess energy (body fat)

Which of the following are sugar alcohols?

-mannitol -xylitol -sorbital

High-fiber diets

-reduced blood cholesterol -reduced risk of cardiovascular disease -bile recycling (or lack of)

Alternative sweeteners

-reduced or no calories -sugar alcohols sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, mannitol - sugar that has been fermented do not promote dental decay -sugar free chewing gums, breath mints, diabetic candies -absorption (2 kcal/g) -digestive issues

What are the two types of fiber

-soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water -insoluble fiber generally doesn't dissolve in water

Glycogen

-storage form in animals -muscles and liver

Nutritive sweeteners

-sugars and syrups -4 kcal/g -food labels -high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) soft drinks candies baked goods

Sucrose

-table sugar -comprises glucose and fructose molecules -naturally occuring(honey, maple syrup, carrots, pineapples) -refined from sugarcane and sugar beets 50% glucose and 50% fructose = sucrose

what is the order of blood glucose regulation when you haven't eaten for awhile

1. Blood glucose levels drop 2. the pancreas releases glucagon 3. glycogen is broken down in the liver 4. blood glucose levels normalize

Polysaccharides contain a minimum of _____ monosaccharides

10

Carbohydrate

45 - 65% of total energy concern for excess added sugars -22 vs. 8 tsp/day

Nutritionally adequate diets should provide ___ to ___% of total calories from carbohydrates

45 to 65%

Triglycerides

95% of lipids in body Three fatty acids and a glycerol

High fiber diets

A high-fiber diet can prevent constipation and the development of diverticula and hemorrhoids

What's the Glycemic Index?

Blood glucose response varies by food

Tooth Decay

Carbohydrates contribute -Simple sugars -Bacteria -Nursing bottle syndrome *Limit simple sugar consumption *Floss and brush regularly *Routine dental checkups *Major health issue with sugar in the diet is with the teeth

Fiber

Dietary fiber -mostly glucose -mostly indigestible -cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages -Lignin -Only in plant foods soluble fiber insoluble fiber

Deficiency

Easy bruising Bleeding gums nosebleeds

Symptoms of diabetes

Excessive thirst Frequent urination Blurry vision Vaginal yeast infections Foot pain Impotence - sexual disfunction Sores that do not heal quickly

Vitamin A

Fat Soluble Vitamin

Vitamin E

Fat Soluble Vitamin

Vitamin K

Fat soluble vitamin

Lipids

Fats, oil, and cholesterol -Energy -Cell membrane maintenance -Hormones -Insulation -Blood pressure and inflammation -Protection -Absorption of vitamins and phytochemicals

Excess energy

Formation of adipose cells (fat cells) Use of adipose cells Excess carbohydrate and protein intake Alcohol consumption

Cardiovascular disease

Heart disease and stroke Among top four leading causes of death in the U.S. Nearly 30% of all deaths Often begins during adolescence or young adulthood

Carbohydrates for Weight Loss

High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets (more than 70% of energy as carbohydrate)

Fiber and Health

High-fiber food consumption -Risk reduction intestinal tract disorders obesity diabetes cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke)

Glucose is the primary end product of carbohydrate digestion and an important cellular fuel

Insulin and glucagon maintain normal blood glucose levels. Cells need a small amount of glucose to metabolize fat energy properly.

Glucagon

Keeps blood sugar from going too low

lactose intolerance

Lactase Bacteria in large intestine symptoms: -intestinal cramps -bloating -gas -diarrhea alternatives -soy milk -pretreated products -lactase solution/pills

Another name for fructose is

Levulose

Reducing risk of type 2 diabetes

Losing excess weight Exercising regularly Dietary modification

Larger

Macro

The body needs lipids for many functions, including energy, maintaining cell membranes, producing bile certain hormones, insulating against cold temperatures, regulating blood pressure and inflammation, and cushioning against bumps, blows, and falls.

Major lipids are triglycerides, sterols, and phospholipids.

Fluoride

Trace Mineral

Magnesium

Trace Mineral

Chromium

Trace mineral

Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Unsaturated fatty acids can be either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated

What is Diabetes?

Untreated or poorly controlled diabetes Nerve damage (lower limb amputations, blindness) Damage to organs (heart disease, kidney failure) Damage to blood vessels (blindness, lower limb amputations) 7th leading cause of death in the United States 25.8 million diabetics (2010) in the United States

Vitamin C

Water Soluble Vitamin

Type 1 diabetes

a autoimmune disease such disease occur when certain immune system cells don't recognize the body's own insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. As a result, the immune system cells attack and destroy the pancreatic cells

hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure levels that presist

alpha-linolenic acid

an essential omega-3 fatty acid

linoleic acid

an essential omega-6 fatty acid

Beta Carotene functions as a ______

antioxidant

peripheral vascular disease

atherosclerosis affecting a blood vessel that doesn't carry blood to the heart or brain

Deficiency

blood glucose levels stay high after meals

fiber and health

eating high-fiber foods may reduce your risk of certain intestinal tract disorders, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.

Cells will use carbohydrates are their major source of ______

energy

salivary amylase

enzyme secreted by the salivary glands that begins starch digestion in the mouth

maltase

enzyme that breaks down maltose into two glucose molecules

sucrase

enzyme that breaks down sucrose into a glucose and a fructose molecule

lipases

enzymes that break down lipids

In response to hypoglycemia the body secretes the hormone

epinephrine

adipose cells

fat cells

monosaturated fatty acid

fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain

polyunsaturaed fatty acid

fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain

saturated fatty acid

fatty acid that only has single bonds holding each carbon in the barbon chain together

The dietary polysaccharide that is not digested and thus passes through the intestinal tract is

fiber

Intestinal gas resulting from the consumption of dietary fiber is produced by

fiber metabolism by bacteria that live in the colon

partial hydrogenation

food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats and saturated fats

soluble fiber

forms of dietary fiber that dissolve or swell in water

insoluble fiber

forms of dietary finer that generally don't dissolve in water

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides

fructose glucose

Sugar sweetened beverages, a main dietary source of added sugar, include...

fruit"ades".

Glucose is a fuel for muscles and other cells nervous system and red blood cells rely on glucose for energy under normal conditions

fruits, vegetables, grapes, berries, corn and carrots are good food sources for glucose

which of the following are monosaccharides?

galactose fructose glucose

Diabetes is diagnosed when the body is unable to regulate blood levels of

glucose

Diabetes is diagnosed when the body is unable to regulate blood levels of _____

glucose

Soluble fiber binds cholesterol and slows _______ absorption

glucose

The monosaccharide commonly called "blood sugar" is

glucose

______ is the only monosaccharide found in maltose

glucose

Lactose is made up of the two monosaccharides ____ and ______

glucose galactose

Lactose is made up of which two monosaccharides

glucose and galactose

lactose is made up of

glucose and galactose

Maltose is comprised of

glucose and glucose

The three most important dietary monosaccharides are

glucose, fructose, and galactose

cardiovascular disease

group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels

nonnutritive ("artificial") sweeteners

group of manufactured alternative sweeteners that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar

Glucouse if drops to low you will get to low, results in seizures or death ***need it

- Blood sugar - Fuel source muscle cells red blood cells nervous system cells - Sources fruits and vegetables grapes, berries, corn, carrots

Carbohydrates

- Desirable taste - Energy for cells - Sugars, starches, ad most fiber

Carbohydrate metabolism

- Energy for cellular functions - Overconsumption

Monosaccharides

- Glucose - Galactose - Fructose

Disaccharides

- Lactose - Maltose - Sucrose

Simple Carbohydrates (-ose)

- Monosaccharides - Disaccharides

Energy for cellular functions

- Muscle contraction - Enzyme producution - Bone growth

Galactose

- uncommon in foods - constituent of lactose(milk sugar) -converted to glucose

Diabetes mellitus

-Abnormally high blood glucose levels -Type 1 (5 to 10% of diabetics) -Type 2

Type 1 Diabetes

-Autoimmune disease Genetic susceptibility Environmental factors Viral intestinal infections -Insulin injections or insulin pump -Poorly controlled type 1 diabetes Increased appetite with weight loss, breath that smells like fruit, fatigue, confusion

Glycemic index (GI)

-Body's response to a carbohydrate food versus a standard carbohydrate -GI scores and foods

Gestational diabetes

-Develops during pregnancy -Affects fetus and babies -Pregnancy risks -Post-pregnancy diabetes -Risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Low Dietary Carbohydrate

-Fat metabolism becomes inefficient -Ketone bodies Muscle and brain cells Ketosis -Daily recommendation (130 g/day) -Amino acids as a source of glucose

Glycemic load (GL)

-GI multiplied by serving size amounts of carbohydrates

What is Hypoglycemia?

-Low blood glucose (less than 70 mg/dl) -Epinephrine (adrenalin) Increases supply of glucose and fatty acids -Symptoms Irritable, restless, shaky, sweaty Confusion, loss of consciousness -Reactive hypoglycemia - eating something really sweet blood glucose levels drop

Maltose

-Malt sugar -Comprises two glucose molecules -maltose syrup use in brewing beer and flavoring

Achieve and maintain normal blood glucose levels

-Meal planning -Blood monitoring/testing -Hemoglobin A1c -Estimated glucose average (eGA) -Individualized treatment plans

The Fate of Glucose

-Metabolized if needed -Glycogen storage -Storage as fat -Weight gain

Lactose

-Milk sugar -Comprises galactose and glucose -Milk and some products made for milk

Type 2 Diabetes

-Most common form -Insulin resistance

Smaller

Micro

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

More than one double bond between carbons Safflower, grapeseed, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils

Deficiency

Muscle weakness and pain Poor heart function Impaired glucose use

Fasting blood glucose levels

Normal (70 to 99 mg/dl) Pre-diabetic (100 to 125 mg/dl) Diabetic (126 mg/dl or greater)

**Alpha-linolenic acid

Omega-3 fatty acid Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

**Linoleic acid

Omega-6 fatty acid Arachidonic acid (AA)

Monounsaturated fatty acid

One double bond between carbons Avocados, many nuts Olive, peanut, and canola oils

Risk of type 2

Physically inactive Overweight or obese Genetically predisposed Ethnically predisposed

Starches

Polysaccharides energy storage plant structures starch glycogen Storage form in plants digestion seeds, roots, and tubers wheat, rice, barely, oats breads and cereals vegetables (corn, squash, beans, peas) tubers (potatoes, yams, taro, cassava, jicama)

Managing type 2 diabetes

Regular exercise Weight loss Special diets Medication

Sweeteners

Safety of artifical sweetners USDA approval Acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) Aspartame Amino acids Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Saturation

Saturated fatty acid -All carbons have single bonds -Animal fats -Coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils

Liquid vs. solid

Saturated fatty acids straighter Unsaturated fatty acids bent ***Saturated with hydrogen's

Fructose is found naturally in

cabbage honey fruit

Starch is identified as a

carbohydrate

Plants use energy from the sun to combine carbon dioxide and water to form

carbohydrates

Which nutrient is a source of energy for cells?

carbohydrates

ketone bodies

chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown

angina

chest pain that results from lack of oxygen to heart muscle tissue

lipids

class of organic nutrients that generally dont dissolve in water -water insoluble-

bile salts

component of bile

Polysaccharides

compounds comprised of more than 10 monosaccharides bonded together

metabolic syndrome

condition that increases risk of CVD *signs -large waist circumference -chronically high blood pressure -chronically high fasting blood fats -high fasting glucose level -low fasting HDL cholesterol level

hypoglycemia

condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is abnormally low

arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)

condition that results from atherosclerosis

In which food category is galactose typically found?

dairy

insulin

decreases blood glucose

lactose

disaccharide comprised of glucose and a galactose molecule; "milk sugar

maltose

disaccharide comprised of two glucose molecules; "malt sugar"

Maltose is a member of a group of simple sugars called _______

disaccharides

pancreatic lipase

disgestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

sucrose

dissccharide comprised of a glucose and a fructose molecule; "table sugar"

Deficiency

scurvy

disaccharide

simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides

Monosaccharide

simple sugar that's the basic molecule of carbohydrates

tooth decay

simple sugars stick to your teeth and contribute to tooth decay.

The absorption of carbohydrates primarily occurs in the

small intestine

Alternative nutritive sweeteners include

sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol

The storage form of glucose in plants is ______

starch

seeds, roots, and tubers are considered ______ foods

starchy

cholesterol

sterol in animal foods that's made by your body

glycogen

storage form of glucose in humans and other animals

starch

storage form of glucose in plants

lipoprotein

structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream and lymph

alternative sweeteners

substances that are added to sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories

small intestinal enzymes that digest disaccharides include

sucrase maltase lactase

The disaccharide that is composed of glucose and fructose is called _____

sucrose

disaccharides include

sucrose lactose maltose

Dissaccharides include

sucrose maltose lactose

added sugars

sugars added to foods during processing or preparation

Type 2 diabetes

the body cells are insulin resistant, which means they don't respond properly to the hormone.