PSYCH 312: EXAM 1

is the minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state.

Basal metabolism rate

Which of the following is true of development in most adolescent girls?

Breast development precedes the appearance of pubic hair

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to maintain a healthy weight?

Charice, who is a member of her school's tennis team

Tori suffers from clinically significant disordered eating. This type of eating is also associated with which of the following? (

Depression Substance use Poor body image Poor interpersonal relationships

Which of the following is a marker of the conclusion of puberty?

Epiphysis

Which of the following are the sex hormones released by the ovaries?

Estrogen

Identify the factors that contribute to teenagers' late-night bedtimes.

Extracurricular activities Increased homework loads TV Electronic media

Which of the following factors likely contributes to the decline in the average age of puberty among American adolescents?

Increased exposure to artificial light Increased rates of obesity Exposure to man-made chemicals in cosmetics

Why do researchers often use menarche to study group differences in pubertal maturation?

It can be measured more reliably than other indicators

Which of the following is true of adolescents' self-esteem during puberty?

It remains relatively stable over time regardless of physical changes

According to research on environmental factors that contribute to the timing and rate of pubertal maturation, which of the following girls is likely to experience delayed puberty?

Jen, a gymnast, who has cut her daily caloric intake to 750 calories

According to research, which of the following girls is at risk for early pubertal development?

Katie, who lives in a father-absent family

Increased exposure to artificial light may contribute to earlier pubertal development because it affects secretion of

Melatonin

Morgan is an obese child, whereas her cousin Mariah is a normal-weight child. Which of the following statements about the timing of their puberty is likeliest to be true?

Morgan will start puberty at an earlier age than Mariah

Which of the following statements about obesity is true?

Obesity is the most serious health problem of American adolescents

Which of the following statements about puberty's impact on family relationships is true?

Puberty appears to increase distance between parents and children

Which of the following is true of the effect of genetics on the timing of puberty?

Researchers have identified a specific gene sequence associated with pubertal timing

Which of the following is an example of an extremely disturbed body image, as is seen with eating disorders?

Selma, who has a body mass index in the 5th percentile and believes she is overweight

Vivica is an early-maturing girl. According to research on early maturation and popularity, which statement about Vivica is true?

She is more likely than her peers to be the victim of gossip.

The biological changes that take place during puberty can indirectly cause changes in adolescents' behavior in which of the following ways?

The biological changes affect the adolescent's self-image

Which of the following statements about the timing and tempo of sexual maturation is true?

The duration of puberty varies widely, from 1.5 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys

Cameron and Theo are both 19 years old. Cameron matured early, whereas Theo matured late. According to research on the psychological consequences of early versus late maturation among boys, which statement is true?

Theo will score higher than Cameron on measures of social initiative.

Which of the following statements about the production of hormones at puberty is true?

There is an increase in the production of certain hormones

Which of the following is true of adolescents who physically mature early compared to those who physically mature later?

They are more likely to have friends who are also physically mature

Research on pubertal timing shows that which of the following is true of early-maturing boys compared to their later-maturing peers?

They are often popular. They feel better about themselves. They tend to have elevated rates of depression.

Early-maturing boys are more likely than their later-maturing peers to do which of the following?

Use drugs and alcohol Get involved in minor delinquency Be truant from school Have academic problems

Early-maturing boys are more likely than their later-maturing peers to do which of the following?

Use drugs and alcohol Have academic problems Be truant from school Get involved in minor delinquency

Dissatisfaction with body shape and weight is likely to lead to which of the following?

Using diet pills Vomiting after eating Smoking Fasting

Which of the following characteristics is associated with being an early-maturing boy?

a more positive self-image

Studies show that adolescent mood swings are most closely related to changes in

activities

Maturation of the adrenal glands is called

adrenarche

Environmental exposure to ______ can suppress melatonin levels and hasten puberty

artificial light

Girls who are most susceptible to feelings of dissatisfaction with their bodies during adolescence are those who ______.

began dating early

One method for treating adolescent obesity is ______ therapy, which is designed to gradually alter patterns of diet and exercise.

behavioral

Which group has seen the greatest rise in obesity?

black girls

According to one estimate, about half of the sex differences in athletic performance during early adolescence result simply from the difference in ______.

body fat

To compute ______, you divide an individual's weight by the square of the person's height.

body mass index

Adrenarche contributes to the development of ______, signaling the beginning of sexual maturation to others.

body odor

The endocrine system receives its instructions to increase or decrease hormone levels from the

central nervous system

Sex differences in brain organization predetermine

certain patterns of behavior

Dr. Martinez studies the psychological and social consequences of puberty. Her research often compares individuals who are in different stages of puberty. This approach is called a(n) ______ study.

cross-sectional

The rapid increase in many of the hormones associated with puberty may contribute to ______ in girls.

depression

If the ______ hypothesis is accurate, both girls and boys should experience more difficulty if they mature early than if they are on time or late, but the difficulty should be temporary.

developmental readiness

The pattern of teenagers going to bed late and sleeping in late in the morning often begins in __ adolescence

early

Professor Radon is studying the ______ system, which produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body.

endocrine

the __system produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones.

endocrine

True or false: Because levels of testosterone are higher among males than females while the brain is developing, males usually end up with a more "androgynous" brain than females.

false

True or false: Late-maturing boys experience psychological difficulties beyond the adolescent years due to their late maturation.

false

True or false: There is a strong relation between the age at which puberty begins and the rate at which pubertal development proceeds.

false

the rapid increase in body __ among females in early adolescence frequently prompts girls to become overly concerned about their weight

fat

A cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, is called a

feedback loop

Which of the following characteristics is typically associated with being an early-maturing girl?

feelings of awkwardness and self-consciousness

Eating disorders are more common in

female adolescents than male adolescents

Until about eight weeks after conception, the human brain is (feminine/masculine)

feminine

he Tanner stages describe the ______ stages of pubertal development.

five

adolescent growth spurt

generally begins two years earlier for girls than for boys

Differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment result chiefly from ______.

genetic factors

Maia has an erratic sleep schedule. On weekdays she stays up past midnight and gets up early for school. On weekends she stays up even later and sleeps in until noon. The best way for Maia to improve her sleep is to

get up at the same time on both weekdays and weekends

are organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways.

glands

Many of the hormones that play important roles at puberty carry their instructions by activating certain neurons in the brain, called ______ neurons.

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Which of the following is a component of the HPG axis?

gonads, pituitary glands, and hypothalamus

Although both sexes experience changes in muscle tissue and body fat, the ratio of muscle to body fat is

greater in boys than girls

Which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys?

growth of testes and scrotum

The dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty is known as the adolescent

growth spurt

Maria has just experienced menarche. This means that Maria ______.

had her first menstrual period

Adult height and weight are best correlated with ______.

height and weight during childhood

The point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly is known as peak

height velocity

Hormonal levels in the endocrine system are set at a certain level, which may differ depending on the stage of development. This is part of the ______.

hormonal feedback loop

Which of the following are highly specialized substances that are secreted by one or more endocrine glands?

hormones

Osman is a junior high student anticipating puberty. He wants to know when puberty will start and how long it will take until he looks like and is considered an adult. His health teacher tells him that the timing and rate of puberty

is highly variable and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors

Menarche occurs relatively (early/late) ___ in adolescent development

late

The sequence of development of sex characteristics among girls is (less/more ___ regular than it is among boys.

less

Today, adolescent girls' attitudes toward menarche are (more/less) __negative than they appear to have been in the past.

less

According to the ______ hypothesis, youngsters who stand far apart from their peers, such as in physical appearance, may experience more psychological distress than adolescents who blend in more easily.

maturational deviance

When compared to their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are

more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as dating

The distancing effect of puberty on adolescent-parent relationships is ______.

not as consistently observed in ethnic minority families

In females, the gonads are known as

ovaries

are a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species.

pheromones

Researchers refer to the development of the gonads as an example of __ sex characteristics

primary

Early-maturing adolescents are more likely to be__ , which means they wish they were older and often hang out with older peers.

pseudomature

Researchers categorize the growth of pubic, facial, and body hair under the label of __ sex characteristics

secondary

A __ is a physiological level of setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system.

set point

Which of the following refers to a physiological level of setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system?

set point

Cortisol is referred to as a(n) __ hormone

stress

In males, the gonads are known as

testes

Which of the following environmental factors affects the onset of puberty?

the amount of light exposure

Approximately one year after the growth of testes and the appearance of pubic hair in boys,

the growth spurt in height begins

Adolescent girls' belief that being thin will make them more popular with boys is based on

the reality of their experiences

Lucia, a seventeen-year-old living in a college dormitory, has noticed that her menstrual periods have begun to synchronize with ______, which is compelling evidence that social relationships can affect biological functioning.

the time her female roommate menstruates

Puberty has ______ chief physical manifestations.

three

Professor Dawson is interested in the influence of the broader environment on the timing and tempo of puberty. Which two sets of findings would be most helpful in his research?

-Comparisons of the average age of menarche across countries -Changes in the average age of menarche over time

Which of the following social factors is associated with earlier pubertal timing in girls?

-Father-absent household -Sexual abuse -Conflict-ridden households

Which of the following results from adrenarche?

-The development of body odor -The beginning of sexual maturation

The secular trend has primarily been affected by improvements in which of the following?

-better sanitation -health and nutrition

Regarding sex differences at puberty, muscle tissue grows faster in (boys/girls) ___ whereas body fat increases more rapidly in (boys/girls ___

-boys -girls

Identify the two most important environmental influences on pubertal maturation.

-health -nutrition

Which of the following plays a part in stimulating the adolescent growth spurt?

-thyroid hormones -androgens -growth hormones

what is the order of the secondary sex characteristics for boys?

1. growth of testes 2.growth of pubic hair 3. body growth 4. change in voice 5.facial and underarm hair

In the United States and in western Europe, the median age for menarche ranges from about ______ to ______ years.

12-13.5

In the United States, about ______% of adolescents are obese.

14

The median age for menarche in Africa ranges from about ______ to ______ years.

14;17

Today, about ______% of teenagers report getting adequate sleep most nights.

25

At what time are adolescents likely most alert and ready to learn?

3 p.m.

For girls, peak height velocity is about how many inches per year?

3.5

Boys finish puberty with a muscle-to-fat ratio of about ______ to ______.

3;1

is a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty.

A delayed phase preference

When adolescents in the United States begin to experience specific pubertal events, which of the following is most likely to occur?

A girl's mother will be the first person the girl tells that she has begun to menstruate

Which of the following is probably true for Ashley, an early-maturing girl who was short and stocky as a child?

After puberty, she will be shorter and heavier than her late-maturing peers

Which of the following contextual factors may protect early-maturing girls from delinquency?

Attending an all-female school