nutrition #4

all the sugars (glucose, galactose, and fructose) are sent through the portal vein to the liver. In the liver, the sugars are metabolized to glucose and then either released into the bloodstream, converted to glycogen for storage, or turned into fat.

after absorption

a substance used to flavor food that contains few or no calorie, and is not easily absorbed by the body

alternative sweetener

-provide few or no calories -a substance used to flavor foods that contains few or no calories and is not easily absorbed by the body

alternative sweeteners

sucrose with molasses

brown sugar

If you don't eat enough carbohydrates, your body will create glucose from______

protein

a complex carbohydrate containing many sugar molecules whose bonds the body can break down

starch

a complex carbohydrate containing many sugars molecules who's bonds the body can break down

starch

a type of polysaccharide, contain long chains of glucose. Some of these chains are branched and easier for human enzymes to break down for quick energy. Other chains are straight and harder for human enzymes to break down.

starches

comes from sugar cane and sugar beets

sucrose

Difficulty digesting lactose due to low levels of the enzyme lactase.

lactose maldigestion

are two types of sweeteners in foods

nutritive and alternative

a high calorie substance used to flavor food that contains simple sugars such as glucose, and is easily absorbed by the body

nutritive sweetener

Glycogen is created in the

pancreas

n the small intestine, enzymes from the_______ help digest carbohydrates.

pancreas

Rather than being digested in the small intestine, the lactose they consume ferments in the large intestine. When this fermentation occurs, a person is considered lactose-intolerant.

lactose intolerant

Where are soluble fibers fermented in your body?

large intestine

-provides calories to the body -a high calorie substance used to flavor foods that contain simple sugars such as glucose, and is easily absorbed by the body -Nutritive sweeteners include sugars and alcohol

nutritive sweeteners

-Complex carbohydrates also come in two forms

starches and fibers.

a type of nutritive sweetener that break down slowly in the digestive tract. it contains fewer calorie per gram than other type of nutritive sweetener

sugar alcohol

requires a carrier protein, but it does not require energy.

Facilitated diffusion

Lactose maldigestion that causes symptoms such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea

lactose intolerance

-fruits, bake potatoes honey, process sugar, jam and jellies, grain-based foods such as rice, and bread -about 75% of their calories coming from carbohydrates

carbohydrate-high foods

proteins (egg, chicken, beef and fish); and fats (butter, margarine and vegetable oil). Note that butter is made by suspended milk fat in air and water. The milks carbohydrates drains off in the by-product of butter milk

carbohydrate-low foods

Which of these foods is not a good source for carbohydrates? yogurt Oranges Chicken Broccoli

chicken

(usually a starch or fiber) are long chains of simple carbohydrates and harder to digest.

complex carbohydrates

Insulin_______ the amount of glucose in the blood.

decreases

a simple easily digested carbohydrate made of two sugar molecule

disaccharide

hormone release by the adrenal gland and elsewhere to quickly increase blood glucose level

epinephrine

Alternative sweeteners all contain some sucrose

false

Butter is a good source of carbohydrates

false

Sugar alcohols are alternative sweeteners.

false

an anaerobic (oxygen free process) that turns organic materials into acids, alcohol and gasses

fermentation

an anaerobic (oxygen free) process that turn organic material into acid, alcohol and gasses

fermentation

A diet high in_____ can cause intestinal blockage.Correct Answer Indicator

fiber

complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested completely and contribute mass to help produce solid waste

fiber

complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested completely and contributes mass to help produce solid waste

fiber

-Human enzymes cannot digest fibers (unlike starches). Fibers pass undigested to the large intestine, where some types of fibers are broken down and others are not -Fibers such as pectin, found inside plant cells (in apples, for example), are called soluble, or viscous. They can be fermented and broken down by intestinal bacteria. -Fibers such as the cellulose that stiffens plant cells (found in wheat products, for example) are called insoluble. This means that neither water nor intestinal bacteria can break them down easily.

fibers

a hormone release by the pancreas to increase blood glucose level

glucagon

hormone produced by the pancreas increase blood glucose levels when you have not eaten for a while. It tells the liver to break down stored glycogen and release glucose into the blood

glucagon

-the process of glucose formation using non-carbohydrate energy sources is called -When gluconeogenesis occurs frequently, it can damage or destroy tissues and organs. Infrequent triggering of this natural mechanism, however, is a normal way to adapt to dietetic variables, and does no lasting damage.

gluconeogenesis

a plant base sugar molecule made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen which is a major energy source for the body

glucose

a plant base sugar molecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which is a major energy source for the body

glucose

a tool used to classify carbohydrates based on their effects on blood sugar

glycemic index

a tool used to measure the the impact a carbohydrate will have on your blood glucose level

glycemic load

multiplies a food's glycemic index by the amount of that food that you ate.

glycemic load

-complex carbohydrate created by the liver to store glucose in the body -glycogen stored in the liver can quickly raise blood sugar levels -glycogen stored in the muscle can provide quick energy for the muscle

glycogen

What is the name of the starch in which your body stores glucose? Glycogen Cellulose Pectin Fructos

glycogen

complex carbohydrate created by the liver to store glucose in the body

glycogen

increase blood glucose

glycogen/ epinephrine/ certain other hormones

glucose (sometimes called dextrose), fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose (found in milk)

he monosaccharides important in nutrition areGlucose

-Women need to eat 25 grams of fiber each day, and men need to eat 38 grams of fiber per day. These requirements decline slightly after age 50. Most North Americans eat about half the fiber they need each day. -Eating too much fiber can cause health problems, however. High-fiber diets, in which you eat twice your daily requirement of fiber or more, can lead to intestinal blockages if you don't consume enough fluids. Too much fiber can also prevent minerals and calories from reaching the parts of the body that need them.

high fiber diet / apples, oatmeal, kidney beans and rasberries

manufactured from corn starch and is cheaper to produce than sucrose, and is easier to use in processed foods

high fructose corn syrup

-which bees make from plant nectar -Never give honey to an infant younger than one year old. Honey contains bacteria spores that the stomach acid in adults neutralizes. Infants, however, have less acid in their stomachs than adults. The bacteria spores from honey can grow in an infant's digestive tract and cause botulism, a sometimes fatal type of food poisoning.

honey

Epinephrine_________ the amount of glucose in the blood.

increases

-decrease blood glucose. it tells liver when to convert glucose into glycogen to keep glucose out of blood stream -insulin also tell cells such as muscle cells to absorb glucose from the blood when glucose levels are high

insulin

-Untreated type 1 diabetes causes hormone imbalances that prevent fats from being fully metabolized (this is called ketosis)The semi-metabolized fats pull important minerals out of the body, leading to coma or death. -The energy you derive from carbohydrates also helps your body break down fat. Without enough glucose from carbohydrates, your body can't break fat down effectively, causing a problem called

ketosis

comes from sugar maple sap

maple syrup

One-quarter of North Americans have trouble digesting______

milk products

-a simple easily digested carbohydrate made of one sugar molecule

monosaccharide

a simple easily digested carbohydrate made of one sugar molecule

monosaccharide

(sugars) are made up of one or two molecules and are easy to digest.

simple carbohydrates

Fermentation turns into acids and gases in the large intestine

soluble fiber

are used in smaller amounts than sugars. They include sorbitol (found in mountain ash fruit) and xylitol (made from birch bark), and they often sweeten sugarless gums and candies. Sugar alcohols contain fewer calories than sugars and take longer for the digestive system to break down. Because they spend more time in the digestive tract than sugars, they draw water into the large intestine and can cause diarrhea if consumed in large amounts.

sugar alcohols

A diet high in_______ can cause dental problems.

sugars

-high fiber foods draw water into the large intestine to help soften stool and prevent constipation and inflammation in the large intestine -soluble fibers slows down the small intestine glucose absorption. This help your body regulate blood sugar -soluble fibers prevent some cholesterol and related substances from being absorbed in the small intestine and reaching the blood. lower blood cholesterol decreases the risk for cardiovascular disease -high fiber foods make you feel full although you have consumed fewer calories -High-fiber foods often contain important nutrients, such as minerals and phytochemicals.

the role of fiber

Nutritive sweeteners come from simple carbohydrates

true

How many sugar molecules can simple carbohydrates contain?

two

Which type of diabetes occurs when the pancreas can't make insulin?______

type 1

-There are three forms of diabetes -Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes often lead to cardiovascular disease -Poorly-managed blood glucose levels also cause problems with nerves and blood vessels, leading to blindness, kidney disease, and hand and foot problems.

type 1, type 2, and gestational.

Which type of diabetes occurs when some of the body's cells can't respond to insulin?_______

type 2

-Type 2 diabetes begins when the cells of muscles and other tissues stop responding to insulin. As a result, glucose stays in the blood and is not pulled out of the blood by these cells. The pancreas creates more insulin to compensate, and eventually the cells of the pancreas that make insulin fail. -Most diabetes cases in North America are type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes tends to be diagnosed in middle age. Certain minority populations have an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Obesity and inactivity also increase your risk for type 2 diabetes; about 80% of the cases of type 2 diabetes are linked to obesity. -Because of the strong link between obesity and type 2 diabetes, weight loss with regular high-fiber, low-calorie meals can help you manage or eliminate the disease. Medications and insulin injections are also sometimes necessary.

type 2 diabetes /release insulin but cells do not recognize it. avandia (increase cell sensitivity to normal insulin). for obese patient treat with metformin (blocks liver synthesis of glucose

-are much sweeter than nutritive sweeteners. The alternative sweetener neotame, for instance, is up to 13,000 times sweeter than sucrose. Because of this, they are used in much smaller amounts than nutritive sweeteners, and therefore add few or no calories to a food. -Saccharin was first produced over 120 years ago, and it is derived from coal tar. More recent alternative sweeteners include aspartame (Equal®) and neotame, which are made with amino acids. The alternative sweetener acesulfame-K is a potassium salt, and sucralose (Splenda ®) is a combination of sucrose and chlorines. -Because the body absorbs almost no sugars from alternative sweeteners, they are sometimes used to sweeten foods for people with diabetes. Diabetes is a disease in which the body has trouble maintaining a healthy blood sugar level. Alternative sweeteners also help dieters control their calorie intake. Unlike sugars, alternative sweeteners do not cause tooth decay. -These sweeteners do have drawbacks, however. Unlike nutritive sweeteners, they have no nutritional value. Aspartame also becomes less sweet when cooked and can cause health problems such as dizziness, nausea, and seizures for people sensitive to it.

alternative sweeteners

-a disease in which the pancreas stop creating insulin and blood sugar levels rises -usually begins in childhood, when the body's immune system malfunctions and destroys part of the pancreas, which becomes unable to make insulin. -Type 1 diabetes is managed with multiple daily insulin dosages by using either an insulin pump or an insulin inhaler to supply insulin regularly to the bloodstream. Dietary management is also essential. The diet should include regular high-fiber, low-fat meals, and snacks specially designed to help keep blood glucose levels steady.

type 1 diabetes/ no insulin is released. treated with injection of exogenous insulin