Final
_________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world. A. Schemas B. Networks C. Hierarchies D. Data designs
A. Schemas
Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Retrieving information from memory B. Rehearsing the stored process C. Storing information about a stimulus D. Attending to a stimulus
D. Attending to a stimulus
Who is credited with developing the first test of intelligence? A. Alfred Binet B. Sigmund Freud C. Charles Spearman D. John Carroll
A. Alfred Binet
Which of the following is a form of anxious-fearful personality disorder?
Avoidant personality disorder
Neural growth during fetal development can peak at approximately:
3 million per minute.
_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective.
Egocentrism
Which of the following is NOT a biological factor that makes people vulnerable to anxiety disorders?
Excessive glutamate production
We see images with the greatest clarity when they are focused on the _______.
Fovea
Which of the following abilities did Carroll assign to broad intelligence?
Memory
When do people respond easily to hypnosis?
When they are relaxed
If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row.
five
The ____________ layer of consciousness is just below the surface of awareness.
Pre - conscious
An example of a "loss of consciousness" is "fainting." True False
T
Attention refers to the "focusing of conscious." True False
T
The left hemisphere processes information in a(n) _____________ manner.
analytic
Which of the following is true about the "dodo bird verdict"?
The verdict states that most forms of psychological therapies are effective and a few differences exist in their effectiveness.
Which of the following is true with regard to the visual system?
The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system.
Photons are light particles.
True
The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth until about 2 years old.
True
The shorter DRD4 version of the gene is associated with "thrill seeking" because it produces high levels of dopamine in the brain.
True
The study of how people perceive stimuli detected in the environment is "psychophysics."
True
To be considered disturbed, a behavior must result in a person being unable to function in the world. (T or F)
True
The cells in the retina (called rods and cones) that convert light energy into nerve energy are called _______.
photoreceptors
A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________.
physical movement and body control
Mallory, a compulsive gambler, regularly attends therapeutic meetings in which there is a group facilitator and an open format. Although there are no formal program goals, she says she benefits greatly from the sense of community offered by people who share common situations in life. Nancy is attending _____.
a support group
Christopher is looking at a lighted sign on which a rapid succession of a row of lit bulbs appears as a "moving" arrow pointing toward a store. This visual effect is called _______.
apparent motion
ElectroConvulsive Therapy (ECT) is used with most cases of depression.
false
Explicit memory refers to memory information that should be ignored.
false
The ability to generate original ideas or develop a novel solution to problems is known as __________.
divergent thinking
If following Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, an employer sifting through candidates for the role of a team leader would look for someone with high levels of __________.
interpersonal intelligence
The colored part of the eye, which is called the _______, adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye.
iris
The Greek physician ______________ was the first to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights—what we now call acrophobia. A. Galen B. Hippocrates C. Socrates D. Aristotle
B. Hippocrates
Which of the following is true about sensory memory?
C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.
Spontaneous changes in genes that can alter the design of a structure or a set of behaviors are called _____________. A. differential selections B. softwirings C. chance mutations D. external adaptations
C. chance mutations
Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory.
C. semantic
There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.
D. habituation
The WAIS and WISC are tests of ___________ that were created by __________. A. mental aptitude; Jung B. creativity; Sterner C. independence; Stanford D. intelligence; Wechsler
D. intelligence; Wechsler
The ______ was the last major brain region to evolve, and was the largest part of the human brain.
forebrain
Which of the following are the three major categories of the symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive, negative, and cognitive
Tobacco is used throughout the world. True False
T
According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the ego operates on the ____________ principle.
reality
Freud's two major techniques for interpreting dreams in order to uncover their unconscious content were __________________.
free association and symbols
According to the ________ theory of pain, acupuncture should successfully alleviate pain.
gate control
During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain.
heart
Which of the following types of cells is responsible for controlling acquired immunity?
Lymphocytes
Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature?
Pituitary
Which of the following psychologists founded the movement known as psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Which of the following best describes neuroplasticity?
The process of a change in the neurons as a result of input from the environment
Vocabulary tests are measures of __________. A. kinesthetics B. crystallized intelligence C. abstract reasoning D. fluid intelligence
B. crystallized intelligence
Sleep A. slows metabolism. B. increases metabolism. C. increases cellular damage. D. does not affect the release of free radicals.
A. slows metabolism.
Memories for behaviors and skills are implicit and are mostly processed in the: A. subcortex. B. neocortex. C. parietal lobe. D. temporal lobe.
A. subcortex.
To study _______________, researchers ask questions to focus participants' attention on the sound of the word. A. structural processing B. midlevel processing C. semantic processing D. effortful processing
B. midlevel processing
Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt? A. William Dement B. Nathan Kleitman C. Eugene Aserinsky D. Sigmund Freud
A. William Dement
Jayne is a student at a community college. She has been tested to have an IQ of 18. This suggests that she has a ______ level of intellectual disability. A. profound B. moderate C. severe D. mild
A. profound
Cognitive science focuses on the scientific study of _____________. A. thought B. asylums C. computers D. school psychology
A. thought
Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia?
Age
What does the AIM theory argue? A. Conflicting impulses, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind are released as a visual compromise. B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity. C. Dreams are not very different from everyday thinking. D. All dreams operate at a single level, and not multiple levels.
B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity.
______________ memory is short-term retention of sounds. A. Procedural B. Echoic C. Explicit D. Working
B. Echoic
is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory.
B. Implicit; explicit
Which of the following best describes the theory of intelligence propounded by John Carroll? A. Intelligence does not depend on inherent ability but on acquired knowledge. B. Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline. C. Intelligence is a function of eight distinct skills. D. Intelligence consists of three levels, arranged in a hierarchy.
D. Intelligence consists of three levels, arranged in a hierarchy.
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following refers to two distinct levels of consciousness in the context of dreams? A. Implicit and explicit levels B. Internal and external levels C. Latent and manifest levels D. Superficial and subliminal levels
C. Latent and manifest levels
What does REM stand for? A. Repetitive eye movement B. Random eye movement C. Rapid eye movement D. Reflexive eye movement
C. Rapid eye movement
When we experience situations as stressful, physiological changes occur in our bodies most notably due to the interaction of the:
autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and brain interact
_________________ occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards.
social loafing
Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in: A. short-term memory. B. sensory memory. C. long-term memory. D. primary memory.
C. long-term memory.
Language production is associated with Broca's area.
true
An unconditioned response is caused by either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus.
false
Learning occurs when information in short-term memory remains in short-term memory and becomes permanent.
false
______________ coined the term psychophysics. A. Carl Jung B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Gustav Fechner D. G. Stanley Hall
C. Gustav Fechner
Pain from skin damage is called _______.
nociceptive pain
______________ psychology is also known as folk psychology. A. Research B. Clinical C. Scientific D. Popular
D. Popular
More than just about any other area of psychology, ______________ psychology lends itself to a rich set of research questions regarding electronic interactions. A. clinical B. positive C. cognitive D. social
D. social
To ___________ a hypothesis, scientists select one of a number of established research methods, along with the appropriate measurement techniques. A. predict B. observe C. replicate D. test
D. test
What stage does wakefulness without awareness suggest? A. Vegetative B. Drowsiness C. Lucid dreaming D. Comatose
A. Vegetative
Twin studies indicate that genetics (i.e., nature) accounts for only 5% of the presence and expression of personality traits.
False
Henry Molaison's initials are HM.
true
Which of the following tests is used to study sustained attention? A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) B. Raven's Progressive Matrices Test C. Stroop Test D. Stanford-Binet Test
A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT)
As one moves from Stage 2 to Stage 3 sleep, an EEG will show the waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. theta; delta B. beta; theta C. alpha; theta D. delta; theta
A. theta; delta
Which of the following is NOT an example of Circadian rhythms? A. Body temperature B. Sleep-wake cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Hormone production
C. Menstrual cycle
Multitasking _____ learning. A. compromises B. bolsters C. makes no difference to D. facilitates
A. compromises
Which of the following tests was developed taking into consideration Cattell and Horn's concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence? A. WAIS B. Stanford-Binet C. K-ABC D. WISC
C. K-ABC
Long-term potentiation occurs when synaptic connections between neurons strengthen.
TRUE
According to Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence, ___________ involves how fast you learn new things.
fluid intelligence
In optogenetics, which of the following is used in combination with genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons?
light stimulation
Sternberg's theory is also known as __________.
the triarchic theory of intelligence
Researchers suggest that the heritability rates of schizophrenia are approximately:
70%-85%
Alcohol is a type of stimulant. True False
F
_____ disorder is the fear of somatic symptoms but without any actual somatic symptoms.
Illness anxiety
Which of the following statements is true about mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?
It helps people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns.
What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior?
Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for.
Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.
Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt?
William Dement
________________ are the inferences one makes about the causes of other people's behavior.
attributions
The point at which the optic nerve exits the eye is the ________ of the retina
blind spot
Post-traumatic stress symptoms can be experienced:
by people of all ages.
The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop.
central nervous system
The olfactory sensory neurons contain hairlike projections called _______, which are similar to the hair cells in the inner ear.
cilia
In order to discourage smoking, some public health campaigns show pictures of diseased lungs or smokers who look older than they are. This is an example of ___________.
classical conditioning
A(n) _____ is a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules.
compulsion
The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______.
confirmation bias
The ____________ layer of consciousness is what one is aware of at any given moment in time.
consciousness
The information in neural transmission which always travels in one direction in the neuron first goes through the ____________.
dendrites
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________.
denial
___________________ is an extreme form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object.
implosion therapy
Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.
intimacy
Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests:
lysergic acid diethylamide-25.
Mark has been experiencing sleeplessness, irritability, and a sense of increased energy for a week. There are times when he feels euphoric for no reason and has "racing" thoughts for a week. He most likely suffers from _____.
manic episodes
Traditional psychodynamic therapies viewed anxiety as the main symptom of what was then commonly called _____.
neurosis
Which of the following is an example of a traditional antipsychotic drug?
phenothiazine
In the diathesis-stress model, the term "diathesis" refers to _____.
predisposition
According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
In ___________________, physicians expose particular brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity to treat depression.
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theory focused more on ____________ than did Sigmund Freud's.
social and cultural forces behind neurosis
Alfred Adler disagreed with Freudian theory, suggesting that ____________ is the major motivator of all behavior.
striving for superiority
Arwan, a teenager, has had a history of bad temper. Ever since childhood, he has experienced extreme anger, and this has often led him into trouble. However, he has now found means of venting out his frustration and channeling his anger into activities such as boxing and Pilates. This is an example of the Freudian defense mechanism known as ___________.
sublimation
Kandel, Fields, and others have shown that learning results in the growth of new ____________ in the brain.
synapses
According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when:
the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.
Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day?
the cognitive theory
Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________.
the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope
Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because:
the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.
Lincoln is pretty sure he sees his niece far off in a crowd. When he gets closer, he sees her familiar hair style and unmistakable nose, and knows it is her. This type of visual perception is called _______.
top-down processing
According to the concept of personality, the ____________ of a person is the disposition to behave consistently in a particular way.
trait
The Serial Position Curve refers to the results of a memory task for learning a list of items.
true
The left prefrontal cortex is active during verbal tasks.
true
Fraternal twins develop from:
two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm.
Which of the following layers of consciousness is the level at which most thoughts, feelings, motives, and images reside and is considered the most important in Freud's theory of psychoanalysis?
unconscious layer
According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on:
universal moral principles.
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________.
zygote
According to Karen Horney's psychological theory, neurotically ____________ involves puffing oneself up in an obvious and public manner, "chest-beating," engaging in competition, opposing others at almost everything, and being prone to hostility and anger.
moving against others
____________ can be defined as measures that are used to describe and summarize research. A. Descriptive statistics B. Inferential statistics C. Random graphs D. Statistical inferences
A. Descriptive statistics
In the 1870s the first laboratories in psychology were opened in _____________. A. Germany B. China C. the United States D. Austria
A. Germany
______________ psychology promotes personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential. A. Humanistic B. Gestalt C. Positive D. Holistic
A. Humanistic
refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill that one learns.
A. Procedural memory
The second stage of long-term memory formation is:
B. consolidation.
The "fovea" is a thin layer of sensory neurons.
False
____________ decrease the frequency of behavior.
Punishers
Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus?
Slowed heart rate
Into which of the following perspectives on personality did Walter Mischel conduct research?
Social-cognitive learning
The ____________ layer of consciousness contains all the drives, urges, or instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most of one's speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions.
unconscious
______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.
visual imagery
People in Western cultures are more concerned with how their behavior will affect their personal goals. Which of the following dimensions reflects this personality?
individualism
War veterans are at risk for depression, drug abuse and suicide, as well as PTSD. (T or F)
True
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder (T or F)
True
Schizophrenia occurs as a result of an interaction between biological factors and an abusive environment. (T or F)
True
Categories are groups of things with similar features. True False
True
Differences in the number of words heard per hour, show up as measurable differences in vocabulary size later in life. True False
True
Each cone type is sensitive to a different range of photon wavelength.
True
which of the following therapies is most likely to be used for the treatment of phobias such as fear of flying
virtual reality therapies
The all-or-none principle states that:
once the threshold has been crossed, an action potential either fires or it does not.
Like people, dogs salivate when preparing to eat.
true
________ is the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch.
Psychophysics
Consciousness is considered to be a combination of wakefulness and awareness. True False
T
Which of the following refers to practical intelligence?
The ability to solve problems of everyday life
Which of the following is true of mental representations?
They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.
Identify the correct statement about psychological defense mechanisms, which are a major contribution by Sigmund Freud to psychology?
They operate unconsciously.
Why is verification-elaboration undertaken?
To confirm the feasibility of the solution
Isabel is a three-year-old kindergarten student who is often seen fidgeting in her chair and blurts out whatever she is thinking. Her teacher regularly must ask her to be quiet and stop disrupting others. She is very restless in school and makes careless mistakes. All of these symptoms suggest that Isabel suffers from:
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Researchers suggest that the heritability rates of schizophrenia are approximately:
70-85 percent
______________ memories are the ones that require conscious effort for retrieval. A. Explicit B. Procedural C. Working D. Echoic
A. Explicit
Which of the following questions is most likely to be answered by a clinical psychologist? A. When do social networking sites and other electronic interactions become a problem? B. Are people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook more or less outgoing than those who do not? C. At what age is a person too young to form electronic social networks? D. Will people above the age of sixty use the Internet?
A. When do social networking sites and other electronic interactions become a problem?
Which of the following terms can be defined as a statistic that compares two means to see whether they could come from the same population? A. F-test B. T-test C. Arithmetic mean D. Interquartile mean
B. T-test
Which of the following statements would be true about a sleeping person? A. The mind cannot distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. C. The mind does not respond to any kind of stimuli. D. The sleeping state is akin to being in a preconscious state.
B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli.
Which of the following fields is considered a "parent" of the discipline of scientific psychology? A. Literature B. Physics C. Philosophy D. Chemistry
C. Philosophy
___________ entails collecting observations, or data, from the real world and evaluating whether those data support our ideas or not. A. Speculation B. Biases C. Science D. Hypotheses
C. Science
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. What is Sarah's sample? A.All the men studying in the United States B. The chosen female graduates C. The chosen male and female college graduates D. Men and women in the United States
C. The chosen male and female college graduates
Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the: A. visuospatial sketch pad. B. central executive. C. phonological loop. D. episodic buffer.
C. phonological loop.
The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.
C. shaping
Which of the following is true of nicotine? A. It reduces heart rate. B. It relaxes the autonomic nervous system. C. It arouses the skeletal muscles. D. It increases respiration rate.
D. It increases respiration rate.
The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC. A. 0.1 B. 0.03 C. 0.05 D. 0.08
D. 0.08
What happens to the crystallized intelligence as one goes from young adulthood to middle adulthood? A. It starts developing. B. It deteriorates. C. It stops developing. D. It improves.
D. It improves.
According to psychologists, which of the following is one of the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder?
Deviant
Which of the following statements is true of dreams?
Dreams can occur in non-REM stage.
A "compulsion" is an unwanted thought, word, phrase or image that persistently and repeatedly comes to mind and causes distress. (T or F)
False
The experience of taste results from the combination of flavor and smell.
False
__________ comprises the set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language. Semantics Prototype Syntax Grammar
Grammar
Which of the following is true of systematic desensitization?
In systematic desensitization, the therapist generates a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object, ranging from mild to extreme.
Identify a characteristic of creative intelligence.
It includes the ability to come up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.
Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory?
It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.
Which of the following is true of nicotine?
It relaxes the automatic nervous system (WRONG)
According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder?
MDMA
________________ measures blood flow to brain areas in the active brain.
Positron emission tomography
In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women.
anxious and self-doubting
A teratogen is:
any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.
In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers.
attachment
By age 1, the REM sleep drops to about: A. 28 percent. B. 50 percent. C. 33 percent. D. 40 percent.
A. 28 percent.
The ______________ is the statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value. A. mode B. median C. range D. mean
A. mode
__________ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole. Regression analysis Gambler's fallacy Phase average Base rate
Base rate
______________ psychologists treat and assess relatively healthy people and assist them with career and vocational interests. A. Cognitive B. Health C. Counseling D. Clinical
C. Counseling
In the United States, the first practitioner of moral treatment of the mentally ill was _____________. A. René Descartes B. Sigmund Freud C. Dorothea Dix D. John Locke
C. Dorothea Dix
James has received training in medicine and has an MD degree; in addition to offering therapy he can prescribe drugs. Based on this information, it can be concluded that James is a: A. clinical psychologist. B. counseling psychologist. C. psychiatrist. D. psychologist with his own clinic.
C. psychiatrist.
___________________ therapy entails restructuring thoughts, loosening the client's belief in irrational thoughts that may perpetuate the disorder, and offering incentives for acquiring more adaptive thought and behavior patterns.
Cognitive-behavioral
In which state will a person be wakeful but not very aware? A. Active B. Daydreaming C. Cogitating D. Vegetative
D. Vegetative
Which of the following early approaches to psychology focused on why and how people think and feel? A. Socialism B. Behaviorism C. Structuralism D. Functionalism
D. Functionalism
___________ sciences study humans both as individuals and as groups. A. Chemical B. Biological C. Physical D. Social
D. Social
A(n) ____________ variable is the outcome, or response to an experimental manipulation. A. predictor B. experimental C. categorical D. dependent
D. dependent
Garrett is taking a phenothiazine as prescribed by his psychiatrist. Which of the following clusters of symptoms is his psychiatrist most likely attempting to treat?
Hallucinations, confusion, and paranoia
Which of the following are sets of bones from the middle ear that vibrate and amplify sound waves from the tympanic membrane?
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
Nate is farsighted. Which of the following happens to visual images focused on his retina?
Images focus behind the retina.
Which of the following is the most important function of the presence of others in group therapy?
It shows participants that they are not alone in their experience.
Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training?
Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.
In a recent study, researchers used light to stimulate neurons in the orbitofrontal region of the brain in mice and were able to decrease compulsive behaviors. Which of the following techniques have the researchers used?
Optogenetics
Which of the following are disorders of thought and perception, characterized by an inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions?
Psychotic disorders
The design chosen for a given study depends on the: A. result of the research. B. assumed answer. C. question being asked. D. subject area being studied.
C. question being asked.
Which of the following was shown to be the most effective combination treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
drug and behavioral therapies
______________ memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye. A. Iconic B. Implicit C. Echoic D. Working
A. Iconic
Who is credited with developing the first test of intelligence?
Alfred Binet
______________ believed that a detailed analysis of experience as it happened provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind. A. Socialists B. Structuralists C. Behaviorists D. Functionalists
B. Structuralists
Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. Once she reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. This phenomenon is called: A. the primacy effect. B. the recency effect. C. proactive interference. D. retroactive interference.
B. the recency effect.
Which of the following is associated with fluid thinking? A. Size of vocabulary B. General knowledge C. Pattern recognition D. Cultural habits
C. Pattern recognition
In the 17th century, ______________ proposed the view that the mind and body were separate entities. A. John Locke B. Aristotle C. René Descartes D. Max Wertheimer
C. René Descartes
Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited:
C. excellent memories.
People show signs of intentional behavior when they are: A. in an unconscious state. B. comatose. C. minimally conscious. D. in a subconscious state.
C. minimally conscious.
Which of the following best describes child-directed speech?
Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation
Light enters the eye at the _______.
Cornea? Should be pupil
Which of the following refers to the manifest content of a dream? A. The unconscious part B. The hidden part C. The subliminal part D. The superficial part
D. The superficial part
AIM stands for Awake, Images and Movement. True False
F (activation, input, mode)
Our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses. This process is known as _______.
Sensory adaptation
Which of the following is true about free association as a technique for interpreting dreams?
The client recounts a dream and then tries to take one image or idea and say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be.
Which of the following can be classified as an opioid?
morphine
Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups to which they belong are known as ________________.
stereotypes
Sleep plays an important role during consolidation.
true
Some information in working memory can be transferred into long-term memory.
true
The IQ value for a person of intellectual disability is 70 or less.
true
Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________.
enactive learning
______ is a disorder on the X chromosome, resulting in the abnormal development of a gene involved in neural development.
fragile x syndrome
_________ can be defined as all the genetic information contained in DNA.
genome
Complete the following analogy: Vision is to photoreceptors as sound is to _______.
hair cells
Which of the following drugs were discovered in the 1950s to help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia in people with schizophrenia?
phenothiazines
Which of the following is a component of crystallized intelligence?
Using cultural knowledge in problem-solving
___________________ is the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior.
psychotherapy
Differences in the number of words heard per hour, show up as measurable differences in vocabulary size later in life.
true
Modeling refers to observing and imitating behavior.
true
Reasoning is the process by which people form conclusions about events in the world.
true
Reinforcers are consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again.
true
Removing a bowl of water from my hamster's cage is a negative event.
true
Short-term memory is the same memory system as working memory.
true
Efren is not thinking about his girlfriend at this very moment. However, someone asks him to describe her, and without much thought, he describes her eyes, hair, and smile. Thus, according to Freud's three levels of consciousness, this information about his girlfriend is likely to be stored in the ______ layer of Efren's consciousness.
preconscious
Because some fibers of the olfactory bulb are directly connected to the amygdala, some smells we encounter:
are strongly connected to specific memories and emotions.
Annie has learned to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used: in the middle of a sentence. at the end of a sentence. at the beginning of a sentence. only in isolated cases.
at the end of a sentence.
______ hallucinations are the most common type of hallucinations in schizophrenia, typically taking the form of hearing voices inside one's head in the absence of external stimulation.
auditory
Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions? A. Parallel distribution B. Mental representation C. Verbal prototype D. Physical event
B. Mental representation
A variable can be defined as: A. a specific, informed, and testable prediction of an outcome. B. the repetition of a study to confirm results. C. anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals. D. a related assumption from which testable predictions can be made.
C. anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals.
What does mindfulness meditation encourage? A. Attention to the details of past experience B. Attention to the details of momentary experience C. Diverting selective attention toward thoughts D. Maintaining a consistent behavioral response during multi-tasking
B. Attention to the details of momentary experience
______________ has long emphasized the interdependence of body and mind. A. Philosophy of empiricism B. Gestalt psychology C. Eastern philosophy D. Developmental psychology
C. Eastern philosophy
The natural painkiller in the human body is: A. melatonin. B. endorphin. C. serotonin. D. epinephrine.
B. endorphin.
Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is: A. in a coma. B. driving. C. extremely drunk. D. sedated.
C. extremely drunk.
When mild to moderate alcohol consumption is said to be beneficial, it suggests that no more than ________ drinks a day appears to provide protective effects on the ________. A. four; general health B. one; physical health C. two; cardiovascular system D. three; psychological system
C. two; cardiovascular system
Which of the following is a component of crystallized intelligence? A. Using spatial visualization in problem-solving B. Using abstract reasoning in problem-solving C. Using cultural knowledge in problem-solving D. Using pattern recognition in problem-solving
C. Using cultural knowledge in problem-solving
In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of:
C. syntax and grammar.
The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier. A. method of loci B. deep processing C. chunking D. rehearsing
C. chunking
If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean? It follows fixed tenets. It allows other languages to freely borrow. It can be freely changed. It creates a real connection between a sound and the idea associated with it.
It can be freely changed
Which of the following makes human language unique? It can be used to express one's needs and desires. It can be spoken in different ways by different people. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction. It can be used for the purpose of metacommunication.
It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.
What happens when a person experiences anxiety about future attacks?
A positive feedback cycle is created wherein anxiety about future attacks hijacks the body's emergency response system and catapults it out of control.
What do alpha brain waves indicate? A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation B. Dreaming C. Very deep sleep D. A state of active wakefulness
A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation
Which of the following refers to a phenomenon by which one fails to notice unexpected objects in her or his surroundings? A. Inattentional blindness B. Subliminal perception C. Change phenomenon D. Visual masking
A. Inattentional blindness
According to Buxton, it is okay to sleep less than the optimum duration as long as: A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle. B. it is at a place with appropriate lighting. C. it encourages appropriate metabolic cleansing. D. it is done right after learning a task.
A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle.
An EEG test taken during Stage 1 of sleep that one enters after feeling relaxed will reveal the brain waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. alpha; theta B. theta; alpha C. beta; theta D. theta; beta
A. alpha; theta
From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________.
A. talk
Who among the following broke new ground by discovering dopamine and its functions?
Arvid Carlsson
____________ can be defined as studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another. A. Naturalistic observations B. Descriptive designs C. Correlational designs D. Random assignments
C. Correlational designs
In an examination, Dorothy deductively zeroes in on one of the options of a multiple choice question. What kind of thinking can she be said to engage in? A) Divergent thinking B) Visual thinking C) Creative thinking D) Convergent thinking
D
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that:
D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.
The ____________ is the arithmetic average of a series of numbers. A. range B. mode C. median D. mean
D. mean
Anna and Johanna visit their hometown after a long time. They are disappointed to find the old local library razed to erect a mall. Johanna remarks that she still has such fond memories associated with the library that she vividly remembers how the librarian greeted them on every visit, and how she used to look forward to the arrival of new books every month. This is an example of: A. mental rotation. B. memory perception. C. verbal formulation. D. visual imagery.
D. visual imagery.
Personality disorders do not develop until adulthood. (T or F)
False
Which symptom of schizophrenia does antipsychotic medication work best on?
Hallucinations
Which of the following helps us understand why some people and not others develop depression?
The diathesis-stress model
What's the difference between Western and Asian culture's aspects of intelligence?
Western cultures emphasize cognitive skills while Asian cultures stress on humility.
The process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances is known as _______.
accommodation
Damien is cold-shouldered by most of his colleagues as he was the only one in the team to be promoted. Adding to this, he recently lost a good friend in an accident. In the context of stress and depression, Damien is likely to develop depression if there is an:
activation of his hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system.
The pinnae collect and funnel sounds into a passage known as the _______.
auditory canal
The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as:
awareness.
The _____________ transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron.
axon
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa proposed that the Big Five personality dimensions along with talents, aptitudes, and cognitive abilities, which have their origin in biological forces are referred to as ______.
basic tendencies
The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment
below her chronological age
According to the dopamine hypothesis, people with schizophrenia have:
excess amounts of dopamine in parts of the brain.
Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______.
extinction
"Free Association" is a type of learning technique.
false
Sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making. This phenomenon is called ________________.
groupthink
People who suffer from dissociative identity disorder have the common characteristic of:
having lived through a highly traumatic experience
Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests:
lysergic acid diethylamide-25
Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that:
males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
The _____________ is involved in various kinds of reflexes, such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, and vomiting.
medulla
Karen Horney's psychological social theory suggests that neurotically ____________ involves developing a detached and "cool" demeanor—not responding emotionally, not caring, and being "above it all."
moving away from others
Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders.
neurogenesis
Within the brain, ____________ receive, integrate, and generate messages.
neurons
During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________.
overload their frontal lobes
Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.
preconventional
A(n) _________________ is a biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like.
prejudice
_____ focuses on identifying risk factors for developing disorders, targeting at-risk populations, and offering training programs that decrease the likelihood of disorders occurring
prevention
In one of the methods to examine the relationship among genetics, behavior, and personality, behavioral geneticists look for the location of specific bits of DNA on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors. This method is referred to as the ___________.
quantitative trait loci approach
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) encourages the ___________________ of events previously viewed as stressful.
reappraisal
The trichromatic theory of color vision states that all colors humans experience result from a mixture of:
red, blue, and green
In the context of color vision, humans have cones that are sensitive to:
red, blue, and green wavelengths of light.
A false alarm is:
saying that a stimulus is present when it is not.
Which of the following major psychological disorders is characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions, odd communication, inappropriate emotion, and other unusual behaviors?
schizophrenia
Making situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a(n) ________________.
self-serving bias
The ____________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation.
sensitivity period
Any sensation one receives activates ____________ which take the message to the brain for processing.
sensory neurons
Habituation refers to a:
sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one.
After experiencing extremely stressful situations, people who are most susceptible to depression are those who are deficient in the neurotransmitters:
serotonin and neuropeptide Y
Thinking outside the box implies that ______.
solutions can be found by looking at a problem from a new perspective
Aphasia can be defined as a deficit in the ability to:
speak or comprehend language.
According to Freud, the last part of the human mind that develops around age 2 or 3 is the ___________.
superego
Which of the following is an example of the biological form of treatment to help alleviate the symptoms of and sometimes cure psychological disorders?
surgical treatments
In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, none of the witnesses to her stabbing came to her aid. Psychologists later called this phenomenon ________________.
the bystander effect
The experience of the flavor of food results from _______.
the combination of taste and smell
Epigenetics is the study of how ____________.
the environment affects gene expression
In operant conditioning, the word "negative" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates:
the removal of a stimulus.
Dr. Hall is in a therapy session with his client Steve, who is a violent criminal. Although Dr. Hall does not approve of his actions, he still shows genuine acceptance and empathy for him, regardless of what he has done. In the context of client-centered therapy, Dr. Hall is expressing _____.
unconditional positive regard
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed.
variable-interval schedule
______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present. Verbal concept Visual perception Mental grouping Visual imagery
visual imagery
Creative problem solving involves four stages of processing: preparation, incubation, insight, and elaborative-verification.
true
False memories are an example of:
D. suggestibility.
What happens as a correlation approaches +1.00 or -1.00? A. The strength of the relationship increases. B. The strength of the relationship remains constant. C. The two variables become interdependent of on each other. D. The strength of the relationship decreases.
A. The strength of the relationship increases.
Which of the following statements is true about transcranial direct current stimulation? A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe. B. A very high voltage is administered via four or more electrodes placed on the scalp of an individual. C. Research indicates that negatively charged stimulation increases memory in general. D. Transcranial electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe during slow wave sleep impairs recall of word pairs among people.
A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe.
Jayne is a student at a community college. She has been tested to have an IQ of 18. This suggests that she has a ______ level of intellectual disability. A) profound B) moderate C) severe D) mild
A
Ron is a fourteen-year-old. He has an incredible memory which allows him to recall the contents of thousands of books verbatim after reading them just once. Given that his IQ sore is 40 and his adaptive skills are poor, his sister helps him out with almost all the daily activities. Ron is most likely to be a __________. A) savant B) spastic C) prodigy D) retard
A
Which of the following is a true conclusion obtained on researches done in creative insights? A) Creative insights increases the frontal lobe activity. B) Creative insights occur in the left hemisphere of the brain. C) Creative people show imbalanced activity between their frontal lobes. D) Creative thinking has no relation with intelligence and problem solving.
A
According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the: A. latent level. B. subliminal level. C. deep level. D. manifest level.
A. latent level.
The dropping of the sensory curtain indicates the beginning of ________ of sleep. A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4
A. Stage 1
The "opponent process theory," is a theory of color vision.
True
___________ are step-by-step formulas or procedures for solving problems.
Algorithms
The ______ cortex is located in the parietal lobes.
C. somatosensory
From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called: A. a Type I error. B. a heuristic. C. the serial position effect. D. retrograde amnesia.
C. the serial position effect.
______________ is involved in voluntarily controlling muscles and is released during feelings of pleasure or reward.
Dopamine
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of autistic spectrum disorder?
Impaired Communication
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of autistic spectrum disorder?
Impaired communication
Which of the following can potentially lead a person who uses recreational drugs to develop schizophrenia?
Impaired functioning of glutamate
____________ is defined as the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth.
Imprinting
Nancy, a three-year old, enters a store by pushing a door open. Every time she comes to a door after that, she pushes the door expecting it to open even though many doors open by pulling rather than pushing. What is this an example of?
Mental set
In which of the following methods of personality assessment are participants provided an ambiguous stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see?
Projective tests
Which of the following is true about reaction formation?
Reaction formation results in exaggerated or compulsive feelings and behavior.
Which of the following statements is true about traditional antipsychotics?
Tardive dyskinesia is a particularly problematic side effect of traditional antipsychotics.
Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising?
Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.
Which of the following describes critical thinking? Using theological principles to deduce only the weaknesses and flaws in ideas Solving problems through a nonrational approach to new ideas Employing an interdisciplinary method to analyze how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through intuition Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
Which of the following tests can a person take to assess her creativity?
The Alternate Uses test
Which of the following is true for the commonly-used intelligence tests?
The Stanford-Binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect?
The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful.
When people learn from their own successes and failures and from trial and error, it is an example of ______.
enactive learning
People with Parkinson's disease have problems with __________ functioning.
midbrain
____________ is the ability to store and use information. A. Amnesia B. Retrieval C. Schema D. Memory
D. Memory
______ can be defined as measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state. A. Interviews B. Questionnaires C. Behavioral measures D. Physiological measures
D. Physiological measures
Developmental psychology can be best described as the study of: A. how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. B. the links among brain, mind, and behavior. C. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. D. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.
D. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.
The body's biological clock is located in the: A. pituitary gland. B. pineal gland. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus.
D. hypothalamus.
Talking while driving: A. increases activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. B. has no impact on the activity in areas of the brain associated with language processing. C. has no impact on the activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing.
D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing.
If we compare the human mind with a computer, sensation would be analogous to _____________. A. central processing unit (CPU) B. output C. storage device D. input
D. input
Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild-to-moderate intake of tea and energy drinks? A. Increased heart rate B. Better motor coordination C. Decreased alertness D. Nausea
A. Increased heart rate
Lauren is an excessively self-conscious girl who exhibits pronounced fear of humiliation even while talking to perfect strangers. She cannot even muster enough courage to ask anyone nearby to help her out with something lest they ridicule her. She is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.
social anxiety disorder
According to the view of René Descartes regarding mind-body dualism, the _______. A. soul does not survive bodily death B. mind controls the body C. mind and the body are controlled by our genetic makeup D. mind and the body refer to the same entity
B. mind controls the body
The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control best defines the term: A. attention. B. chunking. C. intuition. D. encoding.
A. attention.
Structures or features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection are often called _____________. A. exaptations B. adaptations C. chance mutations D. habits
A. exaptations
In Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ assists the central executive by providing extra storage for a limited number of digits or words for up to 30 seconds at a time. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer
A. phonological loop
________________ refers to a selfless concern for and giving of aid to others.
Altruism
Which of the following is NOT among the three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg? A. Analytical B. Practical C. Logical D. Creative
C. Logical
Newborns of many species, especially humans, spend more time in ________ sleep. A. non-REM B. REM C. slow-wave D. deep
B. REM
______ can be defined as those studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned. A. Case studies B. Single-blind studies C. Interviews D. Descriptive studies
B. Single-blind studies
The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as: A. intelligence. B. awareness. C. wakefulness. D. memory.
B. awareness.
Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language? Adults learn to speak a second language more quickly than do children. Individuals who learn to speak a second language earlier than age 12 will probably speak it with an accent. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents. The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it.
Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.
Which is the true statement regarding mirror neuron system (MNS)?
They are involved in imitation and social learning.
In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal?
Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas.
"Depth perception" is discriminating between what is near and what is far away from us.
True
What did Einstein engage in when he imagined himself traveling at the speed of light in an elevator?
Visual imagery
Frequency is measured in units called _______.
hertz
The medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum are three main parts of the ______.
hindbrain
A treatment that uses a combination of light stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons is known as _____.
optogenetics
Borderline personality disorder is characterized by:
out-of-control emotions and fear of being abandoned by others.
***What are current IQ scores based on?
***How well a person does on tests relative to the average scores of the general population
David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to: 3 years of age. 8 years of age. 5 years of age. 12 years of age.
12 years of age.
How does the prenatal environment affect the growth of the brain and IQ of a child? A) Increase in the stress level in pregnant women affects the growth of the baby's brain and cognitive development. B) If the child had a shorter birth length and low birth weight, the child's IQ in his or her developmental age will be more. C) Alcohol, drugs, and viral infections in a pregnant woman does not affect her child's overall intelligence. D) The interaction between environment and biological forces does not influence the development of the child's brain.
A
On which of the following points do g-factor theorists and multiple-factor theorists disagree?
A single test score can reflect a person's overall intelligence.
Adults move through about ________ different cycles of non-REM and REM sleep every night, with each cycle lasting roughly ________ minutes. A. 4-6; 90 B. 2-3; 40 C. 8-10; 10 D. 12-14; 2-3
A. 4-6; 90
How long does the night's first episode of REM sleep usually last? A. 8-10 minutes B. 2-3 minutes C. 12-14 minutes D. 10-20 minutes
A. 8-10 minutes
Which of the following is true about consolidation as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. B. Consolidation is the retention of memory over time. C. Consolidation helps remember where one put that birthday gift that one had bought earlier. D. The process of consolidation happens in two ways: automatic processing and effortful processing.
A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay.
On which of the following points do g-factor theorists and multiple-factor theorists disagree? A. A single test score can reflect a person's overall intelligence. B. The different aspects of intelligence are correlated. C. A multiple test score cannot reflect a person's intelligence. D. Intelligence has a number of components.
A. A single test score can reflect a person's overall intelligence.
In a test, a child is asked to decipher the meaning of an uncommon word from its context in a sentence. What is the child being tested for? A. Analytical intelligence B. Practical intelligence C. Creative intelligence D. Fluid intelligence
A. Analytical intelligence
______________ can be best defined as the study of human culture and origins. A. Anthropology B. Psychology C. Literature D. Archaeology
A. Anthropology
Who is credited with developing the first theory of intelligence? A. Charles Spearman B. Howard Gardner C. Sigmund Freud D. Ivan Pavlov
A. Charles Spearman
___________ are useful when the variables cannot be manipulated or controlled by the experimenter. A. Correlational studies B. Experimental studies C. Naturalistic observations D. Case-control studies
A. Correlational studies
______ can be defined as studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to which experimental condition. A. Double-blind studies B. Case-control studies C. Surveys D. Interviews
A. Double-blind studies
Which of the following is true about explicit memory? A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. B. Priming is a kind of explicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. C. Explicit memory refers to knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. D. When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously remember it, one is tapping into explicit memory.
A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events.
Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a cognitive psychologist? A. How do people visualize objects in their minds? B. How does the presence of other people change an individual's thoughts, feeling, or perceptions? C. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?
A. How do people visualize objects in their minds?
______ can be defined as a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge. A. Intelligence B. Creativity C. Proposition D. Behavior
A. Intelligence
Identify a true statement about visual representation. A. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived. B. It is found that the brain is less active during visual imagery than it is during visual perception. C. It usually occurs only through verbal formulation of thoughts. D. It refers to the ability of classifying one's thoughts and perceptions into concepts and categories.
A. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.
In the context of psychology, which of the following is a major difference between scientists and philosophers? A. Philosophers do not collect data to test their ideas. B. According to scientists, the mind simply receives what our sensory organs—eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue—take in from the outside world. C. Philosophers believe that human beings create knowledge from experience. D. According to scientists, human beings create knowledge from reflection and thinking.
A. Philosophers do not collect data to test their ideas.
____________ refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill that one learns. A. Procedural memory B. Sensory memory C. Explicit memory D. Episodic memory
A. Procedural memory
____________ are defined as people's written or oral accounts of their thoughts, feelings, or actions. A. Self-reports B. MIS reports C. Behavioral measures D. Physiological measures
A. Self-reports
______________ memory is our memory for facts and knowledge. A. Semantic B. Episodic C. Implicit D. Iconic
A. Semantic
Which of the following statements is true regarding the ancient views on psychology? A. The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. B. The earliest cultures to seek natural explanations for disorders were the ancient Americans. C. The ancient Chinese (2,600 BCE) believed in supernatural explanations of psychological disorders. D. Frenchman Philip Pinel was the first to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights—what we now call acrophobia.
A. The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions.
Which of the following best describes cognitive fixation? A. The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective B. The ability to methodically develop step-by-step methods to solve a problem C. The ability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective D. The inability to methodically develop step-by-step methods to solve a problem
A. The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective
Identify an accurate statement about scientific theories. A. They are not facts. B. They do not generate any expectations. C. They are merely guesses and observations. D. They should not be tied to real evidence.
A. They are not facts.
Which of the following tests does NOT demonstrate test-retest reliability? A. Timmy's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B. Teachers find that students' performance on a given test is a good indicator of their grades. C. Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college. D. Nathan did badly on an IQ test because its vocabulary level was very high.
A. Timmy's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test.
Which of the following is true of visual perception? A. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present. B. Visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain when the original stimulus is present. C. Visual perception takes longer because the verbal system is older in evolutionary terms than the visual system. D. Visual perception cannot occur with abstract ideas that have no physical existence.
A. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present.
Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a social psychologist? A. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? B. How do our reasoning skills change as we age? C. How do people visualize objects in their minds? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?
A. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people?
Using noninvasive advanced imaging techniques and electrical recordings, _______ study the structure and functions of the living brain. A. behavioral neuroscientists B. developmental psychologists C. positive psychologists D. personality psychologists
A. behavioral neuroscientists
A major drawback of behavioral measures is that they: A. can be time-intensive. B. can confuse the participants. C. are more susceptible to social desirability bias than self-report measures. D. do not allow people to modify their behavior.
A. can be time-intensive.
The independent variable is the __________, and the dependent variable is the _________. A. cause; effect B. experiment; correlation C. effect; correlation D. experiment; cause
A. cause; effect
Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems. A. circadian rhythm B. ultradian rhythm C. nocturnal rhythm D. infradian rhythm
A. circadian rhythm
Replication of a study is important to: A. confirm the results of the study. B. formulate the hypothesis of the study. C. express the expectations of the study. D. interpret the results of the study.
A. confirm the results of the study.
In the context of electronic interactions, being privately public means: A. connecting with many other people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are. B. avoiding online interactions with those people whom you have never met face-to-face. C. you ensure that you remove all the traces of your electronic interactions. D. you disclose a lot of details of your private life and may or may not limit access to your site.
A. connecting with many other people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are.
When interpreting correlations, it is important to remember that a A. correlation does not mean there is a causal relationship between the two variables. B. correlation does not lead to any causal relationship between the two variables. C. relationship between the variables does not exist as the correlation approaches +1.00. D. relationship between the variables does not exist as the correlation approaches -1.00.
A. correlation does not mean there is a causal relationship between the two variables.
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n): A. depressant. B. vasodilator. C. corticosteroid. D. opioid.
A. depressant.
This is the basic question in a(n) _________ is, "What is variable X?" A. descriptive design B. random sampling C. experimental study D. correlational design
A. descriptive design
Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n): A. false memory. B. repressed memory. C. autobiographical memory. D. recovered memory.
A. false memory.
A writer from a popular fashion magazine has penned an article titled "Dating in the 21st Century." She analyzed her own dating experiences and incorporated them into this piece. This type of psychology is known as _____________. A. folk psychology B. health psychology C. consumer psychology D. forensic psychology
A. folk psychology
Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's:
A. forgetting curve.
Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's: A. forgetting curve. B. serial position effect. C. neurological basis for forgetting. D. connection between memory and the amygdala.
A. forgetting curve.
Tamara complains that her husband can actually sleep anywhere and anytime. He can sleep for more than 10 hours a day, notwithstanding the fact that he even dozes off during meals and in the middle of conversations. If Tamara's husband visits the doctor, the doctor is most likely to diagnose his problem as ______. A. hypersomnia B. insomnia C. cataplexy D. somnambulism
A. hypersomnia
Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know—it's automatic." This is an example of her: A. implicit memory. B. priming. C. semantic memory. D. episodic memory.
A. implicit memory.
When the central tenet of knowing is not what people think and believe, but rather how nature behaves, then we must accept the data and follow them wherever they take us. This attitude is known as __________. A. intellectual honesty B. scientific thinking C. open skepticism D. cultural understanding
A. intellectual honesty
Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests: A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25. B. methamphetamine. C. methylenedioxymethamphetamine. D. amphetamine sulfate.
A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25.
Graham displays a heightened sense of awareness of events in his environment. For instance, when he picks a book to read, he pores over every bit of information given about the author, edition, preface, and even the colors and images on the cover page. This is indicative of the fact that Graham is a(n) ________ person. A. mindful B. docile C. rational D. versatile
A. mindful
Millennia thinkers have argued over what determines our personality and behavior—innate biology or life experience—a conflict known as the ______________ debate. A. nature-nurture B. mind-body C. internal-external D. evolutionary-environmental
A. nature-nurture
Alisha believes that human behavior is solely the result of genetic coding. Her point of view is referred to as the ______________ view. A. nature-only B. nurture-only C. environment-only D. evolution-only
A. nature-only
The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage. A. primacy B. recency C. halo D. intermediate
A. primacy
An area of psychology called ____________ examines in detail the lives of historically important people and provides an example of the richness and value of case studies and studying individual lives over time. A. psychobiography B. psychohistory C. iconography D. histography
A. psychobiography
Jacques wants to remember a phone number, so he repeats it aloud until he types and saves the number in his cell phone. He is using the process of: A. rehearsal. B. repression. C. retrieval. D. recognition.
A. rehearsal.
The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin was the first to describe "dementia praecox," the mental disorder now known as _____________. A. schizophrenia B. bipolar disorder C. major depressive disorder D. Munchausen's syndrome
A. schizophrenia
According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the central executive will have trouble _____________ in people who have sustained damage to their frontal lobes. A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment B. remembering new experiences C. processing and recalling language communicated to them D. recalling information about previous injuries
A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment
Participants in studies of __________________ are asked to think about the meaning of the words. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. effortful processing D. phonemic processing
A. semantic processing
Ravi is a participant in a cognitive experiment, but he does not know if he is in the experimental group or the control group. The researchers, however, are aware of the condition to which he has been assigned. The study in which Ravi is participating is called a(n) ___________. A. single-blind study B. double-blind study C. survey D. inteview
A. single-blind study
Max, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in thought and behavior. He attempted to break experiences down into their component parts in order to study them. Max was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst.
A. structuralist.
Mary Whiton Calkins: A. was the first female president of the American Psychological Association. B. was a student of Sigmund Freud. C. opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States. D. started the first scientific journal in American psychology, the American Journal of Psychology.
A. was the first female president of the American Psychological Association.
Which of the following occurs in the brain of a person who is hallucinating?
Activity in the visual cortex during visual hallucinations shows similarity to the brain activity that occurs when visual stimulus is present.
What are the three stages of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Which of the following people would most likely be considered a prodigy? A) Carter, who is gifted but has major difficulties with spelling B) Jamie, who has average intelligence, but is extremely gifted in music C) Sarah, who is above average in all areas of intelligence tests D) Marvin, who has an IQ of 50, but failed in mathematics
B
What is the mean of the following set of numbers: 10, 15, 20, 35, and 55? A. 20 B. 27 C. 35 D. 135
B. 27
_________________ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. A. Effortful B. Automatic C. Structural D. Phonological
B. Automatic
_____ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall.
B. Interference
_____ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall. A. Repression B. Interference C. Absent-mindedness D. Blocking
B. Interference
According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to the ability to perceive other people's intentions? A. Naturalistic intelligence B. Interpersonal intelligence C. Kinesthetic intelligence D. Linguistic intelligence
B. Interpersonal intelligence
Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep? A. It inhibits neural growth. B. It consolidates memory. C. It enhances cellular damage. D. It resists metabolic cleanup.
B. It consolidates memory.
Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning? A. It stimulates the supraoptic nucleus. B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus. C. It stimulates the nucleus accumbens. D. It stimulates the dorsomedial nucleus.
B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Which of the following is the first basic process of the scientific method? A. Predict B. Observe C. Test D. Interpret
B. Observe
___________ refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in fact do not use the scientific method to come to their conclusions. A. Antiscience B. Pseudoscience C. Bioscience D. Ethnoscience
B. Pseudoscience
Which of the following senses lack their own processing regions?
B. Taste
Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect? A. A strong urge to nap at inappropriate times, such as during meals or in the middle of conversations. B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful. C. A mental state that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by lack of voluntary control over behavior. D. The ability to create a false sensory perception not related to real external stimuli.
B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful.
Which of the following is true about theories? A. Theories cannot explain facts. B. Theories organize and explain what we have observed. C. Theories prevent people from making observations. D. Theories, in science, are nothing more than mere guesses.
B. Theories organize and explain what we have observed.
Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia? A. They are less likely to cope with medical conditions. B. They are more likely to be iron deficient. C. They are more likely to consume alcohol. D. They are more prone to sleep less than two to four hours a day for two weeks or more.
B. They are more likely to be iron deficient.
Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that: A. repetition of experiences can actually lead to synaptic death. B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. C. the neuronal basis for memory in lower animals is extremely different than that of humans. D. repeated experience does not strengthen long-term potentiation.
B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.
Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing.
B. effortful; automatic
Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing. A. structural; effortful B. effortful; automatic C. automatic; phonological D. phonological; structural
B. effortful; automatic
Behaviorism is an extreme form of _____________. A. functionalism B. environmentalism C. structuralism D. empiricism
B. environmentalism
Jack is a psychologist. Rather than just describing what the mind does, he is more interested in the functions of the human mind. Jack is most likely a practitioner of ______________ psychology. A. Gestalt B. evolutionary C. positive D. clinical
B. evolutionary
Feathers probably evolved for insulation in flightless dinosaurs, but they turned out to be useful for flight in birds, the dinosaurs' descendants. Feathers are considered ______ because feathers did not evolve for that purpose. A. adaptation B. exaptations C. natural selection D. chance mutations
B. exaptations
Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge and thoughts come from _____________. A. scriptures B. experience C. genetic endowment D. observation
B. experience
Topics in ______________ psychology range from studies of how stress is linked to illness and immune function to research on the role of social factors in how people interact with health care professionals. A. cognitive B. health C. forensic D. educational
B. health
Philip Pinel of France is said to have been the first major proponent of _____________. A. the use of narcotics to treat pain B. humane therapies for the mentally ill C. the study of the mind-body connection D. considering psychology as a science
B. humane therapies for the mentally ill
A ____________ is a specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition. A. theory B. hypothesis C. replication D. variable
B. hypothesis
Information can make its way into consciousness through the unattended ear if it is: A. monotonous. B. meaningful. C. random. D. trivial.
B. meaningful.
If we compare the human mind with a computer, behavior and thoughts would be analogous to _____________. A. central processing unit (CPU) B. output C. storage device D. input
B. output
Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning?
Because they could not be observed
Which of the following is true about behavior therapies?
Behavior therapies focus on changing behavior, rather than thoughts, feelings, or motives.
Which of the following conditions was previously known as "manic depression"?
Bipolar disorder
Which of the following holds true for the developers of the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests?
Both failed to factor in developments in the field of neuroscience.
Matthew sees a nail sticking out from a board which he wishes to push inside. Though there is a brick lying nearby, it does not occur to him that it can serve well to fix the nail. Consequently, he wastes time searching for a hammer. Which of the following does Matthew exhibit? A) Cognitive dissonance B) Response bias C) Functional fixedness D) Observer effect
C
Which of the following pairs of children features one child who would be classified as intellectually disabled and one child who would be classified as gifted? A) Tamara's IQ is 88, and Tracy's IQ is 188 B) Richard's IQ is 14, and Raphael's IQ is 84 C) Bill's IQ is 54, and Bob's IQ is 137 D) Brad's IQ is 79, and Barbara's IQ is 112
C
Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep? A. Ultradian rhythm B. Nocturnal rhythm C. Infradian rhythm D. Circadian rhythm
C. Infradian rhythm
Which of the following is true of nightmares? A. It is also known as night terrors. B. It is rarely experienced by adults. C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder. D. It never occurs with cancer patients.
C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder.
According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder? A. Cocaine B. LSD C. MDMA D. Heroin
C. MDMA
Which of the following best describes moderate consciousness? A. The unconscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness B. The conscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness D. The unconscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness
C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness
Which of the following statements is true for tests? A. A biased test cannot be used fairly. B. An unfair test result is always culturally biased. C. A biased test may be used fairly. D. A test result used fairly cannot be culturally biased.
C. A biased test may be used fairly.
Rita conducts a study in which she videotapes college students interacting with each other before and after performing a series of cognitive tasks that were presented as "Intelligence tests that can affect your college tuition charges." She then has a carefully trained team observe and record the participants' actions, noting visible signs of anxiety in particular. What type of measure best describes the one used by Rita? A. Physiological B. Self-report C. Behavioral D. Statistical
C. Behavioral
Which of the following is considered impractical for large-scale studies? A. Surveys B. Questionnaires C. Behavioral measures D. Case studies
C. Behavioral measures
___________ involve the systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting. A. Questionnaires B. Physiological measures C. Behavioral measures D. Interviews
C. Behavioral measures
______________ can be best defined as the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior. A. Social psychology B. Industrial psychology C. Behavioral neuroscience D. Developmental psychology
C. Behavioral neuroscience
Behavioral responsiveness is not the only determining factor of an individual's capacity to communicate with other people. B. An individual in a vegetative state cannot react to any stimulus from the environment. C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world. D. An individual in a vegetative state can show signs of awareness without wakefulness.
C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world.
________________ memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. A. Procedural B. Implicit C. Explicit D. Echoic
C. Explicit
_____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something.
C. False
Why do some psychologists and scholars criticize Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence? A. Gardner considered people from diverse age groups for the tests he formulated. B. Gardner did not take into account factors such as economic conditions. C. Gardner's ideas were argued to be more theoretical than empirical. D. Gardner ignored many other skills and intelligences a person can possess.
C. Gardner's ideas were argued to be more theoretical than empirical.
Which of the following is NOT one of G. Stanley Hall's achievements? A. He founded the American Psychological Association (APA). B. He opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States. C. He coined the term psychophysics. D. He started the first scientific journal in American psychology, the American Journal of Psychology.
C. He coined the term psychophysics.
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of prescription and nonprescription stimulants on memory? A. The negative effects of prescription drugs such as Adderall or Ritalin happen only in low doses. B. Caffeine in general and over-the-counter energy drinks have no effects in their capacity to enhance memory. C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation. D. There is nonclinical trial evidence that long-term, foods and drinks rich in flavonoids reduce memory and impair cognitive function.
C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation.
________________ memories are retrieved without conscious effort. A. Semantic B. Iconic C. Implicit D. Echoic
C. Implicit
When did theories of intelligence start emerging? A. In the late seventeenth century B. During the Renaissance C. In the early twentieth century D. During the Counter Reformation
C. In the early twentieth century
Which of the following is true about automatic processing? A. It involves rehearsal of the information. B. It is the basis of semantic memory. C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. D. It goes from short-term to long-term memory.
C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task.
Which of the following statements is true of psychology? A. Modern psychology is more likely to study the brain and behavior than the mind. B. It does not have any other disciplines organized around it. C. It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math. D. It is not a science, but a clinical practice.
C. It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math.
___________ found that the cognitive abilities of young children and adolescents are fundamentally different and that cognitive development occurs in stages rather than gradually over time. A. David Wechsler B. Charles Spearman C. Jean Piaget D. John Carroll
C. Jean Piaget
Which of the following psychologists asserted that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives? A. William James B. Abraham Maslow C. John Watson D. Carl Rogers
C. John Watson
Which of the following statements reflects Skinner's belief on language? A. Language exists particularly for the sake of interaction and conveying information between people. B. Language is not learned; it is discovered. C. Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. D. Humans are born with a language acquisition device, therefore, language is innate.
C. Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped.
______________ helps us understand people through its methods of storytelling, character exploration, setting, and imagery. A. History B. Anthropology C. Literature D. Psychology
C. Literature
Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing?
C. Long-term memory
Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing? A. Sensory memory B. Primary memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory
C. Long-term memory
____________ sciences study the world of stars, light, waves, atoms, the earth, compounds, and molecules. A. Biological B. Social C. Physical D. Environmental
C. Physical
Dr. Singh, a scientist, wants to study how anxiety affects adolescents. For this purpose, he measures the electrical changes in their heart rates, their sweating and respiration patterns, as well as the hormonal changes in their blood. Which psychological measure has been used by Dr. Singh in this scenario? A. Interviews B. Questionnaires C. Physiological measures D. Behavioral measures
C. Physiological measures
______________ psychology can be defined as a scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning. A. Health B. Developmental C. Positive D. Clinical
C. Positive
Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? A. Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. B. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. C. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. D. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.
C. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.
An IQ test predicts academic achievement better for a particular ethnic group compared to another. What does this suggest about the test? A. The test is standardized. B. The test is not reliable. C. The test is biased. D. The test is not valid.
C. The test is biased.
As argued by Sternberg and Gardner, what is a drawback of Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests? A. They do not measure verbal, spatial, and mathematical forms of intelligence. B. They had incorporated developments in neurosciences in their studies. C. They do not measure social, musical, and naturalistic forms of intelligence. D. They lay emphasis on quantitative reasoning and visual-spatial processing.
C. They do not measure social, musical, and naturalistic forms of intelligence.
How did Kahneman and Tversky debunk a long-held belief about the decisions people make? A. They showed that people are always rational in their decision making. B. They showed that people often act like scientists in their decision making. C. They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making. D. They showed that people are motivated by self-interest and rational decision making.
C. They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making.
When do people respond easily to hypnosis? A. When they are fully conscious. B. When their critical faculties of mind are in control. C. When they are relaxed. D. When they have voluntary control over their own behavior.
C. When they are relaxed.
According to structuralism, A. our experiences during childhood are a powerful force in the development of our adult personality. B. psychology is a sub-discipline of philosophy. C. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior. D. psychology is an empirical science which is independent of medicine and physiology.
C. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.
When people look only for information that confirms what they already believe and seldom look for information that disconfirms what they think, they are said to be characterized by a(n) ______. A. omission bias B. selective perception C. confirmation bias D. availability heuristic
C. confirmation bias
According to the nature-only view, who we are comes from: A. environmental forces. B. our experiences. C. inborn tendencies and genetically based traits. D. introspection and analysis.
C. inborn tendencies and genetically based traits.
If Alex engages in innately guided learning, it suggests: A. learning to speak a language by employing one's innate abilities without stimulation or reinforcement. B. learning to speak a language which is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning. D. learning to speak a language while employing recorded interactive language devices.
C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning.
Chan Lee, an Asian primatologist, studied different groups of gorillas over a period of 18 years. She studied them daily in the subtropical forests of Africa to understand their mating and reproductive habits. Based on her observations, Chan found that male gorillas are ready to mate when they are 15 years of age. In this scenario, descriptive method of research used by Chan can be best termed as a(n) ___________. A. interview B. case study C. naturalistic observation D. survey
C. naturalistic observation
Hebb's law states that:
C. neurons that fire together wire together.
The point of view that human behavior is solely the result of ______________ and that one can be anything she wants to be appears to be a very Western, very North American idea. A. genetics B. nature C. nurture D. inborn tendencies
C. nurture
Sarah is observing high school students use Facebook and Skype. Her purpose is to see how these students perceive information, how they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. She is most likely a student of: A. anthropology. B. human resource management. C. psychology. D. history.
C. psychology.
A(n) ____________ design can be defined as a research method that makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups. A. experimental B. descriptive C. quasi-experimental D. correlational
C. quasi-experimental
Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the:
C. recency effect.
Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect.
C. recency effect.
Psychology gained its independence from philosophy when researchers started to examine and test human sensations and perception using ______________ methods. A. abstract B. behavioral C. scientific D. reflection
C. scientific
Which of the following best describes child-directed speech? Changes in the child's speech as a result of imitation Speech that a child engages in talking to himself/herself Normal speech that is used while talking to the child Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation
Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation
Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language?
Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.
Mrs. Ross, a teacher, wanted to measure the IQ of the newly admitted students in her class. While using William Stern's method for calculating intelligence, she found out that Sarah, a ten-year-old girl, had the mental age of a 14 year old. What is Sarah's intelligence score? A) 80 B) 100 C) 120 D) 140
D
Patrick has been tested to have an IQ of 32. But, he plays the piano exceptionally well. Patrick suffers from ______. A) Down syndrome B) Fragile X syndrome C) Asperger's syndrome D) Savant syndrome
D
Ryan, aged 18, has an IQ of 65. This suggests that he has a ___________ level of intellectual disability. A) profound B) moderate C) severe D) mild
D
Which of the following enables the occurrence of a conscious experience? A. A static connection between the brain's various processing areas B. A weak connection between the brain's various processing areas C. A random connection between the brain's various processing areas D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas
D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas
From the following, identify an accurate statement about behavioral measures. A. Behavioral measurement does not require too much time to collect and code the data. B. It is possible to collect data on a large number of participants at once, and therefore behavioral measures are very useful for large-scale studies. C. People are not able to modify their behavior while they are being observed, watched, and/or measured using behavioral measures. D. Behavioral measures involve the systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting.
D. Behavioral measures involve the systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting.
______ can diagnose disorders of technology use but also use the same technologies to help treat people with various kinds of disorders. A. Personality psychologists B. Cognitive psychologists C. Developmental psychologists D. Clinical psychologists
D. Clinical psychologists
According to Jean Piaget, which of the following is true? A. Cognitive abilities are inborn and do not change over time. B. The cognitive abilities of young children are the same as those of adults. C. Both children and adolescents can reason abstractly. D. Cognitive abilities develop in stages rather than gradually.
D. Cognitive abilities develop in stages rather than gradually.
______________ are quick and ready response patterns that tell us whether something is good or bad for our well-being. A. Habits B. Chance mutations C. Softwirings D. Emotions
D. Emotions
Miguel is having a dinner party, but from the smell coming from his kitchen it is evident he burned whatever he was cooking. What is the order of the processing stages this burnt smell will go through to become a long-term memory for Miguel? A. Consolidation, storage, recognition, recall B. Storage, consolidation, encoding, recognition C. Storage, visuospatial loop, encoding, recall D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval
D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval
Which of the following best describes the function of the visuospatial sketch pad? A. It permanently stores important distance and travel information, like one's route home. B. It serves as a mental canvas on which thinkers can mentally perform spatial rotation tasks. C. It provides long-term storage for three-dimensional memories. D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos.
D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos.
The Binet test was adapted for American students by __________. A. William Stern B. David Wechsler C. Theodore Simon D. Lewis Terman
D. Lewis Terman
Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory?
D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.
Dr. Ahmed calculated a +0.87 correlation coefficient between the number of days students attended their classes for the semester and their final exam scores. What can he interpret from this finding? A. Students' absences caused them to do well in the final exam. B. Students' absence from classes had no effect on their final exam scores. C. Student attended classes for the semester in large numbers. D. Students who attended classes regularly performed well in exams.
D. Students who attended classes regularly performed well in exams.
In a descriptive research design, a researcher will: A. make predictions about future outcomes. B. manipulate one variable to determine its effect on another. C. ensure the use of a control group. D. define a problem and variable of interest.
D. define a problem and variable of interest.
In ___________, a researcher makes no prediction and does not try to control any of the variables. A. representative samples B. experiment C. sampling D. descriptive designs
D. descriptive designs
In the context of electronic interactions, being publicly private means: A. connecting with many other people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are. B. avoiding online interactions with those people whom you have never met face-to-face. C. ensuring that you remove all the traces of your electronic interactions. D. disclosing a lot of details of your private life.
D. disclosing a lot of details of your private life.
Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.
D. echoic
When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, he/she is in a(n) ________ state. A. minimally conscious B. objectively conscious C. subjectively conscious D. moderately conscious
D. moderately conscious
The long version of which of the following genes is associated with less efficient dopamine production?
DRD4
Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. On the basis of this premise, he states that all rectangles have four sides. Therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four sides. In which of the following is Neil engaged? Bottom-up logic finding Deductive reasoning Abstract thinking Hypothesizing
Deductive reasoning
Psychoactive drugs are only found in Western cultures. True False
F
The brain is not very active during sleep. True False
F
A brain scan of someone looking at a car will look very different from someone imagining looking at a car. True False
False
According to the DSM-5, to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, a person must show at least 5 symptoms for 5 weeks. (T or F)
False
Babbling occurs during the first few months of life. True False
False
By 7 months of age, most babies can drive a car.
False
Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true?
He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.
While conducting the Adverse Childhood Experiences study, Brandon reports five childhood experiences that affected him adversely. What does this imply?
He is two and a half times as likely to suffer from anxiety disorder as someone who reported no adverse childhood experiences.
Which of the following personality questionnaires uses the face valid method frequently?
NEO-PI
____________ was a new scientific movement started in the late 1990s that combined Freudian ideas with neuroscientfic methods.
Neuropsychoanalysis
Which of the following statements is true about personality changes across a life span?
People become steadily more agreeable and conscientious from adolescence to late adulthood.
Which of the following best describes cyberchondriacs?
People who self-diagnose primarily from information found on the Internet
Which of the following is a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?
Perceptual distortions
Psychologists use the term ____________ when they are referring to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.
Personality
The responses from which of the following personality measurement methods are arranged on a Likert scale?
Personality questionnaires
The humanistic movement was rekindled in the 1990s and relabeled ___________.
Positive psychology
Which of the following are types of anxiety disorders?
Post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder
The outcome of which of the following response mechanisms determines whether an emotional response might occur in an individual?
Primary appraisal
According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English?
She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.
During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________.
develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events
Treatment that integrates elements of cognitive behavioral therapy with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation is called _____ therapy.
dialectical behavior
The humanistic movement was rekindled in the 1990s and relabeled ___________.
positive psychology
Which of the following is a component of the newest version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence tests? A. Intrapersonal processing B. Long-term memory C. Visual-spatial processing D. Kinesthetics
C. Visual-spatial processing
What is the difference between the WISC and the WAIS? A. WISC considers abstract intelligence, while WAIS considers kinesthetic intelligence. B. WISC is culturally fair while WAIS is not. C. WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults. D. WISC is used with individuals who are not native speakers of English.
C. WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults.
Which type of memory can retain about seven bits of information for a short while and aids in solving an immediate problem? A. Sensory memory B. Long-term memory C. Working memory D. Procedural memory
C. Working memory
According to evolutionary psychology, language and science are examples of _____________. A. chance mutations B. natural selection C. by-products of adaptation D. softwiring
C. by-products of adaptation
A(n) ______ consists of participants who receive the treatment or whatever is thought to change behavior. A. social group B. control group C. experimental group D. peripheral group
C. experimental group
Mary is a coffee lover. However, heeding her friend's advice, she resolves to stop her coffee consumption for good. Mary is most likely to show the withdrawal effect of: A. increased energy. B. elated mood. C. headache. D. increased concentration.
C. headache.
______________ can be best defined as medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers. A. Hunters B. Chiefs C. Shamans D. Laggards
C. Shamans
______________ psychology shares with humanism a belief that psychology should focus on studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning. A. Health B. Developmental C. Gestalt D. Positive
D. Positive
_____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory. A. Adaptation B. Transduction C. Perception D. Sensation
D. Sensation
_____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. A. Episodic B. Meta C. Sensory D. Short-term
D. Short-term
In the __________ and ____________ stages of the scientific method, researchers express their expectations as a theory. A. communication; testing B. prediction; interpretation C. observation; prediction D. communication; prediction
C. observation; prediction
Paula is a schizophrenic who has poor memory and is often easily distracted. She has trouble focusing, has slow understanding and poor computing skills, and her speech begins to slur. Her traits are characteristic of the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.
Cognitive
______ is a synthesized form of the derivative of the grain fungus ergot. A. Ecstasy B. Cocaine C. Marijuana D. LSD
D. LSD
Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of _____. A. cellular proteins B. neural anti-bodies C. digestive enzymes D. cerebral toxins
D. cerebral toxins
Psychologists use a standardized reference when diagnosing psychological disorders called _____________. A. the Interpretation of Dreams B. the American Psychological Association Guide to Mental Disorders (APAGMD) C. Dr. Freud's Guide to Mental Illnesses D. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
D. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Travis is a child with above-average intelligence and is quite advanced in his speech. He engages his parents in long-winded discussions on one rather narrow topic. However, he is not interested in making friends. All these symptoms point to the fact that he is most likely to have:
Asperger's syndrome
Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully?
Scientific thinking becomes possible.
"Feature detectors" are specialized neurons in the visual cortex.
True
People who suffer from dissociative identity disorder have the common characteristic of:
having lived through a highly traumatic experience.
The psychological process that binds concepts together is termed as: A. consolidation. B. encoding. C. retrieval. D. association.
D. association.
Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing. A. structural B. phonological C. effortful D. automatic
D. automatic
The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the ____________ in which they are interested. A. topic of research B. variable C. research design D. group
D. group
The tendency to preferentially recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect.
D. primacy effect.
_____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory.
A. Absent-mindedness
Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes? A. Auditory B. Olfactory C. Somatosensory D. Visual
A. Auditory
Which of the following is true of concepts? A. They help us organize our perceptions of the world. B. They consist of visual representations created by the brain once the original stimulus gets activated. C. They are structures in the mind that stand for an external object or thing sensed in the present. D. They refer to the visual sensations in one's mind after the sensory stimulation begins.
A. They help us organize our perceptions of the world.
The industrial side of industrial/organizational psychology: A. applies principles of psychology to the selection of employees and evaluate their job performance. B. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. C. develops treatments for mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. D. explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.
A. applies principles of psychology to the selection of employees and evaluate their job performance.
A flawed belief that physicians had about anyone who was vegetative was that the individual: A. does not react to stimuli from the environment. B. shows signs of motoric response. C. reacts to external forces. D. shows signs of awareness without wakefulness.
A. does not react to stimuli from the environment.
In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. structural processing D. phonemic processing
A. semantic processing
A representative sample is a: A. subset of a population that truly reflects the characteristics of that population. B. randomly generated series of numbers that help researchers select people to participate in a study. C. research method that employs such techniques as interviewing and surveying. D. selected group of people whom the researcher can easily persuade to participate in a study.
A. subset of a population that truly reflects the characteristics of that population.
Electrical stimulation of the brain is technically called ______. A. transcranial direct current stimulation B. cortical stimulation C. transcranial magnetic stimulation D. peripheral nerve and field stimulation
A. transcranial direct current stimulation
Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology?
Adolescents
In which of the following subdisciplines of psychology are researchers often referred to as experimental psychologists? A. Social psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Clinical psychology D. Educational psychology
B. Cognitive psychology
______________ is the study of how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. A. Social psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Clinical psychology D. Educational psychology
B. Cognitive psychology
Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the scientific method? A. Observing B. Creating C. Interpreting D. Testing
B. Creating
The brains of people and animals reared in richly stimulating environments differ from the brains of people reared in understimulating, neglectful, or abusive environments. This happens because: A. Genetic forces have a role to play a minimal role in shaping who we are. B. Environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are. C. Who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically-based traits. D. Who we are essentially comes from our innate biology.
B. Environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are.
______________ helps us understand people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts. A. Literature B. History C. Sociology D. Anthropology
B. History
Which of the following behavior patterns was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973? A. Dissociative identity disorder B. Homosexuality C. Conversion disorder D. Anxiety disorder
B. Homosexuality
__________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory. A. Semantic; episodic B. Implicit; explicit C. Episodic; semantic D. Explicit; semantic
B. Implicit; explicit
When does abstract intelligence peak? A. In old age B. In early adulthood C. In childhood D. In middle age
B. In early adulthood
Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to be a part of the human resource department of a large corporation? A. Cognitive psychologist B. Industrial/organizational psychologist C. Social psychologist D. Developmental psychologist
B. Industrial/organizational psychologist
Which of the following most affects the human potential for learning? A. Intuition B. Intelligence C. Emotion D. Inhibition
B. Intelligence
Which of the following best describes Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence? A. Intelligence comprises three different factors: practical, creative and analytic. B. Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline. C. Intelligence is a function of eight distinct skills. D. Intelligence is a generalized entity comprising different components.
B. Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline.
Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants? A. Language comprehension occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain, in the region called Broca's area. B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area. C. Language production is associated with the left-hemisphere region called Wernicke's area. D. The ability to understand words develops after the ability to produce words
B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.
How did the K-ABC differ from the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests? A. It considered intelligence to be a single ability rather than multiple abilities. B. It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence. C. It was the first intelligence test designed for adults as well as children. D. It did not consider different learning styles to be a part of intelligence.
B. It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence.
Which of the following abilities did Carroll assign to broad intelligence? A. Kinesthetics B. Memory C. Reading D. Spelling
B. Memory
Who among the following have a greater risk of having a baby with Down syndrome? A. Mothers with a history of familial-cultural retardation B. Mothers who opt to have a child later in life C. Mothers of low socioeconomic status D. Mothers who suffer from hypertension during pregnancy
B. Mothers who opt to have a child later in life
Of the following, _____ occurs mostly in the cortex.
B. priming
Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________.
C) modeling
What does the g-factor theory imply? A. A person's intelligence is inversely related to his score on intelligence tests. B. A person's intelligence does not change throughout his lifetime. C. A person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number. D. A person's intelligence is variable at different points of time.
C. A person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number.
Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case?
C. Amygdala
Which of the following is a physical science? A. Psychokinesis B. Astrology C. Astronomy D. Genetics
C. Astronomy
______ created new intelligence tests to measure adult intelligence. A. Lewis Terman B. William Stern C. David Wechsler D. Raymond Cattell
C. David Wechsler
Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct a research on how reasoning skills or emotional skills change with age? A. Clinical psychologist B. Behavioral psychologist C. Developmental psychologist D. Educational psychologist
C. Developmental psychologist
______________ are the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation and are also regarded as standards of right and wrong. A. Antics B. Ekistics C. Ethics D. Analytics
C. Ethics
Which of the following is true about retrieval as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. B. Psychologists describe two kinds of retrieval process: automatic processing and effortful processing. C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. D. It is the third stage of long-term memory formation.
C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory.
Dr. Hansen is conducting a study to understand whether or not one's level of extraversion stays the same from infancy to adulthood. She is most likely a _____________. A. geneticist B. cognitive psychologist C. personality psychologist D. doctor of osteopathy
C. personality psychologist
Five percent is the most frequent choice made by psychological researchers, regarding an acceptable level of chance, and is referred to as the __________. A. variance B. statistical inference C. probability level D. standard deviation
C. probability level
Hilda, a 6-month-old infant, has stopped using sounds that are not used in her native language. She loses the ability to perceive nonnative sounds as she grows up. This is known as: A. cooing. B. training. C. pruning. D. babbling.
C. pruning.
Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of:
C. retroactive interference
Of the following personality questionnaires, the ____________ is a measure of nonpathological or normal personality traits such as sociability, responsibility, dominance, or self-control.
California personality inventory.
Which of the following represents the most basic unit of knowledge?
Concept
___________ refers to anything people do to deal with or manage stress or emotions.
Coping
______ is applicable to the tests that measure the concept it claims to measure. A. Internal validity B. Predictive validity C. Construct validity D. Conclusion validity
D. Conclusion validity
For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital? A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Consolidation
D. Consolidation
______ indicate whether two variables relate to each other and the direction of the relationship. A. Confounding variables B. Random assignments C. Experiments D. Correlation coefficients
D. Correlation coefficients
____________ processing occurs when one carefully attends and puts conscious effort into remembering information. A. Automatic B. Structural C. Phonological D. Effortful
D. Effortful
Which psychologist coined the term preconscious? A. Piaget B. Skinner C. Erikson D. Freud
D. Freud
Which of the following best describes adaptive behavior? A. How a person takes on the personality characteristics of his social group B. How a person survives and copes after a traumatic life event C. How well a person understands symbolism and nonverbal communication D. How well a person adjusts to and copes with everyday life
D. How well a person adjusts to and copes with everyday life
What are current IQ scores based on? A. How well a person does on tests relative to the norms that are established by testing people of different ages B. How well a person does on any given test based on the aptitudes for different intelligences relative to the general population C. How well a person does on tests relative to the average scores of the general population D. How well a person does on tests relative to norms established by testing people of the same age
D. How well a person does on tests relative to norms established by testing people of the same age
______________ allow us to determine how likely it is that two or more samples came from the same population. A. Predictive inferences B. Statistical inferences C. Descriptive statistics D. Inferential statistics
D. Inferential statistics
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. What is Sarah's population? A. All the men studying in the United States B. The chosen female graduates C. The chosen male and female college graduates D. Men and women in the United States
D. Men and women in the United States
Which of the following is ethically permissible while conducting research on humans? A. Not protecting the privacy and confidentiality of the participants B. Not informing the participants of the exact purposes of the study C. Not telling the participants that they might experience physical pain D. Not informing the participants of the research hypothesis
D. Not informing the participants of the research hypothesis
Which of the following terms best represents the view that biological systems involved in thought and behavior—genes, brain structures, brains cells, etc.—are inherited but are still open to modification from the environment? A. Genetic constitution B. Hardwiring C. Mind-body dualism D. Softwiring
D. Softwiring
Which of the following describes critical thinking? A. Using theological principles to deduce only the weaknesses and flaws in ideas B. Solving problems through a nonrational approach to new ideas C. Employing an interdisciplinary method to analyze how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through intuition D. Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
D. Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
Which of the following holds true of the brain? A. The brain cannot consolidate learning in sleep. B. The brain cannot consolidate memories in sleep. C. Napping after learning typically reduces performance. D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep.
D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep.
According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to naturalistic intelligence? A. The ability to perceive and understand other people's emotions, motives, and behavior B. The ability to employ one's natural, innate intelligence in problem-solving C. The ability to utilize intelligence that controls our natural reflexes D. The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment
D. The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment
The mean score of a batch of students for the midterm exam was 78.2, and the standard deviation was 15.8. The batch's mean score on the final exam was 81.3, with a standard deviation of 4.5. Based on these statistics, which of the following can be interpreted? A. The batch performed much better on the midterm exam than on the final exam. B. The mean revealed how spread out the batch's scores were. C. The most common score on the final exam was lower than the most common score on the midterm exam. D. There was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than of the final exam.
D. There was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than of the final exam.
Which of the following is true according to Kandel with respect to certain genes in the human brain? A. They cannot facilitate new connections between neurons in an adult brain. B. They are all present and functional at birth. C. They do not differ between organisms despite variations in experience. D. They can be turned on or off by our experiences.
D. They can be turned on or off by our experiences.
Who is considered the founder of American psychology? A. Elizabeth Loftus B. Carl Jung C. Sigmund Freud D. William James
D. William James
According to Sternberg's theory, the elements of successful intelligence are __________. A. emotional intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and general intelligence B. emotional intelligence, creative intelligence, and interpersonal intelligence C. general intelligence, linguistic intelligence, and practical intelligence D. analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
D. analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that: A. an individual attempting to encode new information must repeatedly rehearse that information. B. the spread of activation ensures all memories have equal chances of getting stored. C. the neural circuitry involved in long-term retention simultaneously evolved in humans and nonhuman primates. D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.
D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.
A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts. A. parallel distributed processing B. tensor product network C. neural network D. associative network
D. associative network
Exaptations are also called _____________. A. adaptations B. chance mutations C. habits D. by-products
D. by-products
Jason is a psychologist. He is actively researching the interactions of people on social networking sites. Jason is most interested in finding out whether a person can get addicted to social networking sites and if such interactions can become dangerous to those involved. Jason is most likely to be a ______ psychologist. A. personality B. cognitive C. developmental D. clinical
D. clinical
In research analysis and reports, data are never directly aligned with an individual respondent, thereby protecting his or her identity. Thus, ____________ is maintained. A. credibility B. reliability C. validity D. confidentiality
D. confidentiality
How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective:
D. encoding.
When an individual engages in synchronization, she or he: A. hallucinates. B. has a subconscious experience. C. becomes unconscious. D. has a conscious experience.
D. has a conscious experience.
_____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic.
Delirium tremens
Tiana strongly believes that she is being spied upon. She takes the help of her friend to search her apartment but she does not find any video cameras. Although her friend is convinced that no one is spying on Tiana, Tiana feels that the spies must have known they were going to search the house. Hence, they must have moved the video cameras before her search. In terms of the symptoms of schizophrenia, Tiana is:
Dillusional
Which of the following measurement techniques is NOT used to examine the working brain?
Electrocardiography (ECG)
In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur?
Embryonic stage
Binocular depth cues receive input from a single eye only .
False
Changing energy from one form to another is called "transmission."
False
Vision is the best developed sense of a fetus.
False
Which of the following statements is true for mental sets in problem-solving?
Having strategies for problem-solving can prevent the development of fresh perspectives.
Which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis?
Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.
Which of the following is the central tenet of the nativist theory? Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. Language is little influenced by socioeconomic factors. Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process. Language influences rather than determines people's thinking.
Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process.
Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other?
Linguistic determinism hypothesis
___________________ therapy appears to improve the basic life skills of schizophrenics.
Long-term group
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning?
Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli.
Sasha has a severe back pain. Which of the following is an opioid that the doctor is likely to prescribe as an analgesic?
Oxycodone
Which of the following is associated with fluid thinking?
Pattern recognition
In the context of Freud's psychological defense mechanisms, which of the following is true about projection?
Projection involves denying and repressing one's own particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and transferring them onto others.
___________________ therapy is an integrative treatment program for people who have post-traumatic stress disorder.
Prolonged exposure
Which part of a person's eyes are photoreceptors that help her see the path in front and the trees around her when she is walking in the woods at night?
Rods
Mike thinks that women should not be promoted to managerial positions because he feels that women lack management skills. His thinking is an example of ________________.
Sexism
Scarlett is a cleanliness freak who is never satisfied with the amount of cleaning she does at home. She even washes her hands innumerable times during the course of the day. Which of the following statements is true, given that Scarlett is aware of the fact that she has obsessive-compulsive disorder?
She cannot stop herself from being compulsive.
Serena has turned nonresponsive and has an expressionless face. She stays locked in her room for days and hardly ever moves or speaks. She does not complete any tasks, and exhibits catatonic behavior. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true of Serena's condition?
She exhibits negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Each cycle of REM-nonREM sleep periods last about 90 minutes. True False
T
Hypnosis has been found to help with pain during childbirth. True False
T
______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy.
Television
Liam goes to a music store. Not knowing which DVDs to buy, he ends up buying DVDs of movies, trailers he has often seen on television. Which of the following indicates the judgment Liam uses when buying the DVDs?
The availability heuristic
______________ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness.
The availability heuristic
Which of the following parts of the human ear is a bony tube, curled like a snail's shell, and filled with fluid?
The cochlea
Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day?
The cognitive theory
Which of the following helps us understand why some people and not others develop depression?
The diathesis-stress model.
Which of the following is a potentially exciting future therapy for psychological disorders?
The regulation of specific genes involved in various mental disorders
Peter takes an intelligence test that yields a different IQ score each time he takes it. Which of the following does this fact most indicate?
The test does not have test-retest reliability
Which of the following processes was attempted in the olden times to cure insanity by drilling a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape?
Trephining
A "prototype" is a best-fitting member of a category. True False
True
A heuristic is a mental shortcut for decision making. True False
True
In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, which of the following refers to the two types of categories? Overt and covert Latent and visible Well-defined and fuzzy Inductive and deductive
Well-defined and fuzzy
Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________.
egocentrism
Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant.
eight
A brain scan of someone looking at a car will look very different from someone imagining looking at a car.
false
Brodman's area is 51.
false
Fluid Intelligence is intelligence a person obtains throughout life.
false
Group Therapy and Support Groups are two names for the same therapeutic technique.
false
Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist.
false
Mental Age is the same as chronological age.
false
The episodic buffer holds auditory information in working memory.
false
According to Sigmund Freud, dreams can be interpreted through:
symbols
The two main branches of the autonomic nervous system are the _____________ and the ___________.
sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of: semantics. logic and reasoning. syntax and grammar. semiotics.
syntax and grammar
Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence is known as __________.
the g-factor theory
In terms of the genetics of bipolar disorder, if one identical twin develops bipolar disorder, then:
there is a 40%-70% chance that the other twin will also develop the disorder.
In an effort to get him to clean his bedroom, Zack's mother gave him a gold star every time he cleaned it. Each time he earned five stars, he was able to trade them in for a new toy. Now his room is usually clean. In this case, Zack's mother has used _____.
token economies
A ________ is not reporting a stimulus that is not present.
correct rejection
Sigmund and Anna Freud described psychological ____________ as strategies that the mind develops to protect itself from anxiety-provoking desires, thoughts, and memories.
defense mechanism
______________ plays a role in dreaming and in controlling emotional states such as anger, anxiety, and depression.
Serotonin
Most people dream numerous times each night, but typically we do not remember our dreams on awakening. True False
T
Which of the following refers to a widely-held scientific belief in the 1950s?
The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.
By virtue of its prime location, the ______________ plays a key role in determining the emotional significance of stimuli, especially when they evoke fear.
amygdala
Stressful events, like social rejection, can start biological reactions which may result in developing depression. (T or F)
True
According to Carl Rogers, ____________ is the ability to respect and appreciate another person irrespective of their behavior.
Unconditional positive regard
Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to?
Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input.
Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something?
When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together
Charles Spearman's theory of human intelligence viewed intelligence as __________.
a single general factor made up of specific components
Karen Horney defined ____________ as a feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as potentially hostile.
basic anxiety
Valium and Librium are _____.
benzodiazepines
___________________ is the process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting.
catharsis
The uppermost portion of the brain, the _____________, is folded into convolutions, or folds, and divided into two large hemispheres.
cerebrum
The natural painkiller in the human body is:
endorphin
Unexpectedly, caffeine relaxes the skeletal muscles. True False
f
Consolidation is storing new memories for access when needed.
false
Raven's Progressive Test is a commonly used measure for ______.
fluid intelligence
For children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder, the:
frontal lobes are less well connected than in normal children.
The ____________ is made up of the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the cingulate gyrus.
limbic system
Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks, and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as _______.
linear perspective
Which of the following drugs interact with many foods and common over-the-counter drugs to produce side effects such as a life threatening increase in blood pressure?
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Which of the following is an example of atypical antipsychotics?
olanzapine
The oldest and most direct lineage to Freudian therapy is known as ___________________ therapy.
psychoanalytic
Ron is a fourteen-year-old. He has an incredible memory which allows him to recall the contents of thousands of books verbatim after reading them just once. Given that his IQ sore is 40 and his adaptive skills are poor, his sister helps him out with almost all the daily activities. Ron is most likely to be a __________.
savant
Systematic desensitization is used to treat highly complex phobias.
false
The primacy effect refers to memory for important items on a list.
false
The recency effect occurs because of items still in short term memory.
false
Infants born to mothers who experienced an unusual amount of stress during pregnancy tend to have ___________.
higher baseline levels of stress hormones
Behavioral or personality raters are deemed "reliable" if their ratings compare well with established norms or expert ratings, usually with a correlation of ______.
.80 or higher
The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC.
0.08
Which part of the brain is Jamie, a teacher, primarily using when he engages in a verbal interaction with his students? A) Left prefrontal cortex B) Right prefrontal cortex C) Occipital cortex D) Visual cortex
A
_____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory. A. Absent-mindedness B. Repression C. Interference D. Blocking
A. Absent-mindedness
Which of the following terms refers to inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been naturally selected because they directly contribute in some way to reproductive success? A. Adaptation B. Differential selection C. Circular logrolling D. Satisficing
A. Adaptation
Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. Which of the following types of psychologists is she most likely to be? A. Cognitive B. Evolutionary C. Educational D. Social
A. Cognitive
Some of the thinking in the new cognitive movement was based on a book by the British psychologist Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969). Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the views of Frederick Bartlett? A. Memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's own beliefs, ideas, and point of view. B. Psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. C. A detailed analysis of experience as it happens provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind. D. Our experiences during childhood are a powerful force in the development of our adult personality.
A. Memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's own beliefs, ideas, and point of view.
______ represents a false dichotomy because our thoughts, feelings, and ideas result from the functioning of the brain. A. Mind-body dualism B. The tabula rasa concept C. Gestalt psychology D. Positive psychology
A. Mind-body dualism
______________ is formally defined as a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on whether it has an impact on reproduction. A. Natural selection B. Nature through nurture C. Collective efficacy D. Reciprocal logrolling
A. Natural selection
What modern view of psychological disorders developed at the end of the 1800s? A. Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated. B. Psychological disorders are actually thought disorders, rather than instances of spirit possession caused by witchcraft. C. Psychological disorders are mood disorders and should be treated by psychoanalysis. D. Psychological disorders have medical causes and should be treated by trephination.
A. Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated.
The assumption that dreams have meaning and are the most direct route to the unconscious mind was put forth by: A. Sigmund Freud. B. Wilhelm Wundt. C. William James. D. G. Stanley Hall.
A. Sigmund Freud.
Which of the following is true concerning the science and practice of psychology? A. The practice of psychology originated first, followed by the science of psychology. B. The science of psychology originated first, followed by the practice of psychology. C. The science and practice of psychology originated at roughly the same time. D. The practice and science of psychology originated at the same time, but in different places.
A. The practice of psychology originated first, followed by the science of psychology.
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What is the independent variable in Dr. Adriana's study? A. The type of uniform worn—made from old or new material B. The number of goals scored by the players C. The players who did not know their roles in the study D. The players attempting to score as many goals as possible
A. The type of uniform worn—made from old or new material
GABA is: A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity. B. unrelated to the central nervous system activity. C. a neurotransmitter that increases central nervous system activity. D. a neuropeptide that functions inversely with the central nervous system.
A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity.
A person in a ________ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness. A. comatose B. conscious C. sensitive D. hypoactive
A. comatose
The participants in a(n) _____________ do not receive the independent variable or treatment. A. control group B. experimental group C. core group D. social group
A. control group
The _____________ can be defined as results that occur when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group. A. experimenter expectancy effect B. subject-expectancy effect C. placebo effect D. nocebo effect
A. experimenter expectancy effect
The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the ______ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. A. ginkgo biloba B. portulaca oleracea C. echinacea D. St. John's wort
A. ginkgo biloba
A ______ is best defined as a quantitative method for combining the results of all the published and even unpublished results on one question and drawing a conclusion based on the entire set of studies on the topic. A. meta-analysis B. case study C. naturalistic observation D. systematic review
A. meta-analysis
How did Alfred Adler counter argue Sigmund Freud's concept of psychological defense mechanisms?
Adler assumed that humans naturally work toward overcoming their inherent inferiorities or deficiencies, both physical and psychological
Which of the following holds true of an individual during the different stages of sleep?
An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.
Jesse and Alice are twins. When their mother points at something interesting, Alice looks in that direction while Jesse remains indifferent and rarely looks in that direction. When their mother buys them toys, Alice plays with them while Jesse spends time smelling and tasting the toys. Jesse is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.
Autism
Juan hears his older brother singing loudly while in the shower, and now Juan also imitates it. According to Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ___________.
B) modeling
______________ asserts that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. A. Structuralism B. Behaviorism C. Socialism D. Functionalism
B. Behaviorism
______ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that one once stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number.
B. Blocking
Which of the following holds true for the developers of the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests? A. Both developed tests that took cultural differences between people into account. B. Both failed to factor in developments in the field of neuroscience. C. Both developed tests which aimed to measure every dimension of intelligence. D. Both failed to account for the fact that intelligence is a single quality.
B. Both failed to factor in developments in the field of neuroscience.
Which of the following individuals is known for his theory of natural selection? A. Edward Titchener B. Charles Darwin C. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi D. Martin Seligman
B. Charles Darwin
Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct research on the age at which the usage of Internet social networks peaks? A. Evolutionary psychologist B. Developmental psychologist C. Clinical psychologist D. Educational psychologist
B. Developmental psychologist
______________ creates structures and behaviors that solve adaptive problems. A. Softwiring B. Natural selection C. Reciprocal logrolling D. Collective efficacy
B. Natural selection
Which of the following is true of human observation? A. Our brain perceives events as accurately as the best available digital video equipment. B. Our senses can be fooled with relative ease because of which our observations can lead us astray. C. Generalizations based on our sensory experiences tend to be always correct. D. One of the advantages of human observation is that what we witness in one situation can be easily applied to all similar situations.
B. Our senses can be fooled with relative ease because of which our observations can lead us astray.
What were the results of the experiments conducted on participants who were variously administered mild pain, imagined pain, and hypnotized pain? A. Participants reported actually feeling pain only for real pain. B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain. C. Participants reported not feeling pain for hypnotically induced pain. D. Participants reported feeling pain for imagined pain.
B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain.
Which of the following is true of second-language learning and the brain? A. Compared to single-language 6- to 9-month-old infants, bilingual infants of the same age discriminate similar sounds. B. People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one. C. Brains of bilingual babies are less responsive to a wide range of sounds. D. Compared to bilingual speakers, single-language speakers have a greater density of neurons in the language centers of the brain.
B. People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one.
Which of the following indicates that a test demonstrates predictive validity? A. Paul's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B. People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future. C. Timothy's score on a particular IQ test did not change over ten years. D. Debbie did badly on an IQ test because it required some knowledge of algebra.
B. People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future.
Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift she bought her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged? A. Storage B. Retrieval C. Encoding D. Consolidation
B. Retrieval
____________ helps draw a line between one's belief of the world and the actual reality. A. Problem solving B. Scientific thinking C. Psychological research D. Cultural understanding
B. Scientific thinking
___________ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. A. Short-term memory B. Sensory memory C. False memory D. Long-term memory
B. Sensory memory
______________ seeks to understand people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals. A. Archaeology B. Sociology C. Literature D. Psychology
B. Sociology
Peter takes an intelligence test that yields a different IQ score each time he takes it. Which of the following does this fact most indicate? A. The test does not have internal reliability. B. The test does not have test-retest reliability. C. The test has construct validity. D. The test has predictive validity.
B. The test does not have test-retest reliability.
Jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience? A. Decay theory B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon C. Motivated forgetting D. Freudian slip
B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect? A. When learning a list of items, people are able to recall all the items in serial order. B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. C. Older adults have the tendency to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood. D. The side of a printed media presented first will have greater effectiveness than the side presented subsequently.
B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.
A weakness of facial muscles and muscles in limbs that people experience with narcolepsy is: A. apnea. B. cataplexy. C. synaptic malfunction. D. catalepsy.
B. cataplexy.
Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:
B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.
In which of the following areas of the brain of a depressed patient did Helen Mayberg discover hyperactivity?
Brodmann's Area 25
How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?
By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses
Which of the following is the most widely used depressant? A. Morphine B. Analgesic C. Alcohol D. Coffee
C. Alcohol
Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day? A. The biological theory B. The AIM theory C. The cognitive theory D. The psychoanalytic theory
C. The cognitive theory
Which of the following is an alternate way to pay back sleep debt used by many people? A. Increased alertness during the following day B. Enhanced memory C. Use of nicotine D. Careful and vigilant driving habits
C. Use of nicotine
Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm? A. Variations in physiological processes that exclude the sleep-wake cycle B. Variations in physiological processes that cycle longer than 48 hours C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period D. Variations in physiological processes that take more than once a year to complete one cycle
C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period
Prescription cough medicines today often include _______, a safer alternative to heroin. A. amphetamine B. barbital C. codeine D. diazepam
C. codeine
Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case? A. Inferior colliculus B. Nucleus accumbens C. Amygdala D. Cerebellum
C. Amygdala
Which of the following best describes free radicals? A. The tiny gap between nerve cells across which neurotransmitters pass. B. Specialized cell that supports, protects, or nourishes nerve cells. C. By-products of oxygen metabolism. D. Thick bundles of nerve cell fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres.
C. By-products of oxygen metabolism.
Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language? A. Adults learn to speak a second language more quickly than do children. B. Individuals who learn to speak a second language earlier than age 12 will probably speak it with an accent. C. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents. D. The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it.
C. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.
Leticia suffers an accident which makes it impossible for her to open her eyes. Additionally, she also becomes unresponsive to any stimulus. What is the most likely reason for her enduring loss of consciousness? A. Damage to the corpus callosum of the brain. B. Absence of the corpus callosum of the brain. C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain. D. An overactive reticular formation of the brain.
C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain.
What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate? A. It is a heightened state of imagination. B. It is more like role-playing. C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences. D. Hypnotized individuals do not give up control of their behavior.
C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences.
Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It is the retention of memory over time. B. It is the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory. C. It is driven by attention. D. It is the recovery of information stored in memory.
C. It is driven by attention.
Which of the following is true about sensory memory? A. Knowledge of how to ride a bike is stored in sensory memory. B. It is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time. D. It can be transferred to long-term memory if it is practiced.
C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.
What did studies on the effects of ancient calming techniques by psychologists and neuroscientists indicate? A. Mental life and neural structure share an interdependent but not a dynamic relationship. B. Mental life and neural structure do not function interdependently. C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence. D. Mental life and neural structure, though interrelated, do not witness any changes throughout life.
C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence.
Which of the following is an indication of whether all of the research on a topic has or has not led to consistent findings and of the size of an experimental effect? A. Nocebo B. Micro-analysis C. Meta-analysis D. Placebo
C. Meta-analysis
Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true? A. Mindfulness is a universal and a uniform phenomenon. B. Individuals who are mindful are not aware of their own feelings in response. C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity. D. An individual cannot develop his/her mindfulness using mental training techniques.
C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity.
Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness? A. Much of what we do requires deliberate, conscious thought. B. Consciousness is an easily defined term. C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically. D. Consciousness has five aspects to it.
C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically.
Which of the following statements is true regarding electronic interactions? A. Electronic interactions can be easily used to hide one's real personality. B. Electronic interaction is a preferred method of contact for extroverts. C. People use the Internet to arrange real face-to-face meetings. D. Electronic interactions have strengthened boundaries between public and private means of connecting.
C. People use the Internet to arrange real face-to-face meetings.
Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Attending to a stimulus B. Retrieving information from memory C. Rehearsing the stored process D. Storing information about a stimulus
C. Rehearsing the stored process
______, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness. A. Absent-mindedness B. Interference C. Repression D. Suggestibility
C. Repression
Which of the following led Charles Spearman to arrive at his theory of intelligence? A. Research showed that individual intelligence does not differ much from group intelligence. B. Research showed that intelligence is made up of a number of dissimilar components. C. Research showed that the factors of intelligence correlated strongly with one another. D. Research showed that spatial intelligence is not related to verbal or perceptual intelligence.
C. Research showed that the factors of intelligence correlated strongly with one another.
According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true? A. Sensitivity periods begin after the plasticity of neural connections becomes more flexible. B. Pruning increases the plasticity of the neural connections. C. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak. D. Neural wiring plummets when the sensitivity period begins.
C. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.
What happens when one learns something new and stores it as short-term or long-term memory? A. It has no bearing on synaptic connections. B. Synaptic connections get weakened. C. Synaptic connections get strengthened. D. Increase in the release of Schwann cells.
C. Synaptic connections get strengthened.
Which of the following is true for the commonly-used intelligence tests? A. The K-ABC tests failed to assess different types of intelligence. B. The Stanford-Binet tests were guided by Cattell and Horn's theories of intelligence. C. The Stanford-Binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development. D. The K-ABC tests had no relevance to the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence.
C. The Stanford-Binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Which of the following is true about brain waves? A. Beta waves are higher in energy than alpha waves. B. Alpha waves are slower and lower in energy than theta waves. C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves. D. Alpha waves are more rapid than beta waves.
C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves.
When can a person in a vegetative state be said to exhibit intentional thought? A. When the responses are communicative B. When the body only responds to stimuli causing shock c D. When the instructions are merely registered in the brain
C. When the brain responds to commands
In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon if short-term memory called: A. the law of primacy. B. the reminiscence bump. C. the serial position effect. D. free recall.
C. the serial position effect.
Which of the following words did Alfred Adler use to explain how the process of striving for superiority unfolds?
Compensation
Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate?
Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.
In an examination, Dorothy deductively zeroes in on one of the options of a multiple choice question. What kind of thinking can she be said to engage in?
Convergent thinking
What are the two aspects of consciousness? A. Alertness and wakefulness B. Awareness and control C. Memory and alertness D. Wakefulness and awareness
D. Wakefulness and awareness
Which of the following is a criterion to be considered for intellectual disability? A. Both mental and physical deficits must be apparent after age 18. B. The deficits must be acquired habits which lead to intellectual disability. C. An individual must show minor limitations in intellectual functioning and major limitations in physical functioning. D. An individual must show significant limitations in everyday adaptive behavior.
D. An individual must show significant limitations in everyday adaptive behavior.
By the 1980s, cognitive science combined many disciplines in addition to psychology. Which of the following is one of these disciplines? A. Etymology B. Genealogy C. Chemistry D. Anthropology
D. Anthropology
Which of the following is a criterion used to assess the reliability of an intelligence test? A. Does the test accurately measure intelligence, or does it measure some other quality? B. Does the test measure all the aspects of intelligence, including kinesthetic intelligence? C. Do the test scores predict the test-taker's performance in real-world settings? D. Are the results obtained by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?
D. Are the results obtained by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?
Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?
D. Attending to a stimulus
Which of the following statements regarding correlational studies is true? A. The major advantage of the correlational approach is that it establishes whether one variable actually causes the other. B. Correlations range between -1.00 and +1.00, with coefficients near -1.00 indicating that there is no relationship between the two variables. C. Correlational studies are useful when the variables can be easily manipulated or controlled. D. Correlational designs measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another.
D. Correlational designs measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another.
Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________. A. Edward's syndrome B. Asperger's syndrome C. Fragile X syndrome D. Down syndrome
D. Down syndrome
______________ was the first to distinguish thought disorders (schizophrenia) from the mood disorders of melancholia (depression) and manic depression (bipolar disorder). His views were a major influence on diagnostic categories formulated during the 20th century. A. Dorothea Dix B. Sigmund Freud C. John Locke D. Emil Kraepelin
D. Emil Kraepelin
Which of the following is an advantage of fluid intelligence measures over crystallized intelligence measures? A. Fluid intelligence measures have greater predictive validity. B. Fluid intelligence measures can accurately predict creativity. C. Fluid intelligence measures require numeric scales. D. Fluid intelligence measures are free of cultural bias.
D. Fluid intelligence measures are free of cultural bias.
Identify a characteristic of creative intelligence. A. It involves judging and evaluating information. B. It includes the ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently. C. It involves comparing and contrasting information. D. It includes the ability to come up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.
D. It includes the ability to come up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.
Which of the following is true about people who sleepwalk? A. People who sleepwalk do not engage in activities that normally occur during wakefulness. B. People who sleepwalk are easy to rouse. C. People who sleepwalk are likely to be acting out a dream. D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up.
D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up.
Which of the following lends support to Gardner's multifaceted view of intelligence? A. Students demonstrate better comprehension when they learn in the same way as everyone else. B. Students demonstrating ability in one area tend to do well in other aspects of intelligence. C. The intelligence of students can be accurately measured as a single, general ability. D. Students who demonstrate ability in some areas do poorly on traditional intelligence tests.
D. Students who demonstrate ability in some areas do poorly on traditional intelligence tests.
When one plots intelligence scores on a graph, one sees a very clear bell curve, with most people falling in the middle and a few people at the high and low ends of the curve. Which of the following is true for the bell curve? A. Exceptionally gifted people will make up the middle section of the bell curve. B. The middle section, which has the majority of people, indicates the highest intelligence. C. People with mental retardation are represented at both extremes of the curve. D. The curve indicates that relatively few people are exceptionally gifted.
D. The curve indicates that relatively few people are exceptionally gifted.
Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of educational psychology? A. The relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought B. The role of psychological factors in the physical health and illness of students C. The changes in our emotional skills that take place as we age D. The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques
D. The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques
Which of the following theories answers the question "How intelligent are you?"? A. The theory that considers the analytic, creative, and practical intelligence as distinct B. The theory that focuses on seven different primary mental abilities of a person C. The theory that considers multiple abilities to assess different aspects of intelligence D. The theory that considers intelligence as a single, general capacity
D. The theory that considers intelligence as a single, general capacity
______ created new intelligence tests to measure adult intelligence.
David Wechsler
Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________.
Down syndrome
People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully?
Extraversion
Nicotine is the world's most commonly used psychoactive drug. True False
F
The frontal lobes are typically not affected by excessive drinking. True False
F
According to Noam Chomsky, humans are biologically built to fly. True False
False
All else being equal, large objects appear to move faster than small objects.
False
Psychoanalytic theories originate from the ideas of Alfred Adler.
False
Matthew sees a nail sticking out from a board which he wishes to push inside. Though there is a brick lying nearby, it does not occur to him that it can serve well to fix the nail. Consequently, he wastes time searching for a hammer. Which of the following does Matthew exhibit?
Functional fixedness`
Which of the following best describes a cultural test bias?
Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments.
Which of the following is true about group therapies?
Group therapies often follow a structured process, with clear treatment goals such as learning to overcome social anxiety disorder.
Harold is diagnosed with schizophrenia after it was observed that his brain size has changed considerably. Which of the following reasons, if true, is most likely to have led to Harold developing schizophrenia?
Harold suffered abuse and neglect after birth.
While conducting the Adverse Childhood Experiences study, Brandon reports five childhood experiences that affected him adversely. What does this imply?
He is two and a half times as likely to suffer from anxiety disorder as someone who reported no adverse childhood experiences
A researcher diffuses a few drops of perfume in a house and asks Clara if she can smell it, to which Clara says yes. According to signal detection theory, Clara's response is _______.
Hit
In the creative problem-solving process, which of the following refers to putting a problem aside for a while and working on something else for a time?
Incubation
Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep?
Infradian rhythm
Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development?
Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.
Which of the following reasons is true for why SSRIs take about four weeks to have a therapeutic effect?
It takes that long for new receptor sites to form to make use of the increased serotonin supply
Which of the following is an example of an adaptive behavior?
Learning to brush your teeth
In optogenetics, which of the following is used in combination with genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons?
Light stimulation
The ____________ is used by psychotherapists to assess the degree and kind of a person's psychiatric personality traits, such as depression, paranoia, or psychopathic deviance.
Minnesota multi-phasic personality inventory (MMPI)
After three-month-old Sayuri watches her father stick out his tongue, she sticks out her own tongue too. It is likely that ____________ neurons are involved in Sayuri's learning and imitation of this behavior.
Mirror
Which of the following statements is true about the link between the Big Five personality dimensions and Alzheimer's disease?
Most studies report no significant change on the agreeableness dimension of the Big Five traits.
Which of the following is a theory of color vision that can account for the color afterimage of the American flag as well as help explain some instances of color blindness?
Opponent process theory
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning?
Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.
Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy?
There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Which of the following is true of the papillae at the center of the human tongue?
They contain no taste cells and therefore can taste nothing.
"Cones" are the photoreceptors responsible for color vision.
True
"Friendliness" is an example of a personality trait.
True
A "teratogen" is something that can disrupt normal fetal development.
True
A zygote is a newly fertilized egg.
True
In the teen years, peers begin to replace parents as a source of identifiaction.
True
The "lens" bends the path of light particles.
True
The humanistic approach focuses on the idea that people are born with the desire to realize their full potential.
True
Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication.
myelinated
People with specific phobias are:
not generally anxious people, but they will do almost anything to avoid coming in contact with the feared object.
_________________ is a kind of conformity that occurs when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure.
obedience
According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6.
preoperational
After experiencing extremely stressful situations, people who are most susceptible to depression are those who are deficient in the neurotransmitters
serotonin and neuropeptide y
According to Carl Jung, the ____________ is the dark and morally objectionable part of oneself.
shadow
Implicit memory is memory we are not aware of.
true
To become a conditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus must be presented right before the unconditioned stimulus.
true
______________ psychology is the single largest subdiscipline in psychology. A. Social B. Clinical C. Educational D. Cognitive
B. Clinical
What's the difference between Western and Asian culture's aspects of intelligence? A) Western cultures emphasize cognitive skills while Asian cultures stress on humility. B) Western cultures uphold the important quality of mindfulness while the other focuses on cooperativeness. C) Asian cultures lay emphasis on verbal skills, while Western cultures consider social skills as important. D) Asian cultures consider logic and reasoning as important, while Western cultures uphold the aspect of awareness.
A
Brian, 6 months of age, utters a string of single syllables yet to be recognized as words. With regard to the stages of language development, Brian is: A. uttering gibberish. B. cooing. C. uttering bisyllables. D. chattering.
A. uttering gibberish.
Which of the following is a form of mental training that can be used to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of the present moment? A. Meditation B. Sleep C. The administration of a psychoactive drug D. Sensory deprivation
A. Meditation
Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings? A. Melatonin B. Serotonin C. Dopamine D. Cortisol
A. Melatonin
Which of the following creates gaps in attention and perception? A. Selective attention B. Sustained attention C. Continuous attention D. Persistent attention
A. Selective attention
The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles. A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus B. Supraoptic nucleus C. Ventromedial nucleus D. Amygdaloidal nucleus
A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The lowest intensity levels of a stimuli a person can detect half of the time is known as _______.
Absolute Threshold
Which of the following best describes a scenario exemplifying the availability heuristic? Kelly concludes that tall men are intimidating on the basis of just one bad experience with a tall man. Once the tossed coin comes down heads, Gogol expects the next coin to be more likely to be tails than heads. Once Jon scores two goals, most of his teammates start passing him the ball more often on the assumption that he is "on the ball." After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.
After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.
The interpretation that genetics influences intelligence to such an extent that one's IQ levels are determined at conception is held erroneous because __________. A) early interventions do not succeed in changing static IQ levels B) interaction of genes with environmental forces can shape gene expression C) genes don't interact with environmental forces D) differences in IQ result from biases in IQ tests that favor people from certain cultural backgrounds
B
______________ can be best defined as the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. A. Clinical psychology B. Biological psychology C. Social psychology D. Educational psychology
B. Biological psychology
Sternberg's theory is also known as __________. A. the theory of general intelligence B. the triarchic theory of intelligence C. the theory of multiple intelligences D. the theory of primary mental abilities
B. the triarchic theory of intelligence
Psychoanalysis assumes that: A. underlying biological events such as hormonal changes mediate all human behavior. B. the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior. C. social forces are the most powerful motivators of adult behavior. D. dreams have no meaning to or relationship with the unconscious mind.
B. the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior.
Attitudes toward pork, grooming procedures, educational status, and number of dental visits per year are all ____________ that differ from individual to individual and may be of interest to psychologists. A. assumptions B. variables C. hypotheses D. methods
B. variables
Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of: A. cognition and memory. B. wakefulness and awareness. C. ignorance and wakefulness. D. awareness and cognition.
B. wakefulness and awareness.
Bertrand, who works in advertising, loves the creativity involved in his job. Which of the following will hold true whenever Bertrand engages in solving the creative problems in his profession? A) His frontal lobes will remain impassive as they do not influence his thinking. B) The frontal lobe of his brain's left hemisphere will show increased activity. C) There will be balanced activity between the frontal lobes of his right and left hemispheres. D) The frontal lobe of his brain's right hemisphere will show decreased activity.
C
Which of the following was used as a new metaphor for the human mind in cognitive psychology? A. Light switch B. Camera C. Computer D. Transmitter
C. Computer
Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement?
C. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.
Clinical psychology can be best defined as the study of: A. how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. B. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span. C. the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health. D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.
C. the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health.
Gardner and Sternberg did not consider the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests to be valid measures of intelligence because __________. A. the tests viewed intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities rather than as a single ability B. the tests measured aspects such as emotional, social and kinesthetic intelligence C. the tests measured only verbal, spatial, and mathematical forms of intelligence D. the tests did not provide the same results consistently when taken at different times
C. the tests measured only verbal, spatial, and mathematical forms of intelligence
Which of the following is true of REM? A. It is characterized by delta waves on ECG. B. It is a sound and dreamless sleep. C. It is characterized by total lack of muscular activity. D. It is characterized by active dreaming.
D. It is characterized by active dreaming.
Fatema is a marketing head based in New York who is required to travel a lot. She is even required to travel frequently across Asian and African countries for short periods of time. The disruptive effects of jet travel make her disoriented, groggy, irritable, and fatigued. If she visits her doctor, which of the following will most likely be prescribed for her? A. Testosterone B. Serotonin C. Progesterone D. Melatonin
D. Melatonin
According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times? A. Chatting with someone in the vehicle B. Using the phone with a hands-free device C. Eating D. Texting
D. Texting
What happens when one switches from one simple task to another? A. There is absolutely no lost time, unlike while switching between complex tasks. B. The amount of lost time is high. C. There is an equal amount of lost time just as in switching between complex tasks. D. The amount of lost time is low.
D. The amount of lost time is low.
_____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information. A. Long-term B. Output C. Proactive D. Retroactive
D. Retroactive
When does sleepwalking usually occur?
During non-REM sleep
What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal?
Highly hypnotizable had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal?
Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
What happened when Phineas Gage sustained an injury to his frontal lobes when he was shot through the head with an iron bar in a railroad accident?
His personality changed.
_____ personality disorder is a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention by exhibiting dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors.
Histrionic
Which of the following brain cells fire when an individual performs a task or observes another person do the same task? Spindle neurons Mirror neurons Inter neurons Neurons
Mirror neurons
Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.
The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.
Which of the following is true in the context of Chomsky's views on language development? Grammar is universal, but it may not always follow universal principles. Not all languages have the same components of speech. The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar. The components of speech seldom vary in where they can be put in sentences.
The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar.
As per research on brain development, which of the following statements is true of living under a constant threat of abuse and stress?
The neural connectivity in the brain changes, making it less likely to develop many complex synaptic connections.
Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second? Humans speak because they want to convey an idea or a feeling and not because they have been reinforced to do so. There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages. There are many learning processes involved in the actual process of language learning. All human beings learn languages through the process of reinforcement and shaping
There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.
When does sleepwalking usually occur? A. During non-REM sleep B. During REM sleep C. While hallucinating D. During increased activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
A. During non-REM sleep
Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma? A. Emotional responsiveness B. Verbal responsiveness C. Motor responsiveness D. The degree of eye opening
A. Emotional responsiveness
Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language? A. Growth of new neurons B. Elimination of obsolete neurons C. Increase in the activity of the parietal lobe D. Weakening synaptic connections
A. Growth of new neurons
Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis? A. Hallucination B. Nausea C. Hypersomnia D. Narcolepsy
A. Hallucination
Which of the following describes the interrelation of concentration and attention? A. The perceptual load model B. The cognitive load theory C. The global workspace model D. Baddeley's model
A. The perceptual load model
Individuals with no previous meditation experience who underwent eight weeks of mindfulness meditation training showed: A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex. B. an increased EEG activity in the right frontal cortex. C. an increased EEG activity in the occipital lobe. D. a decreased EEG activity in the occipital lobe.
A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex.
Which of the following is a protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses? A. CREB B. Ghrelin C. Insulin D. GABA
A. CREB
Which of the following researchers was the one to "break intelligence in two"? A. Charles Spearman B. Robert Sternberg C. Raymond Cattell D. Howard Gardner
A. Charles Spearman
What was Lewis Terman's contribution to intelligence testing? A. He translated Binet's test for American students and established national norms for the test. B. He developed the concept of mental age and formulated a system to calculate intelligence. C. He theorized that intelligence has multiple components and devised a system of nomenclature. D. He developed the first intelligence test based on the multiple abilities theory of intelligence.
A. He translated Binet's test for American students and established national norms for the test.
Which of the following questions is most likely to be answered by a personality psychologist? A. How much of people's characters is reflected in their Facebook profiles? B. At what age does usage of Internet social networks peak? C. Will people above the age of sixty use the Internet? D. Does gender affect interest and participation in social networking sites?
A. How much of people's characters is reflected in their Facebook profiles?
Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis? A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake. B. Hypnotized people are in reality asleep. C. Hypnotized people have voluntary control over their own behavior. D. Hypnotized people retain critical faculties of mind.
A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake.
Which of the following is a marker of Stage 2 sleep? A. K-complexes B. Transient activations C. Vertex waves D. Small amplitude delta frequency waves
A. K-complexes
Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device?
An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.
Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants?
B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.
What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal? A. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 5 minutes. B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes. C. The accuracy in detecting targets declines considerably after 15 minutes. D. The accuracy in detecting targets increases considerably after 15 minutes.
B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes.
_____________ is a well-known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks. A. Cybernetics B. Parallel distributed processing C. Dynamic systems processing D. Brainstorming
B. Parallel distributed processing
___________ is a kind of implicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. A. Encoding B. Priming C. Effortful processing D. Retrieving
B. Priming
Which of the following enables one to repeat the information to oneself as long as one needs to retain it? A. The serial position effect B. The rehearsal system C. Priming D. Effortful processing
B. The rehearsal system
From the following, identify an accurate statement about case studies. A. They do not involve observations that stretch for over a year. B. They are based on one-on-one relationships. C. They involve collecting data about different legal cases that are under trial. D. They involve scientific experimentations on different groups of animals.
B. They are based on one-on-one relationships.
Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to? A. Under hypnosis, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind come to the fore. B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input. C. Hypnotized individuals actually involve in role-playing by behaving the way they think a hypnotized person would behave. D. Hypnosis does not alter consciousness, nor do hypnotized individuals give up control of their behavior.
B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input.
Most current diagnoses of intellectual disability emphasizes on __________. A. a person's IQ scores B. a person's everyday abilities C. a person's academic performance D. a person's verbal intelligence
B. a person's everyday abilities
In _____________, the answers are often open-ended and not constrained by the researcher. A. experiments B. interviews C. questionnaires D. case studies
B. interviews
Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has? A. The serial-position effect B. The Stroop effect C. The cocktail party effect D. Perceptual constancy
C. The cocktail party effect
Which of the following tests best demonstrates test-retest reliability? A. Jake's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B. Teachers find that students' performance on a test is a good indicator of their grades. C. Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college. D. Nathan did badly on an IQ test because its vocabulary level was very high.
C. Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college.
What were the findings of the study of the effects of sleep deprivation on performance? A. Participants who had more than the normal REM cycles performed better. B. Participants who had less than normal amounts of non-REM sleep performed better. C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better. D. The presence or absence of REM or Non-REM sleep was immaterial as long as participants could relax for some time.
C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better.
According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them? A. There was no effect on the neurons. B. The growth of neurons increased. C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited. D. The neurons started behaving erratically.
C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited.
Abdul looks around in his house for his wallet but cannot find it. He realizes that the last time he saw his wallet was at the grocery store. He looks in the freezer and finds his wallet next to the ice cream he bought at the store. Abdul's forgetfulness most likely occurred because: A. the memory of his wallet was transient. B. the memory of the ice cream had persistence. C. his attention was divided. D. he experienced proactive interference.
C. his attention was divided.
Which of the following holds true of an individual during the different stages of sleep? A. An individual in Stage 2 experiences no K-complexes. B. An individual in Stage 4 sleep experiences more sleep spindles than Stage 3. C. An individual in Stage 3 experiences more K-complexes than Stage 2. D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.
D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.
Which of the following is a characteristic of children with chronic sleep disturbances? A. Improved cognitive development B. Increased neural connectivity in the brain C. Growth of neurons in key memory areas of the brain D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain
D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain
_____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic. A. Leptokurtic reaction B. Circadian dysrhythmia C. Excessive sleepiness D. Delirium tremens
D. Delirium tremens
With each progressive cycle, the REM periods A. show negligible fluctuations. B. are shorter. C. become nil. D. are longer.
D. are longer.
According to the research that studied people new to meditation, compared to a control group, novices who underwent an 8-week meditation training program showed a(n): A. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing. B. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. C. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing.
D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing.
Which of the following is one of Howard Gardner's eight forms of intelligence? A. General intelligence B. Analytical intelligence C. Crystallized intelligence D. Spatial intelligence
D. Spatial intelligence
Which of the following is true about personality?
Personality is about individual differences.
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following psychological defense mechanisms applies to a situation where people deny and repress their own particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and direct them at others?
Projection
______ refers to the science of how psychological factors relate to immune changes.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
LSD is a hallucinogen. True False
T
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that is manifested in:
both thought and behavior.
Ruth is at a junkyard looking for spare parts for her car. As she wanders through the rows of cars, she happens upon a particular car which has a familiar set of wheels, windshield, doors, hood, and trunk, and she realizes she is looking at her own model of car. This type of visual perception is known as _______.
bottom-up processing
People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:
minimally conscious.
The ____________ is an important region of the frontal lobe and it descends from the top of the head toward the center of the brain
primary motor cortex
In the context of social relations, _________________ is action that is beneficial to others.
prosocial behavior
Leo is in psychotherapy. The therapist tells Leo to recall the recurring dream he's been having and to say whatever comes to his mind, regardless of how threatening or troubling it may seem. The aim of this process is to unlock the meaning of Leo's dream. Leo's therapist is most likely to be employing _____ therapy.
psychodynamic
Melinda sees a bear in the woods and becomes extremely scared. She decides to run away as fast as she can. When she gets home, she calms down, because the bear did not follow her. In this situation, the ________________ prepared Melinda's body to deal with this emergency, and the ______________ relaxed her body after the crisis.
sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
Geri, who is schizophrenic, experiences a cluster of adverse side effects from taking antipsychotics. Her symptoms include involuntary facial movements and body tremors. Geri is most likely to have developed a condition called _____.
tardive dyskinesia
Using William Stern's method of calculating intelligence, the intelligence score of a ten-year-old with a mental age of 8 would be __________. A. 80 B. 100 C. 120 D. 160
A. 80
______ is a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables. A. Sample size B. Effect size C. Z-value D. A self-report
B. Effect size
Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect?
B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.
People experience smell by detecting molecules in the air.
True
Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns is known as ___________________ therapy.
cognitive
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder that is:
extremely rare in China.
Psychologists use the term ____________ when they are referring to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.
personality
Among the three provinces of the human mind as derived by Freud, the id is founded on the ____________ principle.
pleasure principle
Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting.
D. negative punishment
In a study on sugar consumption and activity level, an artificial sweetener would be an appropriate __________. A. ipsative B. normative C. nocebo D. placebo
D. placebo
The _____________ is a region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory. A. renal cortex B. adrenal cortex C. cell cortex D. prefrontal cortex
D. prefrontal cortex
The earliest researchers in psychology examined the subjective experience of physical sensations. This area of study is known as: A. neuroscience. B. philosophy. C. physiology. D. psychophysics.
D. psychophysics.
False memories are an example of: A. interference. B. blocking. C. repression. D. suggestibility.
D. suggestibility.
The term _____________ can be defined as the study of changes in the way genes are activated or deactivated without changing the sequence of DNA.
epigenetics
***When psychologists make treatment choices based on the empirical evidence of their efficacy, they are engaging in ___________________ therapies.
evidence-based
The __________ potentials bring the neuron closer to threshold, while the _______ potentials bring it farther away from threshold.
excitatory; inhibitory
According to recent research, the ______ occurs because two different parts of the brain, which are normally kept separate, get activated simultaneously by the same stimulus.
experience of synesthesia
According to Noam Chomsky, humans are biologically built to fly.
false
All intelligence definitions are multi-factor definitions.
false
An algorithm is a sudden awareness of a solution to a problem.
false
Babbling occurs during the first few months of life.
false
Removing the hippocampi from both sides of Molaisan's brain eliminated all his previous memories.
false
Syntax refers to the rules for combining symbols and sounds to express concepts like plurals and possessives.
false
Daniela suffers from schizophrenia. Given this information, which of the following is a symptom she is NOT likely to exhibit?
hypoxia
Freud developed the notion that the human mind has three distinct "provinces," or regions, that involve control and regulation of impulses. On the basis of this notion, the ____________ is the seat of impulse and desire and is usually developed in infancy.
id
In the context of treatment of psychological disorders, some therapists draw on numerous techniques and use those that seem most appropriate for the situation. This form of therapy is known as _____ therapy.
integrative
According to culture and personality dispositions, Asian cultures emphasize the trait of ____________ much more than Western cultures do.
interpersonal relatedness
in terms of the genetics of bipolar disorder, if one identical twin develops bipolar disorder, then:
there is a 40%-70% chance that the other twin will also develop the disorder.
Client-centered therapy holds that people have mental health problems because:
there is a gap between who they are and who they would ideally like to be
Intelligence tests and college entrance examinations typically require individuals to engage in convergent thinking because ______.
these types of problems have known solutions
Atifa's growth and metabolism rates are not normal for her age. After diagnosis, she has been found to have endocrine issues. From this scenario, we can conclude that Atifa's ___________ gland is not functioning properly.
thyroid
"Positive punishment" means i have added an undesirable consequence to an organism's world.
true
A "prodigy" is a young person gifted in a particular ability, such as math or music, but otherwise, shows average intelligence.
true
A stimulus is a thing or event.
true
Adding a bowl of water to my hamster's cage is a positive event.
true
Behavioral therapies use principles of classical and operant conditioning.
true
Categories are groups of things with similar features.
true
Classical conditioning is a type of learning.
true
IQ tests generate an IQ score and measures over multiple dimensions of intelligence.
true
Operant conditioning is the process of modifying an organism's behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.
true
Phenothiazines block neurotransmitter dopamine molecules from attaching to synaptic receptor sites.
true
Psychoanalytic therapy techniques were first developed by Sigmund Freud.
true
Rehearsal is a control process that prevents information in working memory from being lost.
true
Sensory memory holds the initial input of information from the environment into the brain.
true
_____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something. A. Semantic B. Recovered C. False D. Working
C. False
______ is a disorder on the X chromosome, resulting in the abnormal development of a gene involved in neural development. A. Down syndrome B. Asperger's syndrome C. Fragile X syndrome D. X-linked hypophoshatemia
C. Fragile X syndrome
Which of the following holds true with regard to creative people?
A creative person will typically display flexibility in thinking.
______________ are examples of behavioral adaptations. A. Chance mutations B. Softwirings C. Emotions D. Habits
C. Emotions
There is a great deal of overlap between neuroscience and ______________ psychology. The latter is an older term that is being replaced by behavioral neuroscience in contemporary psychology. A. biological B. social C. clinical D. educational
A. biological
A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary. What does the example illustrate? A mind map Visual imagery A mental model A parallel distributed network
A parallel distributed network
Julie is a psychologist and she is conducting research on the effect of talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving. Based on this information we can say that Julie is a(n) ______________ psychologist. A. cognitive B. developmental C. evolutionary D. educational
A. cognitive
The last process of the scientific method is to ___________. A. communicate B. observe C. test D. predict
A. communicate
_______________ memory is one's memory for the experiences one has had. A. Echoic B. Semantic C. Episodic D. Implicit
C. Episodic
Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing. A. semantic B. phonemic C. automatic D. structural
B. phonemic
What procedure does William Stern use to determine a person's intelligence score? A. Multiplying mental age by chronological age and subtracting the intelligence quotient B. Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100 C. Multiplying mental age with chronological age and dividing it by 100 D. Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by the intelligence quotient
B. Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100
________________, as a stage in long-term memory, is the means by which one attends to, takes in, and processes new information. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval
B. Encoding
The suprachiasmatic nucleus influences the release of melatonin by its effect on the: A. hypothalamus. B. pineal gland. C. pituitary gland. D. thyroid gland.
B. pineal gland.
The average of non-REM sleep per day that newborns spend is: A. 8 hours. B. 4 hours. C. 12 hours. D. 14 hours.
A. 8 hours.
What does the AIM stand for?
Activation, input, and mode
Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance?
Addiction
Which of the following best describes a scenario exemplifying the availability heuristic?
After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.
Under the guidelines of ____________, researchers must design studies in which the participants will share equally the costs and benefits of participating in the study. A. beneficence B. justice C. confidentiality D. respect for persons
B. justice
According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis. A. sensitivity period B. linguistic determinism C. innate perception D. rational choice
B. linguistic determinism
The _______________ is calculated by adding all the numbers together and dividing by the number of scores in the series. A. median B. mean C. mode D. range
B. mean
The process of scientific discovery is cumulative. This means that: A. older knowledge is discarded for newer and modern knowledge. B. previous knowledge builds on older knowledge. C. newer knowledge is rejected because research is not authentic. D. previous knowledge is retained for lack of new resources.
B. previous knowledge builds on older knowledge.
Of the following, _____ occurs mostly in the cortex. A. encoding B. priming C. retrieving D. rehearsing
B. priming
Chelsea is trying to learn Spanish. However, she is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because of her tendency to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of: A. decay. B. proactive interference. C. the forgetting curve. D. retroactive interference.
B. proactive interference.
______ hallucinations are the most common type of hallucinations in schizophrenia, typically taking the form of hearing voices inside one's head in the absence of external stimulation.
Auditory
______ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that one once stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number. A. Suggestibility B. Blocking C. Absent-mindedness D. Interference
B. Blocking
Nancy, a three-year old, enters a store by pushing a door open. Every time she comes to a door after that, she pushes the door expecting it to open even though many doors open by pulling rather than pushing. What is this an example of? A) Divergent thinking B) Mental set C) Insight solutions D) Lateral thinking
B
Peter takes an intelligence test that yields a different IQ score each time he takes it. Which of the following does this fact most indicate? A) The test does not have internal reliability. B) The test does not have test-retest reliability. C) The test has construct validity. D) The test has predictive validity.
B
Which of the following indicates that a test demonstrates predictive validity? A) Paul's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B) People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future. C) Timothy's score on a particular IQ test did not change over ten years. D) Debbie did badly on an IQ test because it required some knowledge of algebra.
B
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
B) Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes.
The second stage of long-term memory formation is: A. storage. B. consolidation. C. retrieval. D. encoding.
B. consolidation.
Who proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language?
Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir
Who proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language? Edmund Leach and George Marcus James Clifford and James George Frazer Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir James George Frazer and E. B. Tylor
Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir
Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative?
Benzodiazepines
Which of the following pairs of children features one child who would be classified as intellectually disabled and one child who would be classified as gifted?
Bill's IQ is 54, and Bob's IQ is 137
Which of the following processes allows us to perceive depth due to the distance between images projected on our two retinas?
Binocular disparity
Which of the following terms refers to synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system that keeps one motivated and elevates mood? A. Opioids B. Caffeine C. Nicotine D. Amphetamines
D. Amphetamines
Mehroof, 20 years of age, suffers an accident which causes him to lose consciousness. He is declared to be in a comatose state. Which of the following can be useful in detecting the degree of his coma? A. Stroop test B. Rancho Coma Scale C. MRI test D. Glasgow Coma Scale
D. Glasgow Coma Scale
Which of the following refers to the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive?
Cognitive psychology
In the context of evolution of language in humans, what do scientists think about the development of grammatical language? A. Evolution of grammatical language occurred along with shorter working memory. B. Evolution of the brain occurred first leading to language development. C. Evolution of language occurred before evolution of music. D. Evolution of language and the evolution of brain are intertwined.
D. Evolution of language and the evolution of brain are intertwined.
Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior?
Confirmation bias
______ is a kind of MRI adapted for better imaging of myelinated fibers, specifically for white matter.
Diffusion tensor imaging
_____ disorder is a major psychological disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or change of identity.
Dissociative
Which of the following explains inductive reasoning? Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions Proving something by showing that all other possibilities are not possible Understanding something by considering it as a whole system and splitting it into parts Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
During this stage formal logic becomes possible.
People experience taste by detecting molecules in the air.
False
Which of the following statements about generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is true?
Females are twice as likely as males to have GAD.
Which of the following trait theory psychologists used the idea that language would be a good place to start looking for the number of personality traits that existed?
Gordon Allport
If Alan is diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder, which of the following best explains his condition?
He is afraid of being criticized and hence avoids interacting with others, making him socially isolated.
Emily is a menace to all those around her. She has rapid mood swings which are punctuated by uncontrollable bouts of aggression. She has cuts on her arms and legs owing to self-inflicted injuries. This has forced her parents to limit her interaction with others. They find it hard to control her themselves. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, what does this reveal about Emma's behavior?
Her behavior is dysfunctional
Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions?
Hippocampus
Which of the following conditions occurs through monogenic transmission?
Huntington's disease
Which of the following statements is true about the role of personality traits in the survival of a species?
Hypersensitivity to threats is usually deliberating and disruptive to everyday functioning.
Daniela suffers from schizophrenia. Given this information, which of the following is a symptom she is NOT likely to exhibit?
Hypoxia
Which of the following statements is true about identical twins?
Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.
Which of the following are types of anxiety disorders?
PTSD & panic disorder
________ is a complex emotional and sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Pain
_____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment.
Instinctive drift
What is the definition of successful intelligence, as propounded by Robert Sternberg?
Intelligence is an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success
Which of the following is most closely related to the concept of emotional intelligence?
Interpersonal intelligence
Who among the following demonstrates metacognitive thinking? Lionel, who makes profits and gives half of it to child welfare. Brad, who visualizes the universe before he sets about doing physics. Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home. Donna, who uses a frying pan to iron her clothes as the iron is dysfunctional.
Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home.
Which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis? Environmental and genetic factors determine a child's language capacity. Learning to speak a language is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. The biologically based language acquisition device has principles of universal grammar. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.
Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.
Which of the following is the central tenet of the nativist theory?
Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process.
Which of the following forms of treatment helps in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Loving-kindness meditation
Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS?
Marijuana
Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions? Parallel distribution Mental representation Verbal prototype Physical event
Mental representation
_________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it. Intuitive thinking Parallel thinking Perceptual reasoning Metacognitive thinking
Metacognitive thinking
Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness?
New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically.
Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this?
New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain.
Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit?
Operant conditioning
Jason is suspicious of everyone around him. He is convinced that his parents tried to get rid of him when he had an accident so that they could claim the insurance amount. He even installs a spy camera in his house. Which odd-eccentric personality disorder accounts for Jason's condition?
Paranoid personality disorder
Identify the major symptom of generalized anxiety disorder.
Pervasive tendency to worry
The charge difference between the inside and outside of the axon is known as a _________.
Potential
Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?
Psilocybin
Which of the following best describes Arthur Jensen's conclusions regarding IQ?
Racial-ethnic differences in IQ must be at least partly genetic in origin
Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals?
Rational choice theory
Of the various classes of antidepressants, which of the following medications have the fewest adverse side effects and can be used for long-term treatments?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences?
Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement
What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences? Successive approximations, observation, and interaction Interaction, reinforcement, and shaping Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement Reinforcement, observation, and interaction
Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement
According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English? She performs better on cognitive tasks than those who speak only one language, but is most likely not to do so later in life. She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language. She is most likely to develop dementia more than four years earlier than do elderly speakers of only one language. She is most likely to have a lesser neural density than those who speak only one language.
She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.
________ takes into account both stimulus intensity and the decision-making processes people use in detecting a stimulus.
Signal detection theory
In ___________________, the therapist poses questions that help the client recognize erroneous logic that may support problematic thinking
Socratic method
Which of the following describes critical thinking?
Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
Identify the major psychological disorder that occurs when psychological symptoms take a physical form even though no physical causes can be found.
Somatic symptom disorder
Liam goes to a music store. Not knowing which DVDs to buy, he ends up buying DVDs of movies, trailers he has often seen on television. Which of the following indicates the judgment Liam uses when buying the DVDs? The representative heuristic Visual imagery The availability heuristic Mental representation
The availability heuristic
Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct?
The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.
Which of the following best describes cognitive fixation?
The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective
Which of the following is true with regard to the visual system? Most creatures, with or without cortex, are able to keep and store visual sensations in mind after the sensory stimulation stops. The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system. The brain is not as active during visual imagery as it is during visual perception. Though visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system, it develops after verbal ability.
The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system.
Which of the following is true about brain waves?
Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves.
Which of the following classes of drug treatment for depression includes imipramine and amitriptyline?
Tricyclic antidepressants
A "positive symptom" is a symptom that is "present" with a person's schizophrenia. (T or F)
True
Because it is still developing outside the womb, the human brain is more responsive to the environment than the brains of other animals.
True
Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. (T or F)
True
Freud believed that the reasons we act in certain ways are hidden from our awareness.
True
Head size can be an indicator of possible autistic spectrum disorder. (T or F)
True
Humans are able to represent ideas and thoughts using words and images in our mind. True False
True
If a woman contracts an infection during pregnancy, the risk of the child developing schizophrenia later in life increases greatly. (T or F)
True
Ignoring sensations considered to be unimportant is called "sensory adaptation."
True
Infants will stare longer at things that interest them.
True
Jean Piaget specified 4 stages of human cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational.
True
Language production is associated with Broca's area. True False
True
Our taste buds are embedded in the folds of papillae.
True
PTSD may include both recurring thoughts and recurring intrusive feelings. (T or F)
True
Perceptual constancy is the brain's ability to preserve the perceptual experience, even though our perspective on an object changes.
True
The brain is the first major organ to develop after conception.
True
The evolutionary principle of adaptation states that life forms continue to exist as long as they solve the "problems" of surviving and reproducing.
True
The fetal stage is a part of prenatal development.
True
The idea that people group similar things together is the "law of similarity."
True
The main idea behind the biological theory of personality is that differences in the DNA makeup of a person result in differences in arousal level for different situations people encounter in life.
True
The measles virus is an example of a teratogen.
True
The optic nerve is actually made up of the axons of ganglion cells rather than the photoreceptors.
True
The presence of hallucinations is an example of positive symptoms. (T or F)
True
The term "personality," refers to the unique and consistent behaviors, feelings, thoughts and motivations expressed by a person.
True
Which of the following symptoms best relates to post-traumatic stress disorder?
Vivid reactions in which the person feels as if he or she is experiencing the distressing event all over again
The area of the left temporal lobe, called ____________, is responsible for speech comprehension.
Wernicke's area
Annie has learned to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used: in the middle of a sentence. at the end of a sentence. at the beginning of a sentence. only in isolated cases.
at the end of a sentence
Social psychologists define _________________ as a person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, idea, or person.
attitude
Paula is a schizophrenic who has poor memory and is often easily distracted. She has trouble focusing, has slow understanding and poor computing skills, and her speech begins to slur. Her traits are characteristic of the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.
cognitive
Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that: males and females perform at the same skill level on mental rotation tasks. females generally do better than males on mental rotation tasks. both males and females are rarely if ever skilled at mental rotation tasks. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
According to Karen Horney's psychological theory, neurotically ____________ involves consistently needing or clinging to other people, belittling oneself, getting people to feel sorry for "poor little me," and almost completely repressing feelings of anger and hostility.
moving toward others
Axons that become ____________ are insulated and can transmit impulses more efficiently.
myelinated
Jesse and Alice are twins. When their mother points at something interesting, Alice looks in that direction while Jesse remains indifferent and rarely looks in that direction. When their mother buys them toys, Alice plays with them while Jesse spends time smelling and tasting the toys. Jesse is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.
autism
A ________________ shows its effects only when both alleles are the same.
recessive allele
After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________.
returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place
_________________ occurs when the presence of others improves our performance
social facilitation
In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time.
fixed-interval schedule
Which of the following makes human language unique? A. It can be used to express one's needs and desires. B. It can be spoken in different ways by different people. C. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction. D. It can be used for the purpose of metacommunication.
C. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.
Why is matrix reasoning considered as a fluid intelligence? A. It does not involve abstract reasoning B. Its solutions require culturally acquired experience C. It does not depend on acquired knowledge D. It involves using skills and knowledge to solve problems
C. It does not depend on acquired knowledge
Which of the following is true about short-term memory? A. It is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. B. Iconic memory is a kind of short-term memory. C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem. D. It is what most people think of when they think of memory.
C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem.
______________ are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other. A. Data warehouses B. Associative networks C. Neural networks D. Expert systems
C. Neural networks
Which of the following is true for algorithms?
Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that are used in solving problems.
Which of the following led Charles Spearman to arrive at his theory of intelligence? A) Research showed that individual intelligence does not differ much from group intelligence. B) Research showed that intelligence is made up of a number of dissimilar components. C) Research showed that the factors of intelligence correlated strongly with one another. D) Research showed that spatial intelligence is not related to verbal or perceptual intelligence.
C
Five-year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. This is an example of ___________.
C) observational learning
_____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information. A. Output B. Long-term C. Proactive D. Retroactive
C. Proactive
In addition to assessing fluid and crystallized intelligence, what does the newest version of the Stanford-Binet test assess? A. Implicit memory B. Abstract reasoning C. Quantitative reasoning D. Long-term memory
C. Quantitative reasoning
Repression is an example of:
C. blocking.
The question "How are you intelligent?" is best answered by a theory based on the ______. A. crystallized theory of intelligence B. g-factor theory of intelligence C. multiple-factor theory of intelligence D. fluid theory of intelligence
C. multiple-factor theory of intelligence
Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. The process of storing is driven by attention. B. Storage refers to processes like remembering where one put a birthday gift one had bought earlier. C. A stored memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.
D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.
______________ is the science of understanding individuals—animals as well as people. A. Archaeology B. Sociology C. Anthropology D. Psychology
D. Psychology
In which of the following does each participant have an equal chance of being placed in each group? A. Surveys B. Naturalistic studies C. Interviews D. Random assignments
D. Random assignments
Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception.
four to six months
Alan is in psychotherapy. The therapist tells Alan to recall the recurring dream he's been having and to say whatever comes to his mind, regardless of how threatening or troubling it may seem. The aim of this process is to unlock the meaning of Alan's dream. The technique being used by the therapist in this scenario is called ___________________.
free association
Marijuana actually contains few, if any, of the carcinogens found in cigarette smoke. True False
F
When we choose to be aware of as much of the world around us as possible, we are engaging in selective attention. True False
F
Deviant behavior is the same as disturbed behavior (T or F)
False
Human behavior is neither complex nor variable. (T or F)
False
In the context of human development, pruning is the systematic process of generating extra neural connections in the brain.
False
Syntax refers to the rules for combining symbols and sounds to express concepts like plurals and possessives. True False
False
The combining of an egg and a womb is called "fertilization."
False
For children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder, the:
Frontal lobes are less well connected than in normal children.
Which of the following are the three major categories of the symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive, negative, & cognative
___________ is a way of testing the creativity of a person, whereby three words at one time are displayed to the participant, who must then come up with a single word that can be used with all three of the words.
Remote association
Identify the major psychological disorder that occurs when psychological symptoms take a physical form even though no physical causes can be found.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Which of the following statements regarding sound waves is true?
Sound waves must travel through some medium or we cannot hear them.
Susan was watching fireworks during the 4th of July celebration. She noticed that she always saw the crackers burst before she heard its sounds. Which of the following explains Susan's experience?
Sound waves travel much more slowly than light waves.
A circadian rhythm refers to a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle. True False
T
The formal operational stage began about the age of 12.
True
In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, which of the following refers to the two types of categories?
Well-defined and fuzzy
A person taking Guildford's Alternate Uses test suggests that one alternate use of a brick is as a weapon. This answer would be considered original if __________.
it is uncommon compared to the answers of others taking the test
Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's:
lack of conservation.
As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________.
larger cerebellums
Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS?
marijuana
As the stirrup vibrates, it moves a membrane that covers the inner ear, called the _______.
oval window
When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development.
postconventional
___________, as a defense mechanism, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening or disturbing thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness
repression
According to recent research, emotions like ______ could worsen the experience of pain.
sadness
According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior--how people become smokers in the first place--is perhaps best explained by ___________.
social learning theory
When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between:
the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder.
Malik does not get along with his female supervisor. His psychotherapist observes that Malik relates to his supervisor the way he does to his youngest sister, who died a couple of months ago. In the context of psychotherapy, Malik is experiencing _____.
transference
"Association" is the process by which two pieces of information become connected together in our minds.
true
"Broad Intelligence," is defined by our learning and memory capacities.
true
A "Token Economy" literally uses "tokens."
true
A response is a behavior.
true
A secondary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a second biological need.
true
A synonym for reliability is consistency.
true
Automatic encoding is a primary source of episodic memories.
true
Carl Rogers developed the "Client Centered" therapeutic approach.
true
Creative thinking is distinct from but related to both intelligence and problem solving.
true
Episodic memories are personal and autobiographical.
true
Syntax refers the rules humans use for arranging words into sentences or sentence phrases.
true
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale measures adult intelligence.
true
The personality characteristic, "openness to experience," is a common trait of creative people.
true
The shape of the graph for the variation of IQ scores in the population is a normal curve.
true
The term "operant," is derived from the term "operate."
true
The visuospatial sketchpad holds visual information in working memory.
true
Twin studies show that identical twins have a high correlation between their IQ scores.
true
Once inside the auditory canal, sound vibrations travel to the _______.
tympanic membrane
Sounds above 20,000 Hz are called _______.
ultrasonic
One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment.
wisdom
On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________.
11
By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces.
7 months
Which of the following is an attentional process that helps determine the contents of consciousness at any given moment in time? A. Sustained attention B. Flashing attention C. Alternating attention D. Divided attention
A. Sustained attention
Neuroimaging studies of people learning to navigate a virtual maze show: A. an increased activation in the hippocampus. B. a decreased activation in the hippocampus. C. an increased activation in the hypothalamus. D. a decreased activation in the hypothalamus.
A. an increased activation in the hippocampus.
When one multi-tasks, there is: A. less sustained attention. B. more sustained attention. C. less selective attention. D. less inattentional blindness.
A. less sustained attention.
Which of the following statements is true of the Stanford Prison Experiment? A. All participants were fully informed about the fact that they would be assigned the roles of a prisoner or a guard. B. All participants were informed of the details and the extent to which being in this study would be like being in a real prison world. C. All participants were told upfront that, if they were assigned to the prisoner role, they would be strip-searched. D. All participants were informed that they might experience physical pain or psychological distress during the study.
A. All participants were fully informed about the fact that they would be assigned the roles of a prisoner or a guard.
Irene Bialik, a psychologist, wants to study how the habit of telling lies affects marital relationships. She contacts married couples from across the country to participate in her study. She lets them know that the only cost of participation would be that they would need to reveal if they have ever lied to their parents. Irene also informs them that they will be paid an amount of $1,000 each for participating in the study. In this scenario, which guideline of psychological research best describes the one followed by Irene? A. Beneficence B. Justice C. Confidentiality D. Privacy
A. Beneficence
If the doctors give Terry a score of 14 on the coma test, what does it imply? A. She cannot recover from her condition. B. She can respond verbally and motorically. C. She can respond only motorically. D. She can respond neither verbally nor motorically.
B. She can respond verbally and motorically.
______________ can be best defined as the study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. A. Clinical psychology B. Social psychology C. Educational psychology D. Industrial psychology
B. Social psychology
In which stage of sleep do short periods of extremely fast and somewhat higher energy sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4
B. Stage 2
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What was the experimental group in Dr. Adriana's study? A. The players who wore red uniforms made from the old material B. The players who wore blue uniforms made from the new material C. The players who scored more goals D. The players who could not score any goals, irrespective of the color of their uniforms
B. The players who wore blue uniforms made from the new material
Which of the following refers to conformation bias? A. A form of judgment that discounts the causal theory over correlational theory B. The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs C. The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are once they occur D. The tendency of people to imagine alternatives to reality
B. The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs
According to Gardner and Sternberg, the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests lack tests for ___________ intelligence and hence are not valid measures of intelligence. A. verbal B. emotional C. spatial D. mathematical
B. emotional
Correlation coefficients tell us whether two variables (e.g., X and Y) relate to each other and that they range between -1.00 and +1.00. Coefficients near 0.00 are an indication of: A. the dependency of variable X on variable Y. B. the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y. C. an increase in variable X as variable Y decreases. D. a decrease in variable Y as variable X increases.
B. the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y.
Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because:
B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits.
Which of the following drugs is prescribed for anxiety?
Barbiturates
_______ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole. Regression analysis Gambler's fallacy Phase average Base rate
Base rate
What did Barber and colleagues find when they asked students to complete a daily sleep log and online diaries of perceived stress in life over a five-day period? A. A few days of sleep deficiency early on in the week can add to psychological strain but can be offset with sleep later in the week. B. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week does not contribute to psychological strain. C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep. D. Consistent sleep patterns can wear us down as the body then cannot adjust suitably to any inconsistency in sleep that may arise.
C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep.
Which of the following is true about the principles of research design? A. The design chosen for a given study depends on the answers provided by the population. B. The way the different variables, used by researchers, influence each other is irrelevant to the research design. C. The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group. D. Research is almost always conducted on large populations and not on samples.
C. The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group.
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What is the dependent variable in Dr. Adriana's study? A. The old uniforms B. The new uniforms C. The number of goals scored D. The color blue or red
C. The number of goals scored
Which of the following studies is most likely to be conducted by Cathy, who is majoring in biological psychology, for her honors thesis? A. The social origins of major depressive disorders B. The extent to which childhood peer experiences influence adult behavior C. The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness D. A computer model of humans' deductive reasoning processes
C. The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness
Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk? A. The temporal and frontal lobes develop before the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain. B. The temporal and frontal lobes and the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain grow simultaneously. C. The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system. D. Verbal stimulation occurs much before the sensory stimulation stops.
C. The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system.
Which statement best describes the term descriptive designs? A. There are methods used to assign participants to different research conditions, so that all the participants have the same chance of being in any specific group. B. There are research designs that include independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions. C. They are design studies in which a researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything. D. These are studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; they are not designed to show causation.
C. They are design studies in which a researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything.
Juan, a psychologist, is studying participants' perceptions of the attractiveness of several deodorants in a laboratory. However, as he conducts his study, people are cooking their lunches in the cafeteria nearby, and the smells of onions and fish are making their way into the laboratory. Juan should stop his experiment for the day because the odors of the food is most likely a __________. A. nocebo B. control variable C. confounding variable D. a placebo
C. confounding variable
One of Alfred Kinsey's contributions to the scientific study of sex was his method of __________. A. carefully observing the real-world sexual behavior of primates B. selecting samples of people worldwide to study human sexual tendencies C. considering sexual orientation on a continuum D. using representative sampling for studying sexual behavior
C. considering sexual orientation on a continuum
Scores from the WAIS can be successfully used to estimate both one's academic class rank in high school and one's college grade point average. This indicates that the test has __________. A. internal reliability B. variable reliability C. construct validity D. predictive validity
C. construct validity
Whether a result holds or not, new predictions can be generated from the data, leading in turn to new studies. This is why the process of scientific discovery is ___________. A. repetitive B. replicative C. cumulative D. degradative
C. cumulative
While sleeping, a person's awareness: A. is consistent. B. is heightened. C. is greatly diminished. D. disappears.
C. is greatly diminished.
If Alex engages in innately guided learning, it suggests:
C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning.
The _____________ is the middle score, which separates the lower half of scores from the upper half. A. range B. mode C. median D. mean
C. median
Psyche, the root word of "psychology," comes from the Greek for _____________. A. heart B. soul C. mind D. personality
C. mind
One of the pitfalls of collecting data via large-scale interviews and surveys is that: A. they do not involve specific questions. B. they cannot be carried out over the Internet. C. one can get biased responses. D. they cannot be used to question individuals on topics such as abortion, capital punishment, or gay marriage.
C. one can get biased responses.
A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that: A. people who slept less than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. B. people who slept more than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer. D. sleep is unrelated to an individual's mortality.
C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer.
Around the turning of the 20th century, Sigmund Freud developed a form of therapy known as _____________. A. cognitive-behavioral therapy B. aversion therapy C. psychoanalysis D. behavior modification
C. psychoanalysis
Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory. A. priming B. working C. semantic D. implicit
C. semantic
The ______ cortex is located in the parietal lobes. A. visual B. auditory C. somatosensory D. olfactory
C. somatosensory
In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of: A. semantics. B. logic and reasoning. C. syntax and grammar. D. semiotics.
C. syntax and grammar.
Researchers design a study in which neither the participants nor the investigators interacting with them know whether the participants have been assigned to a control group or to an experimental group because: A. in this design, it is easier to statistically analyze the results of the study. B. in this design, it is easier to ensure group memberships are representative. C. the experimenters' expectancies might influence the participants' behavior. D. participation in the study would decrease if people had this knowledge beforehand.
C. the experimenters' expectancies might influence the participants' behavior.
While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing? Nonrational reasoning Critical thinking Availability heuristics Intuitive mapping
Critical thinking
Which of the following refers to a widely-held scientific belief in the 1950s? A. Dreams occurred in the passive state of sleep. B. The brain was active throughout sleep. C. Dreaming happened in the inactive stage of sleep. D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.
D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.
Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior? A. The psychoanalytic theory B. Baddeley's theory C. The cognitive load theory D. The perceptual load theory
D. The perceptual load theory
Mrs. Ross, a teacher, wanted to measure the IQ of the newly admitted students in her class. While using William Stern's method for calculating intelligence, she found out that Sarah, a ten-year-old girl, had the mental age of a 14 year old. What is Sarah's intelligence score? A. 80 B. 100 C. 120 D. 140
D. 140
How long does it usually take for one to make the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of sleep? A. 15-17 minutes B. 10-12 minutes C. 1-2 minutes D. 5-7 minutes
D. 5-7 minutes
Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a developmental psychologist? A. How do people visualize objects in their minds? B. How does the presence of other people change an individual's thoughts, feelings, or perceptions? C. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?
D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?
Which of the following best describes the two main views of intelligence? A. Intelligence as a static versus intelligence as a dynamic ability B. Intelligence as unaffected by environment versus intelligence as influenced by environment C. Intelligence as a hereditary ability versus intelligence as a learnt ability D. Intelligence as a single general ability versus intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities
D. Intelligence as a single general ability versus intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities
Which of the following is an accurate statement about self-report questionnaires? A. In self-report questionnaires, the answers are often open-ended and not constrained by the researcher. B. In self-report questionnaires, people are always the best sources of information about themselves. C. Self-report questionnaires are widely used in psychological research as they help in avoiding social desirability bias. D. Self-report questionnaires are easy to use, especially in the context of collecting data from a large number of people at once.
D. Self-report questionnaires are easy to use, especially in the context of collecting data from a large number of people at once.
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. From a scientific viewpoint, why was it important for Dr. Ariana to randomly assign the players to wear new or old uniforms? A. She wanted to make sure that the uniforms do not affect the outcome of the game played by the players. B. She wanted the players to feel they all had a chance of wearing their old uniforms, in which they would likely be more comfortable. C. She wanted to ensure that the performance of the players will be uniformly improved by wearing their respective uniforms. D. She wanted to ensure that each player had an equal chance of wearing the new or old uniform.
D. She wanted to ensure that each player had an equal chance of wearing the new or old uniform.
What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it? A. Sensory memory B. Implicit memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory
D. Short-term memory
Most intelligence tests determine a person's overall intelligence score by his or her scores on specific subtests. On which of the following theories are such tests based? A. The multiple-factor theory B. The triarchic theory C. Gardner's theory D. The g-factor theory
D. The g-factor theory
Which of the following holds true regarding sleep? A. The conscious mind and the outside world completely draw a blank. B. The sleeping state is irreversible. C. The sleeping state has the conscious mind perceiving all the sensations of the outer world. D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed.
D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed.
Identify a difference between visual perception and visual imagery. A. Visual perception can be measured on an ordinary scale, whereas visual imagery is abstract, and it is difficult to determine its intensity. B. Visual perception occurs through verbal formulation, whereas visual imagery primarily occurs through mental rotation. C. Visual perception occurs in the absence of sensory stimulus, whereas visual imagery is imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space for a long period of time. D. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.
D. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.
Which of the following topics is most likely to be studied by a developmental psychologist? A. How much of people's personality is reflected in their Facebook profiles? B. Are people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook more or less outgoing than those who do not? C. What is the effect of talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving? D. What is the effect of gender on interest and participation in social networking sites?
D. What is the effect of gender on interest and participation in social networking sites?
Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory. A. sensory B. semantic C. implicit D. episodic
D. episodic
By the 1980s, more and more psychologists had become receptive to the ideas that who we are and what we do and think are very much influenced by genetic factors and brain activity, with a long _______ past. A. Gestalt B. cognitive C. educational D. evolutionary
D. evolutionary
According to Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence, ___________ involves how fast you learn new things. A. crystallized intelligence B. creative intelligence C. emotional intelligence D. fluid intelligence
D. fluid intelligence
Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is: A. very attentive. B. minimally conscious. C. low on self-consciousness. D. highly mindful.
D. highly mindful.
Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________.
D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus
Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns.
D. reflexes
Chen is attending a lecture where his professor requests all students to give their undivided attention to an important concept he intends to explain. The professor is actually interested in the students'________ attention. A. focused B. sustained C. alternating D. selective
D. selective
Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are topics most likely to be studied by _____________. A. geneticists B. cognitive psychologists C. neurologists D. social psychologists
D. social psychologists
If a test is equally valid for different groups and they still score differently on it, it is likely that __________. A. the test is fair but not standardized B. the test may be fair but is definitely biased C. the test is unfair but definitely standardized D. the test may be unfair but it is not biased
D. the test may be unfair but it is not biased
Gestalt psychology proposed that: A. people learn by making associations. B. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way we can understand thought and behavior. C. psychology is a sub-discipline of philosophy. D. we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.
D. we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.
Personality psychology can be best defined as the study of: A. how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. B. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. C. the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.
D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.
Which of the following can be effective for severe cases of depression in people who have not responded to other therapies?
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true? He reasons out each step in a decision-making process systematically. He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision. He avoids the use of mental shortcuts while making a decision. He analyzes facts, generates and organizes ideas, defends opinions, makes comparisons, and draws inferences.
He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.
Which of the following most affects the human potential for learning?
Intelligence
Which of the following best describes the two main views of intelligence?
Intelligence as a single general ability versus intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities
Which of the following best describes the theory of intelligence propounded by John Carroll?
Intelligence consists of three levels, arranged in a hierarchy.
Which of the following is true of nicotine?
It increases respiration rate.
Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth?
Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games
__________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it.
Metacognitive thinking
Which of the following is true about a person's performance and hippocampal activation?
The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day.
Syntax refers the rules humans use for arranging words into sentences or sentence phrases. True False
True
When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________.
a stroke
According to the dopamine hypothesis, people with schizophrenia have:
an excess of dopamine activity in certain areas of their brain.
Very often, Vincent likes to carry a ladies' purse, and his body language is primarily characterized by feminine mannerisms. Proponents of Carl Jung's theory might say that Vincent is unable to repress his ___________
anima
Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario.
animistic thinking
Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that in mammals and birds, there is a rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth when he:
became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings
The ________________ is the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
Lillian sees a store sign that says CL_ ED. Due to the Gestalt law of _______, Lillian knows the store is closed even though the sign is missing a letter.
closure
Gita, a resident of New Delhi, India, is offered a promotion that would require her to shift base to the Indian city Mumbai. While considering the offer, she primarily factors in the aspect of how the move would affect her family. On the basis of this dimension of her personality, Gita most likely belongs to a culture that emphasized values of ______.
collectivism
Atmospheric perspective:
comes from looking across a vast space into the distance in the outdoors.
______ is applicable to the tests that measure the concept it claims to measure.
conclusion validity
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____.
conditioned response (CR)
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________.
conditioning of reflexes
Josephine is in the garden picking out flowers of different hues to decorate her living room. She can distinguish between colors primarily due to the functioning of her eyes' _______.
cones
The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______. confirmation bias causal inference conjunction fallacy metacognitive dissonance
confirmation bias
The ____________ layer of consciousness is what one is aware of at any given moment in time.
conscious
Nancy is a 4-month-old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh." Until 6 months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. Nancy is said to be in the ______ stage of language development.
cooing
Nancy is a 4-month-old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh." Until 6 months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. Nancy is said to be in the ______ stage of language development. twaddling cooing babbling crib talk
cooing
According to Hans Eysenck's biological theory of personality, introverted people have a higher level of ____________ than do extraverted people.
cortical arousal
A long-lasting but milder form of bipolar disorder is called _____.
cyclothymia
Tiana strongly believes that she is being spied upon. She takes the help of her friend to search her apartment but she does not find any video cameras. Although her friend is convinced that no one is spying on Tiana, Tiana feels that the spies must have known they were going to search the house. Hence, they must have moved the video cameras before her search. In terms of the symptoms of schizophrenia, Tiana is:
delusional.
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):
depressant
According to psychologists, which of the following is one of the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder?
deviant
The term "positive," in the context of learning, means favorable.
false
There are two types of explicit memory: declarative and non-declarative.
false
Without the neurotransmitter ______________, the nervous system would literally be out of control, never ceasing activity.
gamma-aminobutyric acid
The __________, wrapped around the thalamus, plays a vital role in learning and memory.
hippocampus
A gaggle of baby geese instinctually form a bond with their mother. This is an example of ___________.
imprinting
When a person shows positive feelings toward people in his or her own culture and negative feelings toward those in other cultures, the person is displaying ________________.
in-group/out-group bias
Western cultures tend to emphasize ___________, whereas Asian cultures tend to emphasize ___________.
individualism; collectivism
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a(n) ____________ neurotransmitter.
inhibitory
The WAIS and WISC are tests of ___________ that were created by __________.
intelligence; Wechsler
According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the:
latent level
According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the:
latent level.
A cluster of the neuron cell bodies in the thalamus form the ______.
lateral geniculate nucleus
According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis. sensitivity period linguistic determinism innate perception rational choice
linguistic determinism
Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______.
link between two events in the environment
Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65.
middle adulthood
Luli, who is in a rock band, can distinguish the sound of the guitar from the sound of the bass even though they are both playing the same note—a low E. She has no trouble telling them apart because they give off wavelengths of different _______.
purities
Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior.
reinforcer
_________________ are ways of knowing that affect how one views his or her social world.
schemas
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, and Celexa are some of the more widely used ___________________.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Abraham Maslow's concept of ____________ refers to people's inherent drive to realize their full potential.
self-actualization
Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________.
theory of mind
The temporal lobes are involved in memory and emotion because:
they house and connect with the hippocampus and amygdala.
Linguistic Relativism suggests that language "influences" our thinking, it does not "determine" our thinking.
true
Which of the following disabilities is prevalent among people of low socioeconomic status?
Familial-cultural retardation
Synaptic pruning reaches its final stage during the formal operational stage.
True
The "trichromatic theory" is based on the fact that humans have 3 types of cones.
True
Emily is a menace to all those around her. She has rapid mood swings which are punctuated by uncontrollable bouts of aggression. She has cuts on her arms and legs owing to self-inflicted injuries. This has forced her parents to limit her interaction with others. They find it hard to control her themselves. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, what does this reveal about Emma's behavior?
Her behavior is dysfunctional.
Which of the following theorists theorized that intelligence consists of eight distinct capacities?
Howard Gardner
Kamal often takes illicit drugs recreationally. Even though he knows it is illegal and potentially deadly, he says to himself, "I only do it once in a while, and I won't get caught or become addicted!" In order to reduce cognitive dissonance, Kamal is engaging in ________________.
rationalization
Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning?
It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
How did the K-ABC differ from the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests?
It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence.
Patrick has been tested to have an IQ of 32. But, he plays the piano exceptionally well. Patrick suffers from ______.
Savant syndrome
Which of the following best explains the prevailing view that existed for years, dubbed as the dopamine hypothesis?
Schizophrenia resulted from an excess of dopamine in the brain.
_______ is the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world.
Sensation
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child?
The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.
Martha is taking a test which requires her to solve problems through inductive and deductive reasoning. Which part of the brain will she use the most?
The frontal lobe
Which of the following are the key structures in the neuroendocrine regulation of stress responses?
The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands
As argued by Sternberg and Gardner, what is a drawback of Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests?
They do not measure social, musical, and naturalistic forms of intelligence.
Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario?
This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.
Based on his parents' IQs, Timmy's reaction range for IQ should be from 115 to 140. When he took an IQ test, his score indicated an IQ of 138. What does this most indicate?
Timmy is likely to have been raised in an enriched environment.
A defense mechanism is an unconscious process the mind uses to protect us from feelings of anxiety.
True
A phobia is a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, situation or activity. (T or F)
True
At the optic chiasm, visual information from each of the optic nerves separates into 2 paths.
True
Brain imaging studies show that hallucinations activate the brain in ways similar, but not identical to, real external stimulation from the environment. (T or F)
True
Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________.
social learning
After the introduction of ___________________, lobotomy fell out of favor.
traditional antipsychotic medications
Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device? An innate capacity to come up with novel words and utterances. A device that imitates adult speech to aid language development in children. An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language. An interactive device that helps a child learn different languages at a time.
An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.
Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior? Self-serving bias Causal inference Confirmation bias Irrational exception
Confirmation bias
Skinner's explanation of language could not fully explain how humans learn languages because: A. it did not take into account the various socioeconomic factors influencing language development. B. it did not explain how different children begin to utter words and sentences at different ages. C. it was found that imitation does not always lead to reinforcement and shaping. D. it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.
D. it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.
Explicit memory refers to: A. something people know or remember but do not consciously know that they remember it. B. knowledge people hold for almost any behavior or physical skill they learn. C. knowledge that can be improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared.
D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared.
Karolina can see only a part of a stack of books because a box is partially obstructing the view. Karolina, therefore, knows the box is in front of the stack of books. This cue to depth is known as _______.
Interposition
Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other? Nativist theory Theory of innately guided learning Linguistic determinism hypothesis Skinnerian theory of language
Linguistic determinism hypothesis
Which of the following is typically characteristic of savants?
Low IQ scores
Which of the following is true about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
MRI provides static pictures, and it is very useful for looking at structures and abnormalities in structures.
What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do?
Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time
Which of the following statements was considered true about neural growth until the early 1900s?
Nerve cells are incapable of growth and adult brain did not change.
With regard to personality assessment methods, supporters of the ____________ test claim that responses from the assessment can help them diagnose various psychological disorders, such as depression, suicidal thoughts, pedophilia, post-traumatic stress disorder, or anxiety disorders.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true?
Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.
___________ combines problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies.
Social Support
Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second?
There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.
Which of the following is true about atypical antipsychotics?
They are considered by many physicians to be the first line of treatment for schizophrenia.
Which of the following is true of mental representations? They are less useful for thinking about things one sensed in the past. They usually do not allow one to imagine things in the future. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing. They are not useful for thinking about abstract ideas that have no physical existence.
They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.
In humans, a surge of melatonin release occurs during the: A. evening. B. night. C. afternoon. D. morning.
A. evening.
A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary. What does the example illustrate? A mind map Visual imagery A mental model A parallel distributed network
A mental model
Which of the following would be considered a pseudoscience? A. Anthropology B. Astrology C. Psychology D. Biology
B. Astrology
How many stages are there to non-REM sleep? A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six
B. Four
According to the g-factor theory of intelligence, people who achieve high scores on the verbal section of an intelligence test are likely to have: A. low scores in the spatial and quantitative sections but low in the perceptual section. B. high scores in the spatial, perceptual, and quantitative sections. C. low scores in all the non-verbal sections of the test. D. high scores in the perceptual and spatial sections, but low in the quantitative section.
B. high scores in the spatial, perceptual, and quantitative sections.
Research is almost always conducted on ___________. A. populations B. samples C. variables D. entire groups
B. samples
Why do some psychologists and scholars criticize Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence? A) Gardner considered people from diverse age groups for the tests he formulated. B) Gardner did not take into account factors such as economic conditions. C) Gardner's ideas were argued to be more theoretical than empirical. D) Gardner ignored many other skills and intelligences a person can possess.
C
Why is matrix reasoning considered as a fluid intelligence? A) It does not involve abstract reasoning B) Its solutions require culturally acquired experience C) It does not depend on acquired knowledge D) It involves using skills and knowledge to solve problems
C
Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy? A. Benzodiazepines B. Opioids C. Amphetamines D. Heroin
C. Amphetamines
To do a ______, the researcher converts the findings of each study into a standardized statistic known as effect size. A. research planning B. systematic review C. random assignment D. meta-analysis
D. meta-analysis
In which year did Wundt set up a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, now considered the birthplace of experimental psychology? A. 1729 B. 1652 C. 1965 D. 1879
D. 1879
Which of the following is commonly known as the stress hormone?
Cortisol
____________, released by the adrenal gland, is a hormone that is responsible for maintaining the activation of bodily systems during prolonged stress.
Cortisol
Which of the following is a true conclusion obtained on researches done in creative insights?
Creative insights increases the frontal lobe activity.
While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing?
Critical thinking
If following Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, an employer sifting through candidates for the role of a team leader would look for someone with high levels of __________. A) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B) linguistic intelligence C) naturalistic intelligence D) interpersonal intelligence
D
A theory is defined as a: A. practice that appears to be and claims to be a science, even though it does not use the scientific method to come to conclusions. B. set of experiments conducted to confirm the results of a scientific study. C. specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition. D. set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made.
D. set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made.
With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that: A. the brain can slip into states of minimal consciousness. B. the brain was relatively inactive during sleep. C. there is no distinct pattern of brain activity during sleep. D. sleep changes throughout the night.
D. sleep changes throughout the night.
The feeling of being in love is attributed to: A. objective consciousness. B. intelligence. C. psychic consciousness. D. subjective consciousness.
D. subjective consciousness.
In medieval Europe from approximately 400 to 1400 CE (Common Era), psychological disorders were attributed to: A. biological issues. B. deeds in past life. C. social status. D. supernatural causes.
D. supernatural causes.
The fact that newborns and infants spend so much more time in REM sleep than adults has led some researchers to hypothesize that: A. our brains are most plastic in adulthood. B. the amount of REM sleep increases over a period of time. C. the amount of REM sleep does not affect brain plasticity or neural growth. D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development.
D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development.
After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______. A. unable to improve on any standard learning task B. unable to recall any events prior to the surgery C. able to intentionally bringing into awareness much of what he remembered D. unable to form new memories
D. unable to form new memories
Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma?
Emotional responsiveness
The concrete operational stage is characterized by the performance of both male and female infants building stone sculptures.
False
Nativist theorists propose that language acquisition is more like discovery than learning. True False
True
Organizing and interpretting sensory signals is "perception."
True
Pain receptors are called "nociceptors."
True
Reasoning is the process by which people form conclusions about events in the world. True False
True
The 5th edition of the DSM is DSM-5. (T or F)
True
The initial signals picked up by our sensors are called sensations.
True
To love someone only when they do the things we want and like is to love them "conditionally."
True
Typically, a fertilized egg (ovum) travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus.
True
Typically, girls begin puberty about the age of 11 and boys about the age of 13.
True
According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true? Sensitivity periods begin after the plasticity of neural connections becomes more flexible. Pruning increases the plasticity of the neural connections. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak. Neural wiring plummets when the sensitivity period begins.
Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.
The intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman is known as the __________.
Stanford-Binet test
___________________ is a widely used application of behavioral treatment that is especially effective for treating simple phobias
Systematic desensitization
By conservation, developmental researchers refer to recognition of the fact that even though some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant.
True
Each cone type responds differently to the same wavelength of light particles.
True
In a hierarchical network, general concepts are linked to specific concepts. True False
True
Light enters the eyeballs through the pupils.
True
Monocular depth cues require only one eye to recognize depth.
True
The wavelength range of colors visible to humans ranges from 350 nm to 750 nm. Light that we perceive as ________ is at 450 nm.
blue
_________________ is the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at odds with one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person.
cognitive dissonance
Carl Jung proposed that the ____________ consisted of the shared experiences of our ancestors—God, mother, life, death, water, earth, aggression, survival—that have been transmitted from generation to generation.
collective unconscious
Which of the following dimensions of personality reflects how people in Asian cultures tend to be more concerned about the impact of their behavior on their family, friends, and social groups?
collectivism
Tony's behavior often causes his parents a lot of anguish, pain, and discomfort in addition to embarrassment in front of guests. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, such behavior is known as _____.
distressing
If agreeing or disagreeing with the statement "I become violent when I am angry" distinguishes a hostile person from a nonhostile person, this statement would be used in the ____________ method of personality assessment.
empirical
Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not.
gained significantly more weight
The quantitative trait loci approach looks for the location of specific bits of DNA on particular genes that might be associated with particular traits. These specific bits of DNA are also known as ___________ of behavior.
genetic markers
__________ comprises the set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language.
grammer
The ____________ serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity.
pons
Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered ___________.
positive reinforcers
According to Freud, the ____________ develops around age 2 or 3 and helps us acknowledge what is right and what is wrong.
superego
Core sciences are those that: A. have many other disciplines organized around them. B. are a combination of several different sciences. C. are always drawn from common sense. D. are the simplest to understand.
A. have many other disciplines organized around them.
In the biological theory of dreams, the three-dimensional AIM cube depicts all states of consciousness occupying a different space. Why does REM sleep occupy the lower front right portion of the cube? A. Because it is active, external, and logical B. Because it is non-active, external, and logical C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose D. Because it is non-active, internal, and loose
C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose
Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative? A. Nitroglycerin B. Hydrocodone C. Benzodiazepines D. Serotonin
C. Benzodiazepines
Michael works in an IT firm that is well known for making innovative products. Michael is asked to develop a product that would serve an unmet need. Though he has many ideas for it, none of them quite fits the bill. He finally decides to stand back from the problem for a period of time and ceases to consciously think about the yet-to-be-developed product. After a week, as he looks over his notes, he realizes the solution. The period of time in which Michael did not consciously work on the problem is referred to as __________. A) remote association B) verification C) elaboration D) incubation
D
Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________. A) Edward's syndrome B) Asperger's syndrome C) Fragile X syndrome D) Down syndrome
D
The ___________ lies directly behind the _________. These two regions are "twins."
somatosensory cortex; motor cortex
Which of the following can be considered a key element of consciousness? A. Intuition B. Knowledge C. Optimism D. Attention
D. Attention
The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences.
D. amygdala
Intellectual honesty, which is the third scientific attitude, ensures that scientists A. remain skeptical of new findings. B. do not accept true data as results. C. do not represent false data as true. D. do not reject false results.
C. do not represent false data as true.
***Serena has turned nonresponsive and has an expressionless face. She stays locked in her room for days and hardly ever moves or speaks. She does not complete any tasks, and exhibits catatonic behavior. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true of Serena's condition?
***Her behavior is a means of gaining medical attention
David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to: 3 years of age. 8 years of age. 5 years of age. 12 years of age.
12 years of age
Which of the following symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can be best described as convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus? A. Hallucinations B. Insomnia C. Tremors D. Seizures
A. Hallucinations
A study was conducted by a group of researchers in Asian cities to determine the driving abilities of people of different age groups. The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. Another group of researchers conducted the same study in North American cities to determine if they could duplicate the results of the first study. In this scenario, the scientific method followed by the second group of researchers can be termed as ______. A. interpretation B. prediction C. observation D. replication
A. interpretation
Informed consent to participate in a psychological study means that the: A. participant knows his or her role in the study and understands its risks and benefits. B. researcher carefully selects and approves each participant for the study. C. institution in which the study will be conducted has approved the study. D. the consent cannot be omitted even for completely anonymous surveys.
A. participant knows his or her role in the study and understands its risks and benefits.
Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the pills that do not contain any active ingredients are said to be __________. A. placebos B. ipsatives C. nocebos D. normatives
A. placebos
To compare psychophysics and physics, if physicists study the physical properties of light and sound, psychophysicists study: A. sources of light and sound. B. human perception of light and sound. C. commercial uses of light and sound. D. effects of light and sound on the environment.
B. human perception of light and sound.
Who among the following developed the concept of mental age? A. Charles Spearman B. Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet C. Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner D. John Carroll
B. Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet
As compared to babies of healthy mothers, babies whose mothers suffered from certain infections when they were pregnant were _____________. A. more likely to develop advanced language skills B. more likely to develop schizophrenia C. less likely to develop an immune response D. less likely to engage in peer conflicts as children
B. more likely to develop schizophrenia
A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory.
B. recovered
The world's most commonly consumed psychoactive drug is: A. barbiturate. B. cocaine. C. caffeine. D. opium.
C. caffeine.
What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device? A. Decrease in frontal lobe activity B. Increase in parietal lobe activity C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity D. Increase in frontal lobe activity
C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity
Institutions conducting research should evaluate every proposed study's beneficence, which is: A. each participant's guarantee that no personal, and confidential information will be revealed. B. each person's awareness that he or she can discontinue participation at any time. C. minimizing costs for participants and maximizing benefits. D. the extent to which the participant knows his or her role in the study.
C. minimizing costs for participants and maximizing benefits.
The ______ of intelligence holds that the different aspects of intelligence are distinct enough that numerous abilities must be considered, not just one. A. two-factor theory B. expectancy theory C. multiple-factor theory D. g-factor theory
C. multiple-factor theory
According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, a botanist and a hunter in a primitive society would both have a high level of __________. A. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. linguistic intelligence C. naturalistic intelligence D. interpersonal intelligence
C. naturalistic intelligence
Hebb's law states that: A. neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses. B. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. C. neurons that fire together wire together. D. when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron, there is a temporary change in the receiving neuron.
C. neurons that fire together wire together.
In a naturalistic observation, a researcher: A. asks people directly or indirectly what they think, feel, or have done. B. observes one person, often over a long period of time. C. observes and records behavior in the real world. D. asks questions that can have completely open-ended answers.
C. observes and records behavior in the real world.
Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies? A. They can hear less sounds than their parents can. B. They can make lesser sounds than they hear in their native language. C. They tend to retain the sounds that are not used in the native language. D. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
D. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
Debriefing is the process of: A. informing participants about the costs and benefits of participation. B. protecting the privacy of participants. C. distributing the benefits and costs of a study equally among participants. D. informing and explaining the exact purposes of a study following data collection.
D. informing and explaining the exact purposes of a study following data collection.
If following Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, an employer sifting through candidates for the role of a team leader would look for someone with high levels of __________. A. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. linguistic intelligence C. naturalistic intelligence D. interpersonal intelligence
D. interpersonal intelligence
Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that: A. males and females perform at the same skill level on mental rotation tasks. B. females generally do better than males on mental rotation tasks. C. both males and females are rarely if ever skilled at mental rotation tasks. D. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
D. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies? They can hear less sounds than their parents can. They can make lesser sounds than they hear in their native language. They tend to retain the sounds that are not used in the native language. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
The "superego" takes in information, from the world around us, for use in determining strategies for obtaining those things we want.
False
The primary sense for most mammals is vision.
False
What is a difference threshold?
It is the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time.
In babies, the babbling stage usually ends at around: 2 months. 6 months. 18 months. 12 months.
12 months.
Mrs. Ross, a teacher, wanted to measure the IQ of the newly admitted students in her class. While using William Stern's method for calculating intelligence, she found out that Sarah, a ten-year-old girl, had the mental age of a 14 year old. What is Sarah's intelligence score?
140
Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about: 6 months. 18 months. 24 months. 12 months.
18 months.
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. How can Sarah ensure that the results of her study are more accurate? A. By ensuring that the sample accurately represents people of different ethnicities B. By increasing the number of men in the sample C. By increasing the number of women in the sample D. By ensuring that a higher number of Asian Americans are included in the sample
A. By ensuring that the sample accurately represents people of different ethnicities
Which of the following statements is true of dreams? A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage. B. Full-blown dreams are more common during non-REM than REM sleep. C. Dreams occur only in REM stage. D. Dreams coincide with the occurrence of sleep spindles.
A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage.
What are the levels of intelligence as propounded by John Carroll? A. General intelligence, broad intelligence and narrow intelligence B. Emotional intelligence, linguistic intelligence and creative intelligence C. Fluid intelligence, practical intelligence and creative intelligence D. Analytical intelligence, crystallized intelligence and practical intelligence
A. General intelligence, broad intelligence and narrow intelligence
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What was the control group in Dr. Adriana's study? A. The players who wore red uniforms made from the old material B. The players who wore blue uniforms made from the new material C. The players who scored less goals D. The players who could not score any goals, irrespective of the color of their uniforms
A. The players who wore red uniforms made from the old material
Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):
A. false memory.
Which of the following best describes narcolepsy? A. A sleep disorder that causes an almost irresistible urge to move one's legs or arms B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles C. A sleep disorder where the facial muscles are hyperactive D. A sleep disorder in which breathing temporarily stops during sleep due to blockage of the upper airways
B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles
Which of the following acts as a stage for the main event of the brain at a given moment in time? A. Memory B. Consciousness C. Perception D. Cognition
B. Consciousness
Which of the following terms refers to a class of marijuana-like chemicals produced by human bodies? A. Antibodies B. Endocannabinoids C. Free radicals D. Antioxidants
B. Endocannabinoids
Mia, a five-year-old, vividly dreams about visiting a fairyland and meeting a fairy godmother who gives her a rare protective amulet. What does this imply? A. Mia is in Stage 4 sleep. B. Mia is in REM sleep. C. Mia is in Stage 3 sleep. D. Mia is in non-REM sleep.
B. Mia is in REM sleep.
Which of the following can be classified as an opioid? A. Pentobarbital B. Morphine C. Chlordiazepoxide D. Diazepam
B. Morphine
Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights? A. Ecstasy B. Psilocybin C. Morphine D. LSD
B. Psilocybin
Which of the following is true about a person's performance and hippocampal activation? A. The more hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. C. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day. D. The less hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day.
B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day.
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of a flow state? A. The experience of always being depressed regardless of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity. C. The phenomenon of things eventually falling in place after a string of mishaps. D. The state of suspending non-belief in order to make something seem credible.
B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity.
While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer?
B. The treat
The greatest amount of REM sleep over the life span occurs: A. in old age. B. in the first months of life. C. in the later part of gestation. D. at the onset of adolescence.
B. in the first months of life.
Without chance mutations, which of the following would occur? A. The human species would become a superspecies. B. Our thoughts and behavior would depend entirely on our genetic makeup. C. There would be no evolution. D. Our thoughts and behavior would depend entirely on our upbringing and experiences.
C. There would be no evolution.
In terms of the nature-nurture debate, psychologists' contemporary view is that human behavior is: A. mostly a product of biology, inborn tendencies, and genetically based traits. B. mostly a product of environmental experience. C. a product of the interdependence between biology and experience. D. solely a product of ancestral influences.
C. a product of the interdependence between biology and experience.
EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal: A. protracted REM sleeping patterns. B. absence of sleep spindles. C. abnormality in sleep spindles. D. normal REM sleeping patterns.
C. abnormality in sleep spindles.
"ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. A. antonym B. alliteration C. acronym D. synonym
C. acronym
For some people, LSD use can lead to panic and negative experiences known as: A. euphoria. B. spiritual experiences. C. bad trips. D. bulimia nervosa.
C. bad trips.
Dr. Hennessy believes that psychologists should analyze only human conduct that can be observed, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. He is most likely a strict _____________. A. humanistic psychologist B. functionalist C. behaviorist D. social psychologist
C. behaviorist
Of the following, ____________ is the first processing stage in long-term memory. A. storage B. retrieval C. encoding D. consolidation
C. encoding
According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ is a temporary store for information that will become long-term memories of specific events. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. episodic buffer D. visuospatial sketch pad
C. episodic buffer
Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in:
C. episodic buffer.
Memory consolidation takes place in the: A. amygdala. B. prefrontal cortex. C. hippocampus. D. pons.
C. hippocampus.
The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. According to these connections, the ______________ housed ideas and intelligence. A. heart B. liver C. spleen D. kidneys
C. spleen
Which of the following types of scientific studies helps in avoiding the possibility that participants will behave in a biased way? A. Case-control studies B. Case studies C. Descriptive studies D. Single-blind studies
D. Single-blind studies
Which of the following is associated with crystallized intelligence rather than with fluid intelligence? A. Speed of learning B. Abstract reasoning C. Pattern recognition D. Size of vocabulary
D. Size of vocabulary
Early humans, as hunter-gatherers, did not know when they would find food. If they found fat, they ate it, because fat could be stored in the body and used later when food might be scarce. For this reason, humans evolved to like fat. Human cravings have not changed much, even though our environments have. So our preference for fatty foods can be attributed to _____________. A. softwiring B. differential selection C. collective efficacy D. adaptation
D. adaptation
The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences. A. thalamus B. fornix C. hippocampus D. amygdala
D. amygdala
According to Binet's mental-age scale, a mentally challenged girl's mental age would be __________. A. equal to her intelligence quotient B. higher than her intelligence score C. inversely proportional to her intelligence ratio D. below her chronological age
D. below her chronological age
Practitioners of pseudoscience: A. conduct carefully planned scientific studies. B. back up their claims with sound, experimental research data. C. allow their findings to be rigorously scrutinized. D. do not challenge or question their own assumptions.
D. do not challenge or question their own assumptions.
Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?
Hallucination
What happens to the crystallized intelligence as one goes from young adulthood to middle adulthood?
It improves.
If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean?
It can be freely changed
According to the theory of linguistic relativism, which of the following is true? Learning of a language is often relative to a child's age and gender. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world. Language is the same as thought since thoughts are expressed in language. Language influences rather than determines our thinking.
Language influences rather than determines our thinking.
Temperament is the biologically based tendency to behave in a certain way.
True
A bird has two legs, two eyes, and feathers, and it uses its wings to fly in the sky. The organizing of this information about birds is known as a(n):
concept
A bird has two legs, two eyes, and feathers, and it uses its wings to fly in the sky. The organizing of this information about birds is known as a(n): abstract. schema. heuristic. concept.
concept
Talking while driving:
increases activity in areas associated with language processing.
In the context of drug therapies, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treat depression by:
increasing the availability of serotonin in the brain.
Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate? A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation. B. It is possible for us to be aware of all material at all times. C. All of us can do more than one thing at a time without compromising our performance on either task. D. Consciousness causes us to react to all stimuli.
A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.
Which of the following is a powerful stimulant that is more difficult to quit and also reduces blood supply to skin tissue? A. Nicotine B. Caffeine C. Endorphin D. Heroin
A. Nicotine
Which of the following best describes sustained attention? A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea B. The ability to direct one's sense organs to form a complete perspective C. The ability to respond simultaneously to multiple task demands D. The neural process that enhances one's involuntary reflexes
A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea
Which area in the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain? A. The cortical area B. The autonomous nervous system C. The axons D. The hypothalamus
A. The cortical area
______________ conducted some of the earliest research in perception and laid the groundwork for what later became known as psychophysics. A. William James B. Johns Hopkins C. Rosalie Raynor D. Ernst Weber
D. Ernst Weber
______________ psychology is a blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice. A. Social B. Forensic C. Developmental D. Cognitive
B. Forensic
Which of the following facts is true about the interconnectedness of nature and nurture in intelligence? A) Fraternal twins reared apart are more similar in their levels of intelligence than identical twins reared together. B) The more genetically related people are, the more similar they are in IQ, even if reared apart. C) Compared to adopted children, orphans tend to have higher IQs. D) Adopted children's overall intelligence is less similar to that of their biological parents than to that of their adoptive parents.
B
Alisha is employed as an air traffic controller. Which of the following abilities would be vital for Alisha? A. The ability to individually respond to specific auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity C. The capacity to maintain quick and enhanced behavioral responses to involuntary stimuli D. The capacity for mental flexibility that allows her to shift the focus of attention and move between tasks which have different cognitive requirements
B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity
Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something? A. When neurons from one region of the brain work together B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together C. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work independently D. When neurons from one region of the brain work independently
B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together
Salim likes to have coffee. He has begun to consume several cups of coffee even when he has nothing much to keep himself busy. He says that coffee keeps his spirits up by alleviating boredom. This indicates that Salim A. has kept himself away from an overdependence on coffee. B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee. C. has developed a physical dependence on coffee. D. is experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee.
To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario? A. The method of loci B. A mnemonic device C. Chunking D. Rhyming
B. A mnemonic device
Which of the following refers to test fairness? A. Ensuring that tests really measure intelligence and not something else B. Applying test results in an impartial way C. Ensuring that tests have a high internal reliability D. Ascertaining that test scores predict real-world outcomes
B. Applying test results in an impartial way
Samantha sees a sign on a club's marquee that says "CLUB _ EN FRO_ 8PM TO 4AM." Although some letters are missing from the sign, she knows it is listing the hours when the club is open. Samantha's perception would be of greatest interest to ______________ psychologists. A. positive B. Gestalt C. industrial/organizational D. social
B. Gestalt
Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because: A. most people can transfer seven digits into long-term memory instantly, bypassing short-term memory. B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits. C. sensory memory for numbers is very expansive and can handle such large quantities of digits. D. when polled, early phone customers requested this many digits in their phone numbers.
B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits.
Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing:
B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing: A. divided attention. B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. C. proactive interference. D. repression.
B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Tatiana is in an unresponsive condition though she can open her eyes. This suggests that she is in a(n) ________ state. A. comatose B. vegetative C. drowsy D. unconscious
B. vegetative
The _____ cortex is located in the occipital lobes. A. auditory B. visual C. somatosensory D. olfactory
B. visual
What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do? A. Shift their focus of attention and move between tasks that have different cognitive requirements B. Respond discretely to specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time D. Respond to multiple task demands simultaneously
C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time
Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS? A. Dextroamphetamine B. Oxycodone C. Marijuana D. Ecstasy
C. Marijuana
Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific evidence for selective attention? A. The Stroop test B. The right-left orientation test C. The dichotic listening test D. The trail marking test
C. The dichotic listening test
Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?
C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.
Psychology can be considered as a modern empirical science because: A. psychology originates from medicine. B. psychology is based on the laws of nature. C. psychologists test predictions about behavior with systematic observations and by gathering data. D. psychologists believe that human beings create knowledge from reflection and thinking.
C. psychologists test predictions about behavior with systematic observations and by gathering data.
Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n):
C. recovered memory.
What did Takeuchi and colleagues find in their research that sought to measure creativity and neural connectivity? A) They found a direct and positive relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the parietal lobe. B) They found an indirect and negative relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the frontal lobe. C) They found an indirect and negative relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the parietal lobe. D) They found a direct and positive relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the frontal lobe.
D
What did researchers find when association tests were administered to either the right or left visual fields of participants? A) Information presented to the left visual field is processed in the left hemisphere of the brain. B) When the problem was presented in the right visual field and processed in the right hemisphere, insight into the problems occurred frequently. C) Information presented to the left visual field could never be processed in the right hemisphere of the brain. D) When the problem was presented in the left visual field and processed in the right hemisphere, insight into the problems occurred frequently.
D
Which of the following lends support to Gardner's multifaceted view of intelligence? A) Students demonstrate better comprehension when they learn in the same way as everyone else. B) Students demonstrating ability in one area tend to do well in other aspects of intelligence. C) The intelligence of students can be accurately measured as a single, general ability. D) Students who demonstrate ability in some areas do poorly on traditional intelligence tests.
D
What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Stayer? A. 52% of the population can switch from tasks without any performance decrements. B. 67% of the cell phone users keep their cell phones next to their beds. C. 4.4% of the population checks their phones even when they are not ringing. D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements.
D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements.
What does the AIM stand for? A. Activation, intensity, and mechanism B. Ambiguity, intensity, and movement C. Alertness, integration, and mechanism D. Activation, input, and mode
D. Activation, input, and mode
Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of? A. Audience's sustained attention B. Audience's divided attention C. Audience's short attention span D. Audience's focused attention
D. Audience's focused attention
_______________ is the number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data. A. Variance B. Standard deviation C. Percentile D. Frequency
D. Frequency
Which of the following makes human language unique?
It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.
Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep?
It consolidates memory.
Identify a true statement about visual representation. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived. It is found that the brain is less active during visual imagery than it is during visual perception. It usually occurs only through verbal formulation of thoughts. It refers to the ability of classifying one's thoughts and perceptions into concepts and categories.
It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.
According to Freud's provinces of the human mind, which of the following is true about the id?
It is the part of our personality that we do not yet own; it owns or controls us.
Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?
Modeling
Which of the following is necessary to practice unconditional positive regard toward an individual who is unsatisfactory?
The ability to separate person from behavior
Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second? Humans speak because they want to convey an idea or a feeling and not because they have been reinforced to do so. There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages. There are many learning processes involved in the actual process of language learning. All human beings learn languages through the process of reinforcement and shaping.
There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.
In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific.
concept hierarchy
In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific. inductive reasoning concept hierarchy mental rotation complex distribution
concept hierarchy
n the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific. inductive reasoning concept hierarchy mental rotation complex distribution
concept hierarchy
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):
depressant.
Audrey is a savant who does not have a corpus callosum. Which of the following holds true for Audrey? A) The processing of information in the brain's hemispheres is incomplete. B) The processing of information in the brain's hemispheres is immediate. C) The central nervous system degenerates completely over a period of time. D) There are excess ganglia in both the hemispheres of the brain.
A
Based on his parents' IQs, Timmy's reaction range for IQ should be from 115 to 140. When he took an IQ test, his score indicated an IQ of 138. What does this most indicate? A) Timmy is likely to have been raised in an enriched environment. B) Timmy's IQ is exclusively determined by his genes. C) Timmy is likely to have been raised in an impoverished environment. D) Timmy's IQ is determined more by his own ability to understand information
A
If an awake and alert person undergoes a brain wave test, what will it reveal? A. Beta waves B. Alpha waves C. Theta waves D. Delta waves
A. Beta waves
Which of the following, in all probability, creates a consolidation of discrete experiences that evokes a holistic experience of something? A. The synchrony of cell assemblies B. Metaplasticity C. Tetanic stimulation D. Long-term potentiation
A. The synchrony of cell assemblies
What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal? A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning B. Highly hypnotizable people had more activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning C. Less hypnotizable people were able to suppress the Stroop effect D. Both the highly hypnotizable and less hypnotizable people could remain resistant and show the same activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen?
Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Of the many principles of brain plasticity that have emerged since the 1990s, which of the following is true?
Almost every major structure of the neuron is capable of experience-based change.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) originates from a(n) _____ perspective of psychological illness.
American
Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance? A. Hallucinations B. Addiction C. Stroop effect D. Hypnosis
B. Addiction
Which of the following is also known as the love drug? A. Opium B. Ecstasy C. Cocaine D. LSD
B. Ecstasy
What does the term preconscious refer to? A. Intentionally repressed material that takes the form of unconscious B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness C. Repressed unconscious material that cannot be consciously recollected D. Preexisting material immediately realizable to awareness
B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness
To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario?
B. A mnemonic device
Which of the following is true about behavioral measures? A. Behavioral measures are more susceptible to social desirability bias than are self-report measures. B. Behavioral measures provide more objective measurements because they come from a trained outside observer. C. Behavioral measures do not allow people to modify their behavior even if they know they are being observed. D. Behavioral measures are not very time-intensive as collecting behavioral data does not take a long time.
B. Behavioral measures provide more objective measurements because they come from a trained outside observer.
Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n): A. false memory. B. autobiographical memory. C. recovered memory. D. repressed memory.
C. recovered memory.
Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will: A. experience a shift from one personality to another when under extreme stress. B. alternate between feelings of extreme hopelessness and extreme elation. C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over. D. experience neurological symptoms such as blindness and paralysis with no organic cause.
C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over.
The inability to remember the name of a person only minutes after meeting her, even if he repeats her name immediately after hearing it, is a common __________ problem. A. structural B. morphological C. retrieval D. positioning
C. retrieval
Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of: A. retrograde amnesia. B. proactive interference. C. retroactive interference. D. anterograde amnesia.
C. retroactive interference
Psychology is most accurately defined as the _____________. A. study of people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts B. study of people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals C. scientific study of thought and behavior D. scientific study of human culture and origins
C. scientific study of thought and behavior
The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others is termed as: A. sustained attention. B. focused attention. C. selective attention. D. Stroop effect.
C. selective attention.
While studying ______________ processing, researchers ask questions such as "Is the word in capital letters?" A. phonemic B. effortful C. structural D. semantic
C. structural
Which of the following represents the most basic unit of knowledge? Concept Abstract Schema Experience
Concept
_________________ occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms.
Conformity
Which of the following is the most recently evolved personality trait that involves impulse control and therefore requires highly developed brain regions capable of controlling impulses?
Conscientiousness
Psychoanalysis assumes that the unconscious blocking, or repression, of disturbing thoughts and impulses—especially ______________ impulses—is at the heart of all maladaptive adult behavior. A. depressive and unethical B. aggressive and unethical C. illogical and depressive D. sexual and aggressive
D. sexual and aggressive
Which of the following is true about event-related potential (ERP)?
ERPs provide excellent temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution.
____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior.
Ethology
A personality questionnaire consists of individual items to be answered using multiple choice.
False
Unlike other animals, humans have evolved fear mechanisms as a way to identify situations as being either safe or dangerous. (T or F)
False
________ in the visual cortex analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements.
Feature detectors
Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood?
Having a child
_____________ is a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean. A. Normal distribution B. Standard deviation C. Frequency D. Accuracy
B. Standard deviation
In which of the following approaches to psychology was introspection the primary research method used to understand thoughts and behavior? A. Psychophysics B. Structuralism C. Empiricism D. Behaviorism
B. Structuralism
_____ occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source. A. Implanting B. Suggestibility C. Absent-mindedness D. Anterograde amnesia
B. Suggestibility
Which of the following senses lack their own processing regions? A. Sound B. Taste C. Vision D. Touch
B. Taste
Which of the following refers to practical intelligence? A. The ability to compare and contrast information B. The ability to solve problems of everyday life C. The ability to come up with fresh and innovative ideas D. The ability to evaluate the worth of information
B. The ability to solve problems of everyday life
When does an individual attain a flow state? A. When he/she is barely awake or aware but shows some deliberate movements. B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks. C. When he/she is barely able to maintain focused awareness on a target. D. When he/she recollects material that is potentially accessible but not currently available to awareness.
B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks.
In a test, a student is asked to contrast two theories and select the best one. The student is being tested for __________. A. practical intelligence B. analytical intelligence C. creative intelligence D. fluid intelligence
B. analytical intelligence
Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they: A. facilitate in reconstructing the hippocampus. B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. C. thicken the cortex of the frontal lobes. D. prevent deterioration of the temporal lobes.
B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
A(n) _____________ can be defined as a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time. A. naturalistic observation B. case study C. interview D. survey
B. case study
The following is an excerpt from an in-depth paper Dr. Smith, a therapist, wrote about her client: "Irene experienced the loss of her parents at an early age. She is now 36, divorced, and has two children. Irene has difficulty maintaining steady employment. Eight months ago, she was diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Irene is responding well to an experimental antidepressant and to cognitive behavioral therapy. She has a hopeful prognosis." This research method can be best termed as a(n) ___________. A. interview B. case study C. naturalistic observation D. survey
B. case study
In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer
B. central executive
The ______________ therapy focuses on changing a person's maladaptive thought and behavior patterns by discussing and rewarding more appropriate ways of thinking and behaving. A. sublimation B. cognitive-behavioral C. thought stimulation D. reaction formation
B. cognitive-behavioral
An additional variable whose influence cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined is termed as a(n) _________. A. dependent variable B. confounding variable C. average variable D. quantitative variable
B. confounding variable
Anna is conducting research to find out if people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook are more or less outgoing than those who do not. Anna is most likely a ______________ psychologist. A. health B. personality C. social D. clinical
B. personality
In a(n) ___________, responses are limited to the choices given. A. case study B. questionnaire C. interview D. experimental study
B. questionnaire
A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory. A. false B. recovered C. blocked D. repressed
B. recovered
A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior.
B. reinforcer
It is vital to safeguard the dignity and autonomy of individuals and take extra precautions when dealing with study participants, such as children, who are less likely to understand their participation is voluntary. This guideline of psychological research is known as ____________. A. beneficence B. respect for persons C. informed consent D. justice
B. respect for persons
Reading, talking, and listening to someone speak involves the: A. sensory memory. B. short-term memory. C. long-term memory. D. echoic memory.
B. short-term memory.
Meditation: A. can disrupt concentration. B. stabilizes attention. C. makes the mind hyper. D. cannot bring one's attention back to something.
B. stabilizes attention.
The most common way to represent variability in data is to calculate the ____________. A. mean B. standard deviation C. median D. mode
B. standard deviation
According to Bem & Horonton (1994) and Rosenthal (1986), there has been some scientifically sound evidence for ______, which is normally regarded as a pseudoscience. A. astrology B. telepathy C. intelligent design D. creation science
B. telepathy
In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates:
B. the addition of a stimulus.
Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence is known as __________. A. the Downing effect B. the g-factor theory C. the primary ability theory D. the multi-factor theory
B. the g-factor theory
Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness? A. Awareness B. Wakefulness C. Meditation D. Hypnosis
C. Meditation
Which of the following holds true when a person is fully awake? A. The person is in a fully conscious state at all times. B. The person cannot be in a minimally conscious state for prolonged periods of time. C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness. D. The person cannot experience states of moderate consciousnesses.
C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness.
______________ psychology is the branch of psychology that aims to uncover the adaptive problems the human mind may have solved in the distant past and the effect of evolution on behavior today. A. Clinical B. Cognitive C. Evolutionary D. Developmental
C. Evolutionary
Which of the following holds true for a minimally conscious person? A. Inability to exhibit intentional thought B. Inability to track a person with eyes C. Inability to communicate D. Ability to show voluntary behavior
C. Inability to communicate
Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in: A. implicit memory. B. procedural memory. C. episodic buffer. D. automatic processing.
C. episodic buffer.
Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited: A. olfactory deficits. B. an inability to remember their offspring. C. excellent memories. D. aggression toward unfamiliar flies.
C. excellent memories.
A(n) ___________ is characterized by the experimental manipulation of a predicted cause. A. hypothesis B. assignment C. experiment D. theory
C. experiment
Common sense, rather than the scientific method, is used by: A. research psychologists. B. clinical psychologists. C. folk psychologists. D. social psychologists.
C. folk psychologists.
When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into: A. semantic memory. B. explicit memory. C. implicit memory. D. episodic memory.
C. implicit memory.
A(n) ____________ variable is the condition that the researcher predicts will cause a particular outcome. A. outcome B. quantitative C. independent D. confounding
C. independent
What was an important aspect of intelligence that aided in solving a problem at hand that was not considered in intelligence tests before 1985? A. Abstract reasoning B. Linguistic ability C. kinesthetics D. Working memory
D. Working memory
Demir is paying careful attention to his class notes and textbook, trying to master the material for an upcoming exam. Demir is engaging in: A. consolidation. B. automatic processing. C. retrieval. D. effortful processing.
D. effortful processing.
How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective: A. retrieval. B. recognition. C. storage. D. encoding.
D. encoding.
If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row. A. two B. three C. four D. five
D. five
With respect to biological species, evolution is based on _____________. A. the tabula rasa concept B. the product of our experiences C. proper parenting skills D. frequency of occurrence of specific genes
D. frequency of occurrence of specific genes
Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals? Optimal decision theory Choice modeling theory Causal decision theory Rational choice theory
Rational choice theory
Which of the following is true about repression as a psychological defense mechanism?
Repression underlies all the other defense mechanisms.
Which of the following major psychological disorders is characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions, odd communication, inappropriate emotion, and other unusual behaviors?
Schizophrenia
Which of the following is true about people who attain self-actualization?
Self-actualizing people often experience moments of profound personal importance or personal meaning that shape the rest of their lives.
________________ means that biological systems involved in thought and behavior—genes, brain structures, brains cells, and so on—are inherited but open to modification from the environment.
Softwiring
Alpha waves are dominant when we are drowsy. True False
T
Beta waves are dominant during wakeful periods. True False
T
Depressants slow down central nervous system activity. True False
T
In a dichotic listening task, a different message is directed to each ear at the same time. True False
T
Melatonin is a hormone that makes us sleepy. True False
T
Moderate alcohol use can be beneficial for the cardiovascular system. True False
T
REM stands for Rapid Eye Movements. True False
T
The Cognitive theory of dreams, suggests that dreams are similar to our everyday thinking experience. True False
T
The Cognitive-Biological theory of dreams combines the Cognitive theory and the AIM theory. True False
T
The degree to which a person can monitor information from the environment and one's own thoughts is "awareness." True False
T
Wakefulness is the degree to which a person is awake or asleep. True False
T
When we sleep and dream, we are considered to be "moderately conscious." True False
T
According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to naturalistic intelligence?
The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment
______________ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness. The representativeness heuristic Anchoring and adjustment Integrative thinking The availability heuristic
The availability heuristic
Which of the following is true in the context of Chomsky's views on language development?
The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar.
Linguistic Relativism suggests that language "influences" our thinking, it does not "determine" our thinking. True False
True
The "blind spot" is located where the optic nerve exits the eyeball.
True
Which of the following statements regarding vision is true?
Visual experience happens in the brain, with input from the eye.
What did Einstein engage in when he imagined himself traveling at the speed of light in an elevator? Verbal formulation Visual imagery Visual perception Verbal representation
Visual imagery
Which of the following is a component of the newest version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence tests?
Visual-spatial processing
When do people respond easily to hypnosis?
When they are relaxed.
According to Jung, individuation is the process by which:
a person's personality becomes whole and full.
Susan has a low behavioral threshold for feeling shy. On the basis of this statement, which of the following is most likely true about Susan?
It does not take much to make Susan feel shy.
Stress occurs when:
a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of that situation.
With regard to personality dimensions, ____________ can be defined as anything done by an employee that is intentionally negative for his or her organization.
counterproductive work behaviors
Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence.
crystallized
Sigmund and Anna Freud described psychological ____________ as strategies that the mind develops to protect itself from anxiety-provoking desires, thoughts, and memories.
defense mechanisms
The main idea behind Hans Eysenck's model of personality is that:
differences in individuals' genome create a different level of arousal and sensitivity to stimulation.
_____ disorder is a major psychological disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or change of identity.
dissociative
As a child, Ethan was sexually and physically abused by his neighbor for almost three years. While growing up, a split began to develop in his memory and consciousness. Ethan is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.
dissociative disorder
Zoey has two distinct personalities. At times she says that her name is Michael and behaves in an arrogant manner. When her therapist asked her about her experiences in life at any particular moment, Zoey is unable to remember anything. When alone, Zoey tends to behave in ways that are self-destructive. Zoey's condition provides a clue that she most likely has:
dissociative identity disorder.
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable.
easy
Among the three provinces of the human mind derived by Freud that control and regulate impulses, the ____________ is the only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world.
ego
According to the g-factor theory of intelligence, people who achieve high scores on the verbal section of an intelligence test are likely to have:
high scores in the spatial, perceptual, and quantitative sections.
During the process of reuptake, excess neurotransmitter _________.
is disengaged from the receptor and floats away NO is returned to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use
The neuron, like all cells in the body, is surrounded by a(n) ___________.
membrane
According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the superego operates on the ______.
moralistic principle
Iris suffers from Asperger's syndrome and is extremely gifted in mathematics. This phenomenon is known as _____ syndrome.
savant
David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to:
12 years of age
Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about: 6 months. 18 months. 24 months. 12 months.
18 months
____________ is the point at which one moves from not having a particular response to having one.
A behavioral threshold
Which of the following statements is true for tests?
A biased test may be used fairly
Which of the following is true about effortful processing? A. It is the basis of semantic memory. B. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. C. Experiences stored with the help of effortful processing are less likely to be recalled later. D. Episodic memory involves effortful processing.
A. It is the basis of semantic memory.
Which of the following is an advantage of a double-blind study? A. It prevents experimenter expectancy effects. B. It ensures that participants know the experimental condition to which they have been assigned. C. It prevents confounding variables from influencing an experiment. D. It ensures that any differences between participants are not affected by the independent variable.
A. It prevents experimenter expectancy effects.
_________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world.
A. Schemas
For which of the following reasons is ancient Greece significant in the history of psychology? A. The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece. B. Wilhelm Wundt, one of the first known psychologists, established his laboratory in ancient Greece. C. The first doctorate in psychology was awarded in ancient Greece. D. The ancient Greeks compiled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).
A. The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece.
Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness? A. When the various sensory elements get integrated. B. When the mind is awake but not very aware. C. When different sensory elements work one at a time. D. When the mind withholds information needed to do complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension, and learning.
A. When the various sensory elements get integrated.
Wilhelm Wundt is credited with: A. giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology. B. identifying the effects of childhood experiences on the development of our adult personality. C. evaluating the effects of social forces on one's behavior. D. developing the discipline of psychophysics.
A. giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology.
A subset of a population is called a ___________. A. sample B. variable C. size D. set
A. sample
____________ are networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped. A. Feature detectors B. Cell assemblies C. Olfactory neurons D. Glial cells
B. Cell assemblies
______________ founded the American Psychological Association (APA). A. Carl Jung B. G. Stanley Hall C. Gustav Fechner D. Wilhelm Wundt
B. G. Stanley Hall
Which of the following is NOT a component of the newest versions of WAIS and WISC? A. Processing speed B. Kinesthetics C. Perceptual reasoning D. Verbal comprehension
B. Kinesthetics
Which of the following is an example of an adaptive behavior? A. Learning advanced calculus B. Learning to brush your teeth C. Learning a new language D. Learning to knit
B. Learning to brush your teeth
Which of the following is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy? A. Chang says, "I am going to buy my mother a sweater for her birthday" but ends up buying her a scarf. B. Margaret says, "I am going to hate this party!" and then has a bad time at the party because she refuses to interact with anyone. C. Sharon says, "I want you to buy the diamond ring right away," and her husband buys it. D. Dominique says, "I am going to make the best pie anyone has ever eaten!" and ends up making a bad pie.
B. Margaret says, "I am going to hate this party!" and then has a bad time at the party because she refuses to interact with anyone.
Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the group that receives the pills that do not contain the active ingredients is called the _________. A. treatment group B. control group C. social group D. experimental group
B. control group
According to the nurture-only view, we are all essentially the same at birth and we are the product of our: A. inherited traits. B. experiences. C. genetic makeup. D. innate biology.
B. experiences.
If a pregnant lady drinks excessively, her child runs the risk of having ______. A. down syndrome B. fetal alcohol syndrome C. fragile X syndrome D. Asperger's syndrome
B. fetal alcohol syndrome
Raven's Progressive Test is a commonly used measure for ______. A. verbal intelligence B. fluid intelligence C. numerical ability D. crystallized intelligence
B. fluid intelligence
John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John's brain would reveal that he has a damaged: A. parietal lobe. B. frontal lobe. C. occipital lobe. D. temporal lobe.
B. frontal lobe.
Jim, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the mind works. He focused on his own experience of pain in an effort to understand how and why people feel pain. Jim was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst
B. functionalist.
An advantage of naturalistic observation is that it: A. allows researchers to learn from the lives of historically important people. B. gives researchers a look at real behavior in the real world. C. makes it easier for researchers to manage large numbers of participants. D. allows researchers to ask people directly or indirectly what they think or feel.
B. gives researchers a look at real behavior in the real world.
Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank. He is subsequently asked to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is most likely examining his ______________ memory. A. tactile B. iconic C. echoic D. olfactory
B. iconic
The ___________ variable in an experiment is an attribute that is manipulated by an experimenter under controlled conditions. A. quantitative B. independent C. confounding D. outcome
B. independent
Both ____________ and ____________ involve specific questions, usually asked in precisely the same way to each respondent. A. case studies; interviews B. interviews; surveys C. double-blind studies; case studies D. surveys; double-blind studies
B. interviews; surveys
According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis.
B. linguistic determinism
In psychology, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities is referred to as: A. nature through nurture. B. mind-body dualism. C. cogito ergo sum. D. separatist theory.
B. mind-body dualism.
In Carroll's classification, sequential reasoning for fluid intelligence, reading and spelling are a part of __________. A. emotional intelligence B. narrow intelligence C. abstract intelligence D. kinesthetic intelligence
B. narrow intelligence
Each concept or association in a network is referred to as a: A. schema. B. node. C. rod. D. cone.
B. node.
Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning.
B. operant conditioning
In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal? A. Those who had meditated the shortest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. B. Those who had meditated the longest showed the least cortical thickness in certain areas. C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. D. Those who had meditated the longest showed decreased brain tissue in areas relevant to attention and emotion processing.
C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas.
Which of the following best describes a cultural test bias? A. Group differences in IQ tests are caused because different IQ tests are administered to different cultural groups. B. People use IQ test results unfairly to deny certain groups access to universities or jobs. C. Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments. D. A particular test predicts outcomes equally well for different cultural groups.
C. Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments.
Which of the following theorists theorized that intelligence consists of eight distinct capacities? A. Alfred Binet B. Robert Sternberg C. Howard Gardner D. Ivan Pavlov
C. Howard Gardner
Why does linguist Noam Chomsky argue for an inbuilt device for language acquisition? A. Human beings learn languages with great difficulty and over long periods of time. B. Different languages develop in children in different ways and at different ages. C. Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences. D. It is unlikely that a child can learn equally easily any language as his or her native language.
C. Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences.
What is the definition of successful intelligence, as propounded by Robert Sternberg? A. It includes attitudes that support persistence, systemization, and imagination, self-monitoring and self-management. B. Intelligence is a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems C. Intelligence is an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success. D. Intelligence is a single general factor made up of specific components.
C. Intelligence is an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success.
Which of the following is true for the mental age of a person? A. It is based on the average intelligence of people of all ages. B. It is based on how the average person performs on a given task. C. It is based on what most people at a particular age level can do. D. It is the average of the IQs of all people of a particular age.
C. It is based on what most people at a particular age level can do.
Which of the following is true of the differences between science and pseudoscience? A. Science uses statistics to express research data, whereas pseudoscience does not. B. The content area studied in science is narrow, whereas it is very vast in pseudoscience. C. Science encourages open skepticism of its findings, whereas pseudoscience does not. D. Science makes no real advances in knowledge, whereas pseudoscience does.
C. Science encourages open skepticism of its findings, whereas pseudoscience does not.
During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer? A. Episodic memory B. Procedural memory C. Semantic memory D. Sensory memory
C. Semantic memory
The intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman is known as the __________. A. SAT-Quantitative test B. Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children C. Stanford-Binet test D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales
C. Stanford-Binet test
____________, the retention of memory over time, is the third stage of long-term memory formation. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval
C. Storage
Which of the following is true of mental representations? A. They are less useful for thinking about things one sensed in the past. B. They usually do not allow one to imagine things in the future. C. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing. D. They are not useful for thinking about abstract ideas that have no physical existence.
C. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.
The organizational side of industrial/organizational psychology: A. involves matching employees to their job and uses psychological methods to select and evaluate employees. B. focuses on the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and ways to promote psychological health. C. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. D. considers what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.
C. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.
Ed, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the environment impacts tendencies to act. He believed that focusing on the mind through introspection was not scientific. Ed was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst.
C. behaviorist.
Repression is an example of: A. interference. B. absent-mindedness. C. blocking. D. suggestibility.
C. blocking.
Steve is conducting a research on how cell phones and other electronic methods of communication have changed the way teenagers interact with others. This information indicates that Steve is a(n) ______________ psychologist. A. educational B. clinical C. developmental D. evolutionary
C. developmental
A graph of frequency scores is known as a _____________. A. continuation B. tabulation C. distribution D. correlation
C. distribution
A study was conducted in various cities around the world to determine the driving abilities of people of different age groups. The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. The results of this study can be regarded as a ______. A. hypothesis B. theory C. doctrine D. tenet
C. doctrine
The major limitation of the correlational approach is that it: A. is not useful when the experimenter cannot manipulate or control the variables. B. increases the probability of social desirability bias. C. does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other or vice versa. D. fails to accurately record the thoughts and feelings of people.
C. does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other or vice versa.
Nathan is a budding lawyer experiencing troubled sleep. Let alone the occasional disturbed sleep, he takes not less than two hours to fall asleep. Even though he has been getting sleep at times since the last three weeks, he complains of not feeling rested after a night's sleep. Nathan's symptoms suggest that he suffers from: A. Kleine-Levin Syndrome. B. hypersomnia. C. insomnia. D. somniphobia.
C. insomnia.
In the fourth step of the scientific method, scientists use mathematical techniques to ______ the results and determine whether they are significant and whether they closely fit the prediction. A. communicate B. replicate C. interpret D. observe
C. interpret
Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________.
C. mimicry
Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the:
C. phonological loop.
Which of the following is used in anesthesia to pacify people during certain medical procedures? A. Vasodilators B. Benzodiazepines C. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D. Barbiturates
D. Barbiturates
How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration? A. By decreasing the activity of the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain B. By producing a long but mild sense of euphoria C. By increasing the higher social regulatory functions of the cerebral cortex D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses
D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses
Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation? A. A biological psychologist manipulates the caffeine dosages administered to rats and records the running distances of the rats. B. A cognitive psychologist who is interested in problem solving asks groups of twenty-year-olds, forty-year-olds, and sixty-year-olds to solve a word puzzle. C. A clinical psychologist carefully considers his client's responses to questions about her childhood. D. A developmental psychologist watches, from behind a hidden window, the play patterns of four-year-olds.
D. A developmental psychologist watches, from behind a hidden window, the play patterns of four-year-olds.
Which of the following is true about implicit memory? A. It is the memory for the experiences one has had. B. It refers to memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared. C. It is the conscious recalling of facts and events. D. It cannot be directly recalled.
D. It cannot be directly recalled.
Which of the following tasks is most likely to be performed by a forensic psychologist? A. Applying principles of psychology to the selection and training of employees B. Evaluating the effectiveness of a particular teaching technique C. Providing career counseling to students of criminal justice D. Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime
D. Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime
Which of the following is most closely related to the concept of emotional intelligence? A. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. Fluid intelligence C. Naturalistic intelligence D. Interpersonal intelligence
D. Interpersonal intelligence
_____________ are a widely-used technique for gaining information about peoples' thoughts and behaviors. A. Correlational designs B. Naturalistic observations C. Case studies D. Interviews
D. Interviews
In correlational designs, the basic question is: A. What is X an example of? B. What is variable X? C. How does X result in Y? D. Is X related to Y?
D. Is X related to Y?
How can concentration meditation help an individual? A. It can lead to an increase in impulsive responding. B. It can lead to an increase in constant attention shifts. C. It can lead to an increase in divided attention. D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention.
D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention.
Which of the following concepts allows for the idea that a soul survives bodily death? A. Nature versus nurture B. Natural selection C. Evolutionary theory D. Mind-body dualism
D. Mind-body dualism
What was the findings of the experiment that yielded scientific evidence for selective attention? A. Recall was equally bad for both ears. B. Recall was worse for the attended ear. C. Recall was equally good for both ears. D. Recall was better for the attended ear.
D. Recall was better for the attended ear.
________________ can be defined as mental frameworks that develop from one's experiences with particular objects or events. A. Networks B. Data designs C. Hierarchies D. Schemas
D. Schemas
How can the term measures be best defined in the context of psychological research? A. They are the steps taken to ensure that a study provides unbiased results. B. They are the steps taken to ensure that experimenters do not control the outcome of a study. C. They are the tools and techniques used to modify the results of a study. D. They are the tools and techniques used to assess thought or behavior.
D. They are the tools and techniques used to assess thought or behavior.
When can scientists help ensure accurate and honest presentation of results? A. When they protect their methods of inquiry from others B. When they announce their findings immediately after a study C. When they ignore the data that are contrary to their theory D. When they allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists
D. When they allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists
Helen Mayberg stumbled on a surprising and counterintuitive discovery; she found that: A. schizophrenia is a result of imbalance of neurotransmitters. B. some unknown substance in childhood vaccines causes autism. C. psychological disorders are mood disorders. D. a particular part of brain is overactive in depressed people.
D. a particular part of brain is overactive in depressed people.
Charles Spearman's theory of human intelligence viewed intelligence as __________. A. a collection of multiple unrelated capacities B. fixed by hereditary and unchangeable C. impossible to measure using standardized tests D. a single general factor made up of specific components
D. a single general factor made up of specific components
Most language theorists agree upon the perspective that: A. social interaction, environmental input, and stimulation are of utmost importance in a child's language development. B. languages are learnt as a result of shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement. C. the most significant factors influencing language acquisition are one's brain structures and genetic factors. D. acquiring language involves natural abilities that are modified by the language learner's environment.
D. acquiring language involves natural abilities that are modified by the language learner's environment.
Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing.
D. automatic
Trephination involves: A. recruiting large numbers of individuals to participate in clinical trials of controversial pharmaceuticals. B. associating a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to create a desired response. C. studying large groups of individuals from various cultures to determine similarities and differences across these cultures. D. drilling a small hole in someone's skull for medical reasons or to release demons thought to possess the person.
D. drilling a small hole in someone's skull for medical reasons or to release demons thought to possess the person.
Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information. A. iconic B. semantic C. implicit D. echoic
D. echoic
Ryan, aged 18, has an IQ of 65. This suggests that he has a ___________ level of intellectual disability. A. profound B. moderate C. severe D. mild
D. mild
According to Carl Sagan, ____________ is the second attitude of science. A. questioning authority B. intellectual honesty C. practical thinking D. open skepticism
D. open skepticism
According to the author, the first attitude of science is __________. A. practical thinking B. intellectual honesty C. questioning skepticism D. questioning authority
D. questioning authority
Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence?
In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.
Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants? Language comprehension occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain, in the region called Broca's area. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area. Language production is associated with the left-hemisphere region called Wernicke's area. The ability to understand words develops after the ability to produce words.
It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.
Identify a true statement about visual representation.
It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.
Who among the following demonstrates metacognitive thinking?
Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home.
________ ensures that we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself.
Sensory adaptation
Antonio and Candra are five-year-old twins who live in Brooklyn with their parents and elder sister. Which of the following is most likely an example of an unshared environment for the family?
Their birth order
What did Takeuchi and colleagues find in their research that sought to measure creativity and neural connectivity?
They found a direct and positive relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the frontal lobe
The ____________ method of personality questionnaires involves using reason or theory to come up with a question.
face valid
Construct validity refers to the fact that a test can measure multiple constructs such as math and verbal abilities.
false
Intelligence ratio and intelligence quotient are the same thing.
false
Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________.
the development of moral reasoning in children
Interoception is:
the perception of bodily sensations
Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which:
the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.
Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________.
three
Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because: he would perform better in the non-native language rather than the native language. standardized tests usually have a lower internal consistency. different versions of standardized tests are designed for students taking tests in nonnative languages. the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.
the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.
A "prototype" is a best-fitting member of a category.
true
A heuristic is a mental shortcut for decision making.
true
A memory is a biological representation in our brain.
true
A neutral stimulus is a thing or event that evokes no particular response.
true
A primary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a biological need.
true
Humans are able to represent ideas and thoughts using words and images in our mind.
true
In a hierarchical network, general concepts are linked to specific concepts.
true
In the context of creativity, "originality" refers to thinking of unusual and novel ideas.
true
Intelligence is considered to be the primary characteristic that sets humans apart from other animals.
true
Nativist theorists propose that language acquisition is more like discovery than learning.
true
