nutrition

Bile is produced in the _________ and stored in the _________.

Liver, Gallbladder

Synthesized in the liver. Smallest in size. Highest percentage of protein.

HDL

Elevated levels of this lipoprotein are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and atherosclerosis.

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Most foods are mixtures of nutrients.

In the body, Vitamin A plays important roles in all of the following EXCEPT

Muscle Contraction

What is the energy content of a meal that contains 5 grams of protein, 5 grams of carbohydrate, 10 grams of fat, and 10 grams of alcohol?

200 kcals

A person's _____ is not a major influence for his or her food selection practices.

blood type

A primary function of the digestive system is the ______.

breakdown of food into nutrients

Exposing milk to light can reduce its _____ content.

riboflavin

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as.

glycogen

Lydia's diet lacks _____, which is classified as a trace mineral.

iodine

Emma consumes dairy products, but she does not eat meat, fish, eggs or poultry. She eats some vegetables and fruits, but she avoids beans, breads, and cereal products. Based on this information, her diet lacks adequate _____.

iron

Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more _____ than normal.

ketone bodies

An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is _____________.

night blindness

What element is found in proteins but NOT in carbohydrates or lipids?

nitrogen

B vitamins function as _____.

parts of coenzymes

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a _____________.

peptide bond

Which of the following functions as an emulsifier in the body and is required for cell membrane structure?

phospholipids

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects, and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are ______.

placebos

Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ____ nitrogen balance.

positive

In general, fresh fruits and vegetables are good sources of _________.

potassium

Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid are all forms of preformed vitamin A.

true

Today, Sean only ate three sandwiches made with whole-grain buns, 3 slices of cheese, and 10 ounces of roast beef. He also drank 3 cups of orange juice. According to MyPlate, he ate nothing from the food group that includes______

vegetables

The human body can absorb some of the _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

vitamin K

A deficiency of this water-soluble vitamin is characterized by "the 4 D's" (dermatitis, dimentia, diarrhea, and death) are characteristics of a deficiency of this water-soluble vitamin.

Niacin

______ can be synthesized from tryptophan and _______ can be synthesized by bacteria in the GI tract.

Niacin, Vitamin K

Which of the following statements is true?

Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children.

Which of the following statements is false?

The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed.

Which of the following statements is true?

The adult AMDR for carbohydrates is 45 to 65% of total energy intake.

Which of the following is NOT related to a key nutrition concept?

The best way for people to obtain all the essential nutrients is to consume dietary supplements.

Antonio has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce his likelihood of developing heartburn, his physician recommended that he _____.

avoid overeating during meals

Which of the following would have the LEAST amount of protein?

baby carrots

Regarding protein synthesis, __________ is transcribed (copied) from a DNA template in the nucleus and serves as a "blueprint" for protein synthesis. After it enters the cytoplasm of a cell, it is "read" or decoded by ribosomes.

the m-RNA Strand

A child with protein-energy malnutrition has a high risk of dying from _____________.

measles

Phosphorus is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ____________.

transmission of nerve impulses

Iron is the only mineral added to processed grain products during enrichment.

true

It is possible to be overweight and malnourished.

true

Lipids (dietary fats) are considered a nutrient.

true

A team of food scientists wants to develop a formula diet for newborns that is a nutritionally complete food that replaces human milk. To support normal infant development, the formula must have _____ as an ingredient.

tryptophan

In the United States, newborns receive an injection of _____ to prevent _____.

vitamin K; bleeding

Lactose is the disaccharide in.

milk

An essential nutrient

must be supplied by the diet.

Bernard has been suffering from a viral infection for over a week. As a result of the illness, he has a fever and has lost his appetite. Based on this information, his body is in ____ nitrogen balance.

negative

Proteins _____________.

are comprised of amino acids

Which of the following is NOT one of the 9 essential amino acids?

arginine

Which of the following statements is true?

Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition.

Which of the following is NOT classified as a complex carbohydrate?

maltose

Chase is a 22-year-old college student. According to recommendations of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR), fat should comprise _____% of his total energy intake each day.

20 to 35

Bill recorded his food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze his diet record. According to the results of the analysis, his average fat intake was _____% of total calories each day, which is within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

25

If you consumed a total of 1800 kcals (Calories) per day and 60% came from carbohydrates, how many GRAMS of carbohydrate are you consuming?

270 grams

In nutrition research, a placebo is

A control that mimics the intervention without causing an effect (i.e. a sugar pill)

A sweetening agent used in place of sugar that provides little or no kcals. Examples include apartame ("Equal or Nutrasweet"), saccharin ("Sweet & Low"), and sucralose ("Splenda").

Alternative Sweetener

What is a "limiting" amino acid (in terms of protein synthesis)?

An essential amino acid present in insufficient amounts which inhibits protein synthesis

This hormone ( ______________ ) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the small intestine and triggers this organ ( ____________ ) to secrete ________________ into the duodenum. This helps slow stomach motility and allows fat to be digested.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gallbladder, Bile

Obtained from food (animal products). Can also be made by the liver. Used to make bile.

Cholesterol

Which of the following statements is true?

Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes.

According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Exercising daily

Riboflavin is easily destroyed by

Exposure to UV Light

Carbohydrates are sometimes found in meat.

False

Hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is too high.

False

Which of the following nutrient sources yields more than 4 kcals per gram?

Fat found in Plant Sources

Which of the following foods is naturally a good source of high-quality protein?

Fat-free milk

Which of the following statements is true?

Heartburn often results when the gastroesophageal sphincter fails to close properly.

An amino acid consists of a "central carbon" and 4 "attachments". Which of the following is NOT part of an amino acid's chemical structure?

Helium (he)

_____ is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Hemoglobin

The risk of dehydration in older adults compared to younger adults is

Higher

This sphincter is situated between the small intestine and colon.

Ileocecal Valve

Which of the following statements about diabetes is MOST CORRECT?

In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?

In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following statements is true?

Oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque buildup.

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?

Pancreas

This water-soluble vitamin is widely distributed in foods but destroyed by freezing. A deficiency is associated with Burning Foot Syndrome (a condition observed in WWII POW soldiers).

Pantothenic Acid

Suppose you work at a biomedical lab and run the following blood lipid profile on a patient. How would you interpret the following results? LDL Cholesterol = 145 mg/dl Total Cholesterol = 210 mg/dl Triglyceride = 152 mg/dl HDL Cholesterol = 23 mg/dl

Patient has a low HDL value

Which of the following foods contains the most water by weight?

Peach

Which of the following statements is true?

People can have energy needs that are higher or lower than the Estimated Energy Requirement.

Food Sources Include Fish, Flaxseed, Nuts

Polyunsaturated Fat

Bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, milk, and other dairy products are all excellent food sources of this mineral (which is also an electrolyte).

Potassium

Which of the following foods would contain the LEAST amount of dietary fiber?

Pudding

This sphincter is situated between the stomach and small intestine.

Pyloric Sphincter

A popular fitness magazine has an article about the health benefits of high-fiber diets. If the article's author has the credentials _____ after his or her name, the article is likely to be a reliable source of nutrition information.

RD

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Soybean oil

A(n) ______ is circular muscle that opens and closes to regulate the movement of food particles during digestion.

Sphincter

Sucrose. The common name for "regular" white granulated sugar. Usually extracted from sugar cane or sugar beets (16 kcals/tsp).

Table Sugar

Generally, epidemiological studies ______.

cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships

Which of the following foods naturally contains cholesterol?

chicken

Having a control group enables researchers to ______.

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group

Becky's 2-year-old son can't walk because he was born with spina bifida. To reduce the chances that her next baby is born with this birth defect or related disorders, Becky should _____.

consume green leafy vegetables, drink orange juice, and take a folic acid supplement before getting pregnant

A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid _____________.

consuming foods that contain gluten

If someone consumes excess energy (kcals) from protein, the extra protein is ultimately

converted into body fat and stored

If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be.

converted into fat and stored

Marta is a pregnant woman suffering from severe iodine deficiency. As a result of the deficiency, she has a high risk of giving birth to a child with _____.

cretinism

Victor is making cake batter. When he added corn oil, fat-free milk, baking powder, and salt together, the oil and milk separated into two layers. To make a mixture that does not separate into oily and watery components, Victor should add _____ and stir the ingredients together.

egg yolks

Chloride is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ____________.

energy metabolism

Carbohydrates are sometimes found in meat

false

Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes _____ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.

glucagon

In the human intestinal tract, cooked rice is broken down into _____ molecules that can be absorbed.

glucose

In the body, lipids _____.

help maintain cell membranes

The body needs folate to produce a coenzyme that _____.

helps form DNA

Insulin.

helps glucose enter cells

Which of the following characteristics or conditions increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

hypertension

The _____ is the third segment of the small intestine.

ileum

Betty is constipated; she generally has bowel movements only twice a week. To help relieve her constipation without taking medications, Betty should.

increase her intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber

Clayton is a 19-year-old college student. He avoids milk, because he claims drinking the beverage upsets his stomach and gives him intestinal "gas." However, he can eat yogurt and certain types of cheese without experiencing any symptoms. Based on this information, Clayton probably has.

lactose intolerance

Issac is an 8-year-old child who has African ancestry. He lives in Chicago and does not spend much time outdoors. He does not like to consume dairy foods because he has lactose intolerance. His diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, peanut butter, chicken, pork, apples, bananas, and green vegetables. Based on this information, Issac has a high risk of _____________.

rickets

Max wants to increase his intake of vitamin C without taking a dietary supplement. When he shops for food, he reads Nutrition Facts labels. Which of the following kinds of information will help him choose foods that are the richest sources of vitamin C?

%DVs

Which of the following standards can help you compare nutritional contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices?

%DVs

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting our intake of _________ and replacing them with ________.

(Trans Fat and Saturated Fat), (Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated, & Omega-3 Fats)

Match the following nutrients with their recommended daily intakes. 1. Iron (Pre-Menopausal Female) 2. Calcium (65-year-old Senior) 3. Potassium 4. Folate 5. Iron (Male)

1. 18 milligrams (mg) 2. 1200 milligrams (mg) 3. 4700 milligrams (mg) 4. 400 micrograms (mcg) 5. 8 milligrams (mg)

Match the following (1 point for each correct match). 1. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) 2. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) 3. Adequate Intake (AI) 4. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) 5. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

1. An "umbrella term" that includes all nutrient recommendations 5. A "minimum" recommendation developed to meet the needs of 50% of a healthy population 2. Recommendations for nutrients, developed to cover the needs of 98% of a healthy population 3. A recommendation that's used when there's insufficient research to establish a more specific value 4. A "maximum" nutrient recommendation set to guard against over-consumption

Lily is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise ____% of her total energy intake

10 to 35

Lily is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise ____% of her total energy intake.

10 to 35

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 ml water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _____ kcal.

117

Match the following with the best description. 1. Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium 2. Iron, B12, Folate, B6 3. Vitamin A 4. Vitamin C 5. Chloride (Cl)

3. Pumpkin, Squash, Carrots, Apricots, Spinach 2. Deficiency is Associated with an Anemia 5. Major Intracellular Anion (an Electrolyte) 1. Anti-Hypertensive Minerals (Lower Blood Pressure) 4. Broccoli, Potatoes, Kiwi, Strawberries, Peppers

If you consumed a total of 2600 kcals (Calories) per day and 15% came from protein, how many KCALS of protein are you consuming?

390 kcals

Which of the following foods is the most energy dense per serving?

4-ounce chocolate doughnut

Match the following (1 point for each correct match). 1. Adequate Intake (AI) 2. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) 3. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) 4. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) 5. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

5. An "umbrella term" that includes all nutrient recommendations 2. A "minimum" recommendation developed to meet the needs of 50% of a healthy population 4. Recommendations for nutrients, developed to cover the needs of 98% of a healthy population 1. A recommendation that's used when there's insufficient research to establish a more specific value 3. A "maximum" nutrient recommendation set to guard against over-consumption

Suppose you eat nachos and cheese at a party. If the nachos have 340 kcals (calories) and 20 grams of fat. What percentage of the total kcals are coming from fat?

53%

If you consumed a total of 2200 kcals (Calories) per day and 25% came from fat, how many GRAMS of fat are you consuming?

61 grams

What is the desirable range for blood glucose?

70-99 mg/dl

If an average adult's RDA for protein is 65 grams, they would weigh approximately _____.

81 KILOGRAMS (178 POUNDS)

Which of the following statements is true?

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

If an athlete weighed 160 POUNDS, what would their daily protein needs be? (FYI - Protein requirement for athletes is 1.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight).

About 73 grams

Which of the following statements is false?

According to scientific research, most dietary supplements provide considerable health benefits.

Which of the following statements about calcium is false?

After bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium.

Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body?

Alanine

Good food sources of Vitamin A include

Apricots, Pumpkins, Spinach, Sweet Potatoes

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Avocado

Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin _____.

B-12

Justin's blood cholesterol level is too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add?

Beans

Which of the following food items would contain the most niacin?

Beef

Which of the following foods is an excellent source of heme iron?

Beef steak

The thiamin-deficiency disease is known as _____.

Beriberi

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach?

Bile

Joshua has type 2 diabetes, and he does not control his blood glucose levels. As a result of his lack of control, which of the following conditions is he most likely to develop?

Blindness

You have decided to choose foods that are nutrient dense. One day, you go to the store for some orange juice. Which of the following is most nutrient dense? Brand A (84 mg of Vitamin C, 100 kcals) Brand B (97 mg of Vitamin C, 125 kcals) Brand C (80 mg of Vitamin C, 104 kcals) Brand D (90 mg of Vitamin C, 115 kcals)

Brand A

Monosacchrarides or disaccharides in whole foods like fruits, vegetables, grain products, milk, etc. (i.e. Apples)

Natural Sugar

Which of the following minerals is necessary for proper muscle contraction?

Calcium

Which of the followings statements is true?

Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

The largest lipoprotein. High percentage of triglyceride.

Chylomicron

Which of the following practices would help a total vegetarian increase his or her iron intake from plant foods?

Cooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice

_____________ (or mental retardation) can result from a deficiency of __________ during pregnancy.

Cretinism, Iodine

Scurvy results with a deficiency of this water-soluble vitamin.

Vitamin C

Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's _____________

DNA

Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's _____________.

DNA

Which of the following food groups includes foods that are rich sources of riboflavin?

Dairy

_____ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function.

Denaturation

Food Sources Include Eggs, Milk, Meat

Dietary Cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT a classic symptom of diabetes mellitus?

Difficulty Regulating Body Temperature

This segment of the small intestine is connected to the stomach and is where bile, bicarbonate, and other digestive juice enter the small intestine.

Duodenum

In order, the segments of the small intestine are

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Preliminary results of the Freshman Health Study at USU show a 50% decrease in vegetable consumption during the first semester of college (compared to the last 6 months of high school). Several participants in this study also gained weight during the same period of time. Which of the following conclusions would be MOST APPROPRIATE to make?

Eating fewer vegetables in college appears to be associated with weight gain.

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12?

Eggs

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving?

Fat-free milk

Which of the following minerals mineralizes the tooth surface and prevents cavities from developing?

Fluoride

This water-vitamin helps prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly.

Folate

Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?

Fortified dairy products

Which of the following foods is not a good source of calcium?

Fried chicken

Which of the following substances is a simple carbohydrate?

Fructose

Which of the following is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose?

GLUCAGON is triggered when blood glucose levels get too LOW

This hormone ( ______________ ) is stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach and triggers this organ ( ____________ ) to secrete ________________ until food forms a semi-solid liquid called chyme.

Gastrin, Stomach, Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Which of the following statements is false?

Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland and is a result of cancer.

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?

Green leafy vegetables

Which of the following foods is not a good source of vitamin E?

Ground beef

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all studies must show a beneficial effect on health.

Which of the following is the best dietary recommendation for improving GI transit time and preventing or treating constipation?

Increase Fiber and Fluid

This water-soluble vitamin is an example of an antioxidant.

Vitamin C

Erika takes megadoses of vitamin B-6 because she thinks it benefits her health. After learning about this vitamin in your nutrition class, which of the following statements about vitamin B-6 would be the most accurate information to tell her?

Ingesting large doses of vitamin B-6 can cause nerve damage.

In the United States, salt is fortified with _____ to help prevent cretinism.

Iodine

A goiter may develop as a result of

Iodine Deficiency

Which of the following is a micronutrient?

Iron

_____ must be added to grains during the enrichment process.

Iron

For the past 4 years, 23-year-old Maggie has been losing a lot of blood during her menstrual periods. Based on this information, which of the following conditions is she most likely to develop?

Iron deficiency

Which of the following is NOT true about Folate?

It must be bound to intrinsic factor (in the stomach) to be properly absorbed and utilized

Which of the following periodicals features peer-reviewed articles?

Journal of the American Medical Association

Which of the following is a condition caused by protein-energy malnutrition and characterized by stunted growth, sparse and brittle hair, patches of skin discoloration, edema and swelling, a distended abdomen, infections, and poor wound healing?

Kwashiorkor

High percentage of cholesterol. Associated with atherosclerotic plaque buildup in arteries and blood vessels.

LDL

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

Glycogen is stored in

Liver and Muscle Cells

Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of iron?

Low-Fat Yogurt

This sphincter is situated between the esophagus and stomach.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

This major mineral is required for bone mineralization and nerve transmission. Food sources include nuts, legumes, whole grains, and dark green vegetables.

Magnesium

Food Sources Include Olive Oil, Canola Oil, Avocados

Monounsaturated Fat

Which of the following statements is true?

Most Americans do not consume enough dietary fiber.

A popular women's magazine has an article about the health benefits of consuming calcium-rich foods. If the article's author has the credentials _____ after his or her name, the article is likely to be a reliable source of nutrition information.

RDN

Which of the following foods contains a protein that decreases the bioavailability of Biotin?

Raw Eggs

Paul just had a cholecystectomy; which of the following dietary modifications does he need to implement?

Reduce his lipid intake

Sugars added to foods during processing. Used to enhance flavor, add or retain moisture, provide bulk, or function as a preservative (i.e. Fruit Loops Cereal).

Refined or Added Sugar

Which of the following foods or beverages is a main source of added sugar in American diets?

Regular soft drinks

This organelle resides in the cytoplasm of living cells and helps carry out protein synthesis by "translating" the mRNA strand.

Ribosome

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups?

Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

Food Sources Include Red Meat, Cheese, Chocolate

Saturated Fat

Which of the following descriptions regarding dietary fats is mismatched (INCORRECT) below?

Saturated Fats = Raise LDL, Lower HDL. Food Sources = Meat, Eggs, Milk, Olive Oil.

Absorption occurs primarily in the ______________.

Small Intestine

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?

Soluble fiber

Alternative sweetener used to replace sucrose in some sugar-free foods (examples are sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol). Does not promote tooth decay.

Sugar Alcohol

Which of the following substances is NOT a macronutrient?

Vitamin C

Which of the following statements is true?

The human digestive tract does not produce enzymes that digest dietary fiber.

Which of the following statements is true?

The pyloric sphincter controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.

Which of the following organs is not directly involved in maintaining the body's fluid balance?

Thyroid gland

Food Sources Include Shortening, Pastries, Snack Foods

Trans Fat (Processed)

Regarding protein synthesis, the process of "copying" or transferring protein-making instructions from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) is called

Transcription (occurs in Nucleus)

A small flap of skin (called the epiglottis) folds over the trachea to direct food down the esophagus and prevent it from going to the lungs.

True

A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, which acts as a backbone for their attachment.

True

Adequate Intakes (AI) are DRI nutrient recommendations that are used when there is insufficient research to determine an EAR or RDA value.

True

Harmless bacteria (called intestinal flora or microflora) exist and thrive in the GI tract of healthy individuals.

True

Ingestion of antibiotic often leads to microflora imbalance in the digestive tract.

True

Ingredients are listed on a food label in order by weight (most to least).

True

Intestinal bacteria produce gases when they metabolize fiber.

True

One gram of protein provides 4 kilocalories (kcals) of energy.

True

Plants make glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

True

Plants use glucose to make fiber and starch.

True

Refined carbohydrates do not satisfy hunger as well as proteins and fats, which may lead to an excessive consumption of calories.

True

The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is responsible for defining serving sizes and Percent Daily Values (%DV) of nutrients listed on the Nutrition Facts Label.

True

The carbohydrate "family" includes sugars, starch, and fiber.

True

The process of adding vitamins A and D to milk is called fortification.

True

Which of the following Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) recommendations were developed to guard against overconsumption?

UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Levels)

This sphincter is situated at the top of the esophagus.

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

Synthesized in the liver. Smaller than a chylomicron but larger than LDL or HDL lipoproteins

VLDL

You are trying to decide what kind of soup to have for dinner. From your NutritionCalc Reports, you have discovered that your diet is often low in iron. Which of the following soups would give you the most iron per kcal? Bean Soup = 3.08 mg Iron (191 kcals) Chicken Noodle = 1.34 mg Iron (117 kcals) Tomato Soup = 1.81 mg Iron (161 kcals) Vegetable Soup = 2.45 mg Iron (96 kcals)

Vegetable Soup

The GREEN section of MyPlate resents which food group?

Vegetables

A deficiency of this fat-soluble vitamin results in xerophthalmia (irreversible blindness)

Vitamin A

This water-soluble vitamin is only found in animal products and is sensitive to microwave heating.

Vitamin B12

Vegans are at risk for a deficiency of this vitamin because it is only found in animal products.

Vitamin B12

This vitamin is stored in muscle tissue and is required for the synthesis of heme and nucleic acids.

Vitamin B6

Your best friend eats plenty of meats and dairy products but avoids eating fruits and vegetables. She bruises easily, her sores take a long time to heal, and her gums bleed when she brushes her teeth. Based on this information, which of the following vitamins is most likely to be deficient in her diet?

Vitamin C

This fat-soluble vitamin is often referred to as the "Sunshine Vitamin".

Vitamin D

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?

Vitamin D

Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Osteoporosis are all associated with a

Vitamin D Deficiency

Significant amounts of this nutrient can be found in vegetable oils and wheat germ.

Vitamin E

This fat-soluble vitamin acts as an antioxidant in the body. It is also needed for wound healing.

Vitamin E

This fat-soluble vitamin is found in wheat germ and vegetable oils.

Vitamin E

This fat-soluble vitamin can be synthesized (made) in the GI tract

Vitamin K

Which of the following is NOT one of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)?

Vitamins = 20 - 30% of kcals

_____ are fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins K, D, and A

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk of bone fractures decreases.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average.

Which of the following foods is not a good source of thiamin?

Whole milk

Which of the following minerals is associated with taste acuity (taste perception) and normal growth and development?

Zinc

Which of the following nutrients is a trace mineral?

Zinc

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add _____ of the nutrient to its EAR.

a "margin of safety" amount

If Kara's body weight is 120 POUNDS, her RDA for protein is

about 44 grams

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the ______.

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population

Which of the following is NOT a complete protein source?

apples

When Thompson was 5 years of age, he began to complain that his stomach hurt, especially after eating meals and snacks. He also experienced chronic diarrhea. His parents noticed that he could eat poultry, meat, dairy foods, fruits, and vegetables without developing any intestinal problems, but he would get a "tummy ache" soon after eating sandwiches, cookies, crackers, or pancakes. Based on this information, Thompson's parents should have him evaluated for _____________.

celiac disease

In order for proteins to be used for energy, amino acids must be _____________ .

deaminated

Dehydration can cause _________.

death

_____ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function

denaturation

_______ occurs when the normal shape of a protein is disrupted by exposure to heat or acid.

denaturation

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?

dietsnomore4u.com

Lynn wants to estimate the grams of carbohydrate in a sugar-sweetened soft drink that supplies 200 kcal. The soft drink contains no fiber, protein, fat, or alcohol. To obtain this value, she should...

divide the number of kcal by 4.

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups of 50 people. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria, and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record the their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ____ study.

double-blind

Sodium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ____________.

energy metabolism

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been ____________.

enriched

Lipase is an example of an enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion.

false

Calcium is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ____________.

fluid balance

Rebecca has hypertension. To help lower her blood pressure, she should _________.

follow the DASH diet

The human body needs vitamin K to _____________.

form active blood clotting factors

Jared often eats a large dinner about an hour before he lies down to sleep. Based on this information, he is likely to develop _____.

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Nervous system cells burn mostly _____ for energy.

glucose

Lactose is a disaccharide in milk that's composed of what two monosaccharides?

glucose and galactose

Iodine is necessary for _____.

maintaining normal thyroid function

This hormone is required for for glucose to enter body cells. It also transports excess carbohydrate back to the liver where it is either converted to glycogen or stored as fat.

insulin

A chylomicron is a type of _____.

lipoprotein

Following absorption, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose in the

liver

The _____ is an accessory organ of the digestive system.

liver

Osteoporosis is characterized by _________.

loss of bone mass and structure

Most Americans purchase less than recommended amounts of ____.

low-fat dairy products

In the body, vitamin A helps _____________.

maintain epithelial cells

A person who is growing or pregnant would be expected to be in a state of __________.

positive nitrogen balance

Which of the following foods is NOT a significant source of carbohydrate?

salmon (fish)

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons bonded together. All of the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) _____ fatty acid.

saturated

Chyme is the _____.

semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach

Lola doesn't like to cook, so she eats fast food at least three times a week. When she doesn't eat fast food, she opens a can of soup and makes a ham and cheese sandwich. For snacks, she prefers processed cheese cubes, potato chips, and pretzels. Based on this information, her diet is very high in _________.

sodium

Pickled foods, canned soups, soy sauce, and deli (luncheon) meats contain high amounts of _________.

sodium

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of _____ to be digested in the mouth.

starch

To conserve the vitamin content of foods, _____________.

stir-fry instead of boil

Regarding protein synthesis, _____ retrieves specific free amino acids in cytoplasm of cell and delivers to ribosomes along the mRNA strand.

t-RNA

Yesterday, Jenny ran in a marathon race. While she ran, she drank several large cups of water at water stations along the race course. At the end of the race, she experienced difficulty making it to the finish line. She was confused, and she complained of having a headache and feeling dizzy. Based on this information, Jenny was probably suffering from _________.

water intoxication

Which of the following nutrients is a trace mineral?

zinc