FCE Vocabulary SIG

gerund (noun)

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

phrasal verb

A phrasal verb is a type of compound verb made up of (1) a verb (usually one of action or movement) and (2) a prepositional adverb--also known as an adverbial particle. Phrasal verbs are sometimes called two-part verbs (e.g., take off and leave out) or three-part verbs (e.g., look up to and look down on).

tense

Grammatical tense refers to the conjugation of a verb to reflect its place in time - that is, when the action occurred. There are technically only two grammatical tenses in English: the past and the present. Verbs in their basic form inherently describe the present time, and they can be conjugated into a unique form that describes the past. We can then use auxiliary verbs and verb participles to create different aspects of the past and present tenses, which describe if an action is or was continuous, or if it began at an earlier point in the past.

relative clause

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types - defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses. Defining relative clauses Look at this sentence: The woman who lives next door works in a bank. 'who lives next door' is a defining relative clause. It tells us which woman we are talking about. Look at some more examples: Look out! There's the dog that bit my brother. The film that we saw last week was awful. This is the skirt I bought in the sales. Can you identify the defining relative clauses? They tell us which dog, which film and which skirt we are talking about.

abilities noun

The athlete is confident in his abilities.

polite adj

The children are always polite to their teachers.

eagerness noun speaking like "igeness"

The children are full of eagerness when doing their homework.

sweep

The children took it in turns to sweep the floor in the kitchen with a wooden broom.

evidence (noun)

The scientist provided the evidence for her theory. The detective was looking everywhere for evidence. The drug is being tested to find evidence of its efficacy.

bring up (phrasal verb) brought up

They brought us up to be very independent The woman brought up three children.

upset adj

This drug can ease the pain of an upset stomach. I no longer felt upset, but calm. She is very upset about the situation. I was upset but managed to contain myself.

nowadays

Today or in this time Nowadays, important information is found on the internet.

get up (phrasal verb)

Tomorrow, we will get up at seven o'clock. My bed is cosy and warm, I do not want to get up. You weak up,if you open your eyes in the morning and you get up if you leave the bed.

adverb of frequency

What is an adverb of frequency? Adverbs that change or qualify the meaning of a sentence by telling us how often or how frequently something happens are defined as adverbs of frequency. An adverb of frequency is exactly what it sounds like - an adverb of time. Adverbs of frequency always describe how often something occurs, either in definite or indefinite terms. An adverb that describes definite frequency is one such as weekly, daily, or yearly. An adverb describing indefinite frequency doesn't specify an exact time frame.

attendence (noun)

Your attendence shows that Europe and Europeanization is not only an issue or a process for multinational companies You attendence to a concert

business centre (phrase)

a city or a town or part of a city or town in which there is a lot of business

admire (verb)

a fool can always find a greater fool for admire him

counter-argument (noun)

an argument against another argument, idea for suggestion

preposition

any member of a class of words found in many languages that are used before nouns, pronouns, or other substantives to form phrases functioning as modifiers of verbs, nouns, or adjectives, and that typically express a spatial, temporal, or other relationship

adverb

any member of a class of words that function as modifiers of verbs or clauses, and in some languages, as Latin and English, as modifiers of adjectives, other adverbs, or adverbial phrases, as very in very nice, much in much more impressive, and tomorrow in She'll write to you tomorrow. They relate to what they modify by indicating place (I promise to be there), time (Do your homework now!), manner (She sings beautifully), circumstance (He accidentally dropped the glass when the bell rang), degree (I'm very happy to see you), or cause (I draw, although badly)

long-sighted people (adj)

are also reduced to some extent, and there is a tendency towards getting more long-sighted and having an impaired memory. We can proceed similarly for long-sighted patients with the difference that the reading eye must be one or two dioptres over-corrected.

mature adj

behaving well, like an adult. She seems very mature for 13.

brackets words (phrase)

brackets ( ) [ ] Round brackets (also called parentheses) are mainly used to separate off information that isn't essential to the meaning of the rest of the sentence. If you removed the bracketed material the sentence would still make perfectly good sense. Square brackets are mainly used to enclose words added by someone other than the original writer or speaker, typically in order to clarify the situation: He [the police officer] can't prove they did it.

impatient adj

if you are impatient, you are angry with people who make mistakes or you hate waiting for things. I get very impatient with the children when they won't do their homework.

conjunction

A conjunction is a word which connects two words or clauses or sentences and shows the relation between them. They are used to avoid making the text seem like bullet points and to make the text flow. E.g. -

enrich

Art and literature enrich our lives.

duty

As a police officer, it is her duty to protect citizens.

where (adv)

I know where the keys are.

clue (noun)

If we find more clues, we can solve the mystery.

though (adv + konj.) speaking like "dou"

Konjunktion: Though she liked the dress, she did not buy it. The journey was great, though also tiring. The journey was lovely, though exhausting. Adverb: Our team lost. It was a good game though. Have you ever been to Australia? No. I'd like to, though.

fuss (noun) speaking like "föss"

My grandmother did not want to make a big fuss about her ninetieth birthday.

happily (adv)

Opposite of sadly

passive

The definition of passive is not reacting to something that would generally cause a response.

recognise verb

The university recognised his research successes.

length

We had to pause the film several times because of its length. The veranda runs the full length of the house.

adverbial

Why do we use adverbials? We use adverbs to give more information about the verb. We use adverbials of manner to say how something happens or how something is done: The children were playing happily. He was driving as fast as possible. We use adverbials of place to say where something happens: I saw him there. We met in London. We use adverbials of time to say when or how often something happens: They start work at six thirty. They usually go to work by bus. We use adverbials of probability to show how certain we are about something. Perhaps the weather will be fine. He is certainly coming to the party.

sideways

a car can drive forwards and backwards, but it can never sideways - adverb

annoy (adj)

a person comes close to me but I don't want that. This is a kind of annoying

infinitives

a) simple infinitive b) to-infinitive

pronoun

any member of a small class of words found in many languages that are used as replacements or substitutes for nouns and noun phrases, and that have very general reference, as I, you, he, this, who, what. Pronouns are sometimes formally distinguished from nouns, as in English by the existence of special objective forms, as him for he or me for I, and by nonoccurrence with an article or adjective.

collocation (noun)

every each sentence have a few of different words. The collocation is the mix of all this words. An adjective an be in a sentence a adverb, a verb can be a noun etc. It's imprtant to know how words combine with others to from partnerships, or collocations.

reasonable adj

fair and showing good judgment. It's not reasonable to expect people to work those hours. The food was delicious and the prices were reasonable. It was a reasonable suggestion, so we accepted it.

conditional

if clauses. Conditional Sentences I, II, III What are conditionals in English grammar? Sometimes we call them 'if clauses'. They describe the result of something that might happen (in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past) . They are made using different English verb tenses.

rude behaviour (noun) rude awakening rude way

if someone push and pull another person. That is rude behaviour wake up suddently not confortable it's the opposite of soft. Not hard it's rude

impressive adj

if something is impressive, you admire or respect it, usually because it is special, important or very large. An impressive collection of mordern paintings

laugh

if the people are happy they often laughing, when they are together - verb

intentionally adj

in a way that is planned or intended I didn't ignore her intentionally - I just didn't recognise her

judgment noun

in our judgment on the basis of the findings of our examination, the annual financial statements and the consolidated financial [...]

toward (preposition)

in the direction of: to walk toward the river.

wooden

it comes from the forest, a part of the tree - adjektive

household chores (noun)

leave so as to share with women the burden of unpaid household chores and the care of children and relatives fairly and in a spirit of partnership.

onto (prep)

like on taking a substantial step in 2006; bring the gross debt ratio onto a firm downward path;

desperate adj

needing or wanting something very much.

unreliable adj

not able to be trusted or depended on. the trains were noisy, dirty and unreliable this map is unreliable, it is too old

dirty

not clean - adjektive

never

opposite of always - adverb

old

opposite of young - adjektive

impolite adj

rude I found his questions rather impolite

make a meal of made a meal of

she wasn't to stop.

will (noun)

testament last will

auxilary verbs

that's verb there help us in connection with an other verb

slowly

the opposite of fast - adverb

demonstrative pronouns

these that

use to make

to create or produce something

verb

verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English. In fact, you can't have a sentence or a question without a verb! That's how important these "action" parts of speech are. The verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Whether mental, physical, or mechanical, verbs always express activity. A verb reflected an activitiy, process or state

chewed (adj)

Food should be thoroughly chewed and the patient should remain erect for at least a half hour after each meal.

essential

Good nutrition is an essential element of a healthy lifestyle. The internet has become an essential part of everyday life.

until

He has until ten to deliver his work.

harm (verb)

He would never intentionally harm somebody. Fortunately, the storm did not do any harm to my flowers.

stove (noun + verb)

I believe I accidentally left the stove on. It is with that we cook. Verb: All stages of the process, such as cleaning, pre-treatment, coating and stoving are performed in a single process at one facility.

for ages (adv)

I haven't written to you since a long time I haven't written to you for ages

tend

I tend to make hasty decisions.

despite

I took the exam despite my fear of failing.

unless

I will be there unless it rains. I will be there unless something urgent comes up.

probably

I will probably see my friend tomorrow, but I am not sure.

Jimmy made his way to the station exit. This was the first time he had been to London ____ his own and he was feeling a bit scared.

In this exercise you have to think of word yourself. In Part 1 , however, you are given a choice: A. by B. for C. on D. in

modals

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions. Here are some characteristics of modal verbs: They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"... They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.) They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability

mess (noun)

My son's room is a complete mess.

concern (noun + verb)

Noun: I passed your concern on to my manager. Our main concern is to protect the environment. All parents share concern for their children. All is well, there is no cause for concern. The concern was bought by a foreign investor. Preserving nature is a matter of public concern. He did not voice any concern. Verb: The question of the future of this club concerns all of us. This issue concerns all of us. His doubtful words do not concern me.

accused (noun + adj)

Noun: The accused was in detention for two days, but is now free. During the trial, the accused's innocence could be proven. The boy was accused of stealing money. Adj: The man was accused of blackmail and fraud.

blue (noun + adj)

Noun: the richly shaded blue, most brightly illuminated adj: The color of the sky

nouns

Nouns are often described as referring to persons, places, things, states, or qualities, and the word noun is itself often used as an attributive modifier, as in noun compound; noun group. Synonyms: substantive, name.

pavement (noun)

People stood on the pavement to watch the parade. Foodways is a pavement

anxious (adj) speaking like "angsches"

The Committee of the Regions is anxious to ensure that the rail reform is implemented in a way that will improve rail services, thereby increasing the competitiveness of rail in comparison with other modes of transport and securing the economic viability of rail transport operators. My brother was anxious before the interview.

inquiry (noun)

The office is open all day for inquiries.

argue (verb)

The president argued for the creation of the new law.

expect verb

The professor expects a term paper from every student I expect that he will arrive tomorrow

recent

The recent plan can easily be implemented.

remain (verb)

The remains of the ancient city are still admired today. Peacekeeping remains our key objective.

rather adv

The walls are not white, but rather beige.

violent adj

Violence is an extreme form of aggression, such as assault, rape or murder. Violence has many causes, including frustration, exposure to violent media, violence in the home or neighborhood and a tendency to see other people's actions as hostile even when they're not. Certain situations also increase the risk of aggression, such as drinking, insults and other provocations and environmental factors like heat and overcrowding.

behave (verb)

We teach our children to behave at school.

avoid (verb)

We took another road to avoid traffic jams. He is a peaceful man who avoids any confrontation.

reflexive pronouns

We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

residential adj

a residential area has only houses and not offices or factories.

present participle

a verb form that ends in "-ing" and that is used with "be" to refer to action that is happening at the time of speaking or a time spoken of Full Definition of present participle a participle that typically expresses present action in relation to the time expressed by the finite verb in its clause and that in English is formed with the suffix -ing and is used in the formation of the progressive tenses

the, a

articles

survey verb

to ask people questions in order to find out about their opinions or behaviour

urge verb

to strongly advise someone to do something Financial experts are urging caution I urged him to stay, but he left

boil (verb) boiled (adj)

Adj: The milk boiled over. Verb: The water is already boiling.