Nutrition, 7.4 Book Notes, Nutrition Connect 7, Chapter 7-Energy Balance and Weight Control, Chapter 7, Chapter 7: Energy balance and weight control, NutriSci 132 Exam II
Choose the selection criteria used for bariatric surgery
+ BMI>40 + Educated, motivated, and compliant patient + No history of alcoholism or psychiatric disorders + Obesity for 5 years with failure at weight loss
Which of the following are strategies that could help control hunger between meals and snacks?
+ Eat meals and snacks more slowly + Consume foods high in fiber and water + Include lean protein in meals and snacks
Which of the following are true about the adjustable gastric banding technique of bariatric surgery?
+ It is a restrictive procedure + A hollow gastric band can be inflated or deflated to control the passage of food into the stomach + The procedure involves the opening from the esophagus to stomach
Treatment for overweight and obesity should be..
+ a lifestyle change + long term
The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ___ of nutrients
+ absorption + digestion + processing
Select the true statements concerning body weight among North American adults.
+ achieving and maintaining a healthy weight lowers risk for developing type 2 diabetes + prevention of an overweight condition in the first place is the most successful approach to maintaining a healthy body weight + approximately 68% of adults are overweight
A weight loss regimen on the internet claims that 10 minutes of physical activity each day is all you need to lose weight. A more successful plan would...
+ also include behavior modification strategies, such as self-monitoring of diet and exercise + also include dietary strategies to reduce energy intake + incorporate 60-90 minutes of physical activity per day
The benefits of physical activity include...
+ boosting self esteem + helping a person stay physically fit + helping maintain lower body weight + helping with weight loss
Important components of a successful long-term weight loss include:
+ controlling calorie intake + engaging in regular physical activity + modifying problem behaviors
The need for women to have a higher body fat when compared to men is to maintain..
+ estrogen production + reproductive functions
Lower-body obesity is also termed ___ obesity.
+ female pattern + gynoid + pear shape
Other considerations for bariatric surgery in addition to patient selection criteria include...
+ follow-up surgery may be needed to correct stretched skin + surgical expenses might not be covered by medical insurance + the need to plan small frequent meals after surgery
To overcome a weight-loss plateau,
+ increase the intensity of your physical activity + be vigilant about monitoring your calorie intake + incorporate resistance training into your workouts
The benefits of physical activity on body composition and metabolic rate include..
+ increased bone density + increased metabolic rate + increased lean muscle mass + decreased fat mass
Identify the health risks that are caused by fat storage in abdominal adipose cells.
+ increases insulin resistance + increases blood vessel restriction + increases inflammation
The key recommendations for weight loss in the 2020 Dietary Guidelines include..
+ increasing physical activity + maintaining adequate nutrient intake + decreasing calorie intake + losing weight in a slow, steady pace
The negative aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include that..
+ it does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass + very short adults (less than 5 ft tall) may have high BMI that does not reflect overweight or fatness + it is not accurate for higher muscular individuals
The positive aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include which of the following?
+ it is easy and convenient to use + it is quick screening test for overweight or obesity + values apply to both men and women
Which of the following statements are true about dual energy x-ray absorptiometry?
+ it measure body fat by passing a small dose of radiation through the body + it is considered the most accurate determination of body fat + it can be used to assess bone mineral density
The advantages of using the DXA method include:
+ less radiation dose compared to that of chest x-ray + used to assess bone mineral density + ease of separating body weight into fat, soft tissue and bone mineral
Reasons why unreliable diets are problematic include...
+ loss of lean tissue + unchanged habits + limited food selection
Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism...
+ low calorie intake + loss of lean tissue + dieting
Mindful eating involves..
+ making wise eating decisions + recognizing physical hunger and satiety cues + awareness of food preparation
Energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. Identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.
+ metabolism + digestion + physical activity
Weight-related conditions that indicate a need to lose weight include:
+ obesity + hypertension + high blood glucose
The components of the weight-loss triad include..
+ performing regular physical activity + controlling problem behaviors + controlling caloric intake
Which of the following are ways that nurture, rather than nature, may promote obesity?
+ physical activity + high-fat diets
Which of the following are characteristics of unreliable weight-loss programs?
+ promotes quick weight loss + recommends the use of the expensive supplements + lacks scientific support
The body satisfies energy requirements by consuming..
+ protein + carbohydrates + fat
Possible outcomes of bariatric surgery include
+ reduced blood pressure + improvements in blood sugar levels + less likelihood of overeating
A diet plan promoted in a fashion magazine states, "Eat all you want and lose 10 pounds in 2 weeks." This statement does NOT agree with sound weight loss recommendations, such as...
+ set a goal of one pound weight loss per week + control problem eating behaviors
Which factors contribute to weight gain during adulthood?
+ slower metabolism + limited physical activity + excess food intake
The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure requires:
+ stomach size reduction to about 30 milliliters + bypassing a short segment of the small intestine
Which of the following are influences of environment on body weight?
+ stress + high-calorie diet + inactivity
The health problems associated with excess body fat include...
+ surgical risks + liver damage + bone and joint disorders
Which of the following are true statements about novelty diets?
+ they promote weight cycling + leaving out entire food groups can lead to nutrient deficiencies
The Body Mass Index is defined as:
+ weight in pounds multiplied by 703, and divided by the square of the height in inches + weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters
Physiological changes that endorse the set-point theory include..
+ weight loss increases efficiency of fat storage + weight loss reduces calorie cost of weight-bearing activities + reduced calorie intake decreases blood concentration of thyroid hormones
Factors leading to female adulthood obesity include..
+periods of stress and boredom + childhood obesity + excess weight gain during pregnancy
The health problems associated with excess body fat include
+surgical risks +liver damage +bone and joint disorders
What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?
- DNA - genes
Which is a significant delivery for triglyceride?
- VLDL - chylomicrons
Hydrogenation
- adds hydrogen to an unsaturated fat - saturates fat
Proteins are a class of compounds differentiated from other macronutrients by which of the following characteristics?
- contain nitrogen, provide 4 kcals/gram in energy - they are made up of 20 amino acids, 9 of which are essential - they number in the millions of variations, depending on the sequence of amino acids - amino acids are coded for by dna
The omega number of a fatty acid specifies
- first point of unsaturation - location of the first double bond
The chemical properties of a protein are determined, directly or indirectly, by
- genes - amino acid sequence - protein structure
Triglycerides are:
- glycerol and three fatty acids - lipids - fats
What is a benefit of eating plant proteins instead of animal proteins? Plant proteins are...
- higher in fiber - lower in cholesterol
Steroid hormones
- include estrogen and testosterone - regulate body function
If you are in positive nitrogen balance, you are..
- ingesting more nitrogen than you are excreting - accumulating protein - building lean tissue
What was a limitation of the Nurses Health Study?
- it didn't include a truly low-fat consumption group - it didn't measure fat intake at an early age
What was the limitation of the Nurses Health Study?
- it didn't include truly low-fat consumption group - it didn't measure fat intake at an early age
Which is a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
- lunago - amenorrhea
Which of these events occurs because of ischemia?
- myocardial infarction - stroke - angina
Astherosclerosis is:
- part of the process of heart disease and stroke - is the narrowing of arteries - is the formation of plaques on the walls of blood vessels
Glycerol serves as a backbone of which molecule?
- phospholipid - triglyceride
Protein deficiency can cause
- poor immune function - kwashiorkor
Which is characteristic of the "apple" body shape?
- primarily visceral fat distribution - increased risk of chronic disease
How can you lower your total cholesterol level?
- reduce saturated fatty acid intake - increase polyunsaturated fatty acid intake - increase soluble fiber intake - increase monounsaturated fatty acid intake
dieting (a chronic reduction in food intake) may result in:
- reduced metabolic rate - reduced muscle mass
The quality of the protein in dry beans can be improved by serving them with ..
- rice - tortillas
Which describes how molecules made of amino acids can function in the body?
- speed up biochemical reactions - act as chemical messengers - destroy foreign proteins - regulate fluid balance
Which are major dietary sources of fat as determined by NHANES?
- vegetable oils - animal products
Treatment for overweight and obesity should be:
1. a lifestyle change 2. long term
Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism.
1. absorption of nutrients 2. physical activity 3. digestion of nutrients
Consumer education about weight loss products leads to...
1. avoidance of money wasted 2. avoidance of health complications 3. consultation with appropriate health professionals
Which of the following are the top three contributors to the calories expended by the body each day?
1. basal metabolism 2. thermic effect of food 3. physical activity
Select the most logical approaches to weight loss
1. change problematic eating behaviors 2. increase physical activity 3. reduce calorie intake
Positive energy balance is normal and healthy during:
1. childhood 2. pregnancy 3. infancy
The health problems associated with being underweight include...
1. complications with surgery 2. loss of menstrual function 3. low bone mass 4. pregnancy complications 5. slow recovery after illness
The components of the weight-loss triad include:
1. controlling caloric intake 2. controlling problem behaviors 3. performing regular physical activity
The components of a sound weight-loss program include
1. controlling calorie intake 2. increasing physical activity
Factors leading to female adulthood obesity include...
1. excess weight gain during pregnancy 2. childhood obesity 3. periods of stress and boredom
Which of the following trigger adaptive thermogenesis?
1. fidgeting 2. shivering 3. maintenance of posture
The benefits of physical activity include:
1. helping with weight loss 2. helping maintain lower body weight 3. helping a person stay physically fit 4. boosting self esteem
Which of the following are influences of nurture on body weight?
1. high-calorie diet 2. stress 3. inactivity
Weight-related diseases that would indicate a need to lose weight include:
1. hypertension 2. obesity 3. high blood glucose
Which of the following are strategies that could help a person control hunger between meals?
1. include lean protein in meals and snacks. 2. eat meals and snacks more slowly 3. consume foods high in fiber and water
A weight loss regimen on the internet claims that 10 minutes of physical activity each day is all you need to lose weight. A more successful plan would...
1. incorporate 60 to 90 minutes of physical activity 2. include behavior modification strategies 3. include dietary strategies to reduce energy intake
Identify the health risks that are caused by fat storage in abdominal adipose cells.
1. increases blood vessel restriction 2. increases inflammation 3. increases insulin resistance
Possible outcomes of bariatric surgery include:
1. less likelihood of overeating 2. reduced blood pressure 3. elimination of type 2 diabetes
The reasons why unreliable diets are problematic include:
1. limited food selection 2. loss of lean tissue 3. unchanged habits
The health problems associated with excess body fat include:
1. liver damage 2. surgical risks. 3. bone and joint disorders
Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism.
1. low calorie intake 2. loss of lean tissue 3. dieting
Which of the following are characteristics of unreliable weight-loss programs?
1. promotes quick weight loss 2. lacks scientific support 3. recommends the use of expensive supplements
Order the nutrients below in decreasing order of the energy needed for the thermic effect of foods.
1. protein 2. carbohydrates 3. fat
Identify characteristics of an unreliable weight-loss program:
1. recommends expensive supplements 2. advertised as cure-alls 3. no attempt to change old habits
Identify characteristics of a reliable weight-loss program:
1. recommends physical activity 2. scientific evidence supports program 3. recommends lifestyle change
Which factors contribute to weight gain during adulthood?
1. slower metabolism 2. limited physical activity 3. excess food intake
The thermic effect of food consumes about ___ percent of ingested energy.
10
The processes of digestion, absorption, transport, and storage of nutrients are likely to use what proportions of a typical adult's energy output?
10%
No obese parents
10% chance of obesity
How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism ?
15-35%
How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism?
15-35%
To achieve and maintain a health body weight, the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend a minimum of...
150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity
To achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend a minimum of..
150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity
BMI for healthy weight
18.5-24.9
BMI of healthy weight
18.5-24.9
What are desirable amounts of body fat in woman?
21-35%
Angela weighs 61 kg and is 1.6 meters tall. Calculate her BMI.
24
Angela weighs 61 kg and is 1.6 meters tall. Calculate her BMI, rounding to the nearest whole number.
24 BMI = kg/m2
BMI for overweight
25-29.9
Andy eights 220 pounds and is 6 feet tall. His BMI reading would be about:
30
Andy weighs 220 pounds and is 6 feet tall. His BMI reading would be about:
30
How many calories are in one pound of fat tissue?
3500
Carbon has a valence of
4
Upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds ___ inches
40
Upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds _____ inches.
40
Upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds... inches.
40
One obese parent
40% chance of obesity
An athlete in elite-level training for an endurance sport will probably expend an amount of energy equivalent to what percent of their basal metabolic rate in physical activity?
50-125% BMR
Decreasing calorie intake is an important component for weight loss. Approximately how many calories should be eliminated each day for a slow and steady weight loss?
500 kcal
What are desirable amounts of body fat in men?
8-24%
Both parents are obese
80% chance of obesity
BMI for obesity
>= 30
Which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective
A healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week
Which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective?
A healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week
Which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective?
A healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week.
Definition of Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
A highly accurate method of measuring body composition and bone mass and density using multiple low-energy X-rays
Definition of Air Displacement
A method for estimating body composition that makes use of the volume of space taken up by a body inside a small chamber.
Definition of underwater weighing
A method of estimating total body fat by weighting the individual on a standard scale and then weighting him or her again submerged in water. The difference between the two weights is used to estimate total body volume.
Environmental factors that may promote obesity include ...
Abundance of fast food establishments, stressful work conditions, and lack of safe outdoor recreation facilities
3031
Ade, is a 22 year old sedentary male weighing 100 kg and is 72 inches tall. what is his Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) rounded to the nearest ____ kilocalorie
The amount and location of _____ in the body are important predictors of cardiovascular disease risk.
Adipose tissue
Which of the following are unreliable weight-loss programs ?
Advertised as cure-alls, no attempt to change old habits, and recommends expensive supplements
A saturated fat is one in which
All the carbons are bonded with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
...is an over-the-counter version of orlistat, a weight-loss medication that blocks the digestion of fat in the small intestine.
Alli
__ is the over-the-counter version of orlistat, a weight-loss medication that blocks the digestion of fat in the small intestine
Alli
What is upper-body obesity also known as?
Android obesity
Upper-body obesity is also termed _____ obesity
Android, male-pattern, and apple-shape
Upper-body obesity resembles the shape of a(n) ...
Apple
Which model of dietary fat intake presents the lowest level of total fat intake?
Asian diet
...is commonly used in the clinical setting to assess weight status because it is inexpensive, non-invasive, and closely related to body fat content.
BMI
The ratio of body weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters2) is the:
BMI
___ is commonly used in the clinical setting to assess weight status because it is inexpensive, non-invasive, and closely related to body fat content.
BMI
_____ is commonly used in the clinical setting to assess weight status because it is inexpensive, non-invasive, and closely related to body fat content.
BMI
Having a high basal metabolic rate is a possible cause for...
BMI less than 18.5
Why is lower-body obesity more common in females?
Because estrogen and progesterone encourage lower-body fat storage
Why is a android obesity typically found in men?
Because high blood testosterone levels encourage upper-body obesity
BMI of overweight
Between 25 and 29.9
Which of the following techniques estimates body fat content by measuring the resistance to an electrical current that passes through the body?
Bioelectric Impendance Analysis
Identify the characteristics of a person with a thrifty metabolism.
Built-in safeguard against starvation, body requires fewer calories/day than average people, and stores more fat more readily than average people
Identify those factors that increase basal metabolism.
Caffeine and tobacco use, pregnancy, and increase in lean mass
Why does carbohydrate have a protein-sparing effect?
Carbohydrate intake prevents gluconeogenesis
Upper-body obesity is closely related with what health risks?
Cardiovascular disease Hypertension Type 2 diabetes
Cognitive restructuring
Changes our frame of mind
Which of the following may cause a person to become underweight ?
Chemotherapy for treatment of cancer, a disease that damages the small intestine, and excessive dieting
Positive energy balance is normal and healthy during ...
Childhood, pregnancy, and infancy
Cholesterol can be both produced in the body and consumed in the diet. Which statement below best describes the relationship between these two sources of cholesterol?
Cholesterol consumed in the diet decreases cholesterol synthesis by the body, so that blood levels do not rise as much as might otherwise be expected.
What is the most accurate way to determine body fat?
DEXA
Which sequence of events best describes the cooking, digestion, and absorption of protein (as in hard-boiled eggs)?
Denaturation by heat - denaturation by acid and protease in stomach and small intestine -- absorbed in small instestine as amino acids and dipeptides
Which statement is usually TRUE about dietary cholesterol?
Dietary cholesterol is transported to the liver by the chylomicrons
Choose the factor that does not increase basal metabolism.
Dieting
_____ calorimetry predicts energy needs by measuring the amount of heat released by a person.
Direct
Which of the following best describes the energy balance equation?
Energy input=energy output
What are the disadvantages of the DXA method for measuring body fat ?
Equipment not widely available and expensive equipment
The major cause of male obesity in adulthood is ...
Excess calorie intake
To lose a pound of fat per week, you need to:
Expend 500 kcals more per day than you consume
True/False: Obesity decreases a person's risk for premature death.
False
True/False: Pregnancy would be a time when a person should be sure to maintain a negative energy balance.
False
Which of the following are social systems that may be helpful with weight control ?
Family and friends, weight loss support groups, registered dietitians, and weight control professionals
The body satisfies energy requirements by consuming ...
Fat, protein, and carbohydrates
Obesity caused by nature would be _____ and obesity caused by nurture would be due to _____ factors.
Genetic; environmental
BMI of obesity
Greater or equal to 30
What is lower-body obesity also known as?
Gynoid or gynecoid obesity
Which has the highest proportion of protein?
HDL
Which lipoprotein do we say scavenges cholesterol and returns it to the liver for excretion?
HDL
18.5-24.9 BMI
Healthy weight
Which of the following factors are used to calculate Estimated Energy Requirements for adults with the Food and Nutrition Board's formula ?
Height, weight, and age
What part of the body closely monitors and regulates body fat?
Hypothalamus
Increases in lean body mass will _____ basal metabolic rate.
Increase
The key recommendations for weight loss in the 2020 Dietary Guidelines include ...
Increasing physical activity, losing weight in a slow and steady pace, decreasing calories intake and maintaining adequate nutrient intake
Order the following steps of the procedure for measuring direct calorimetry from the initial step onward.
Initial temperature of a layer of water surrounding an insulated chamber is measured, body heat of a person in the insulated chamber raises temperature of the water surrounding the chamber, and difference between initial and final water temperature is used to determine energy expenditure
Which of the following statements are true about dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ?
It can be used to assess bone mineral density, it measured body fat by passing a small dose of radiation through the body, and it is considered the most accurate determination of body fat.
The positive aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include which of the following ?
It is easy and convenient to use, values apply to both men and women, and it is a quick screening test for overweight or obesity
How is the thermic effect of foods similar to a sales tax?
It is like being charged 5-10% of total calories to cover the cost of processing foods
What happens with the cholesterol returned to the liver?
It is used to make bile.
Larry (the BMR in men is higher due to their larger muscle mass)
Larry, a male, and LaWanda, a female, are both 30 years old and weigh the same. who has the higher basal metabolic rate
Negative energy balance occurs when energy input is _____ energy output.
Less than
BMI of underweight
Less than 18
The new weight loss medication that suppresses appetite by altering serotonin receptors within the feeding center of the hypothalamus is call ___
Lorcaserin hydrochloride
Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism.
Loss of lean tissue, dieting, and low calorie intake
The reason why unreliable diets are problematic include ...
Loss of lean tissue, unchanged habits, and limited food selection
Which factor decreases basal metabolism ?
Low calorie intake
Which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of cholesterol?
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Which of the following statements about body fat is correct?
Men should have about 15% body fat by weight
Which of the following are examples of a sound weight-loss program?
Moderate restriction of food intake by about 250 kcals per day combined with daily exercise and mindful eating techniques to control overeating
Important components of a successful long-term weight loss include:
Modifying problem behaviors, engaging in regular physical activity, and controlling calorie intake
For many people who have lost weight, maintenance of weight loss is the hardest part. Name one of the "3 Ms" that assist efforts at maintenance
Motivation
In order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in _____ energy balance.
Negative
Valerie expends 2200 calories and consumes 2000 calories per day. What is her net energy balance over time?
Negative
Greater or equal to 30 BMI
Obesity
The public, private, and non-profit organizations are currently working together to find a solution to the public health crisis of _____, now considered an epidemic in the United States.
Obesity
Which of the following statements best describes the obese condition?
Obesity is a chronic disease whose cause is genetic and environmental
Weight-related conditions that indicate a need to lose weight include:
Obesity, hypertension, and high blood glucose
How can body weight be measured?
On a scale
The weight-loss medications currently approved by FDA for long-term use are..
Orlistat
Between 25 and 29.9 BMI
Overweight
Lower-body obesity is named after this type of fruit due to its shape ?
Pear
Lower-body obesity is named after this type of fruit due to its shape.
Pear
Which of the following are the top three contributors to the calories expended by the body each day ?
Physical activity, basal metabolism, and thermic effect of food
Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism.
Physical activity, digestion of nutrients, and absorption of nutrients
Energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. Identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.
Physical activity, digestion, and metabolism
If Carlos consumes more calories than he expends, his net energy balance will be _____.
Positive
When a person's energy input is greater than his energy output, that person is in _____ energy balance.
Positive
Contingency management
Prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating
Select the true statements concerning body weight among North American adults.
Prevention of an overweight condition in the first place is the most successful approach to maintaining a healthy body weight, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight lowers risk for developing type 2 diabetes, and approximately 68% of adults are overweight.
The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the _____ of nutrients.
Processing, absorption, ad digestion
Which of the following promote lower-body obesity ?
Progesterone and estrogen
Order the nutrients below in decreasing order of the energy needed for the thermic effect of foods.
Protein, carbohydrates, and fat
Stimulus control
Puts us in charge of temptations
Which of the following are reliable weight-loss programs ?
Recommends physical activity, scientific evidence supports program, and recommendations lifestyle change
The factors that help one to maintain an appropriate hight/weight value include which of these ?
Remaining physically active, learning to follow the body's hunger cues, and regularly eating a healthy diet
"Yo-yo" dieting refers to ...
Repeated cycles of weight loss followed by weight regain
The need for women to have a higher body fat when compared to men is to maintain ...
Reproductive functions and estrogen production
The _____ metabolic rate is calculated instead of a basal metabolic rate if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.
Resting
Self-monitoring
Reveals patterns of unconscious overeating
Which of the following is a surgical method of inducing weight loss that involves reducing the stomach capacity and bypassing part of the small intestine?
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Chain-breaking
Separates behaviors that tend to occur together
Which method of body composition analysis directly measures subcutaneous fat stores?
Skin Fold Calipers
Which factors contribute to weight gain during adulthood ?
Slower metabolism, excess food intake, and limited physical activity
What factors increase a person's risk for upper-body obesity ?
Smoking and male hormone testosterone
false
T/F a fast weight loss is always better than a slow gradual weight loss
false
T/F controlling calorie intake is usually enough of a lifestyle change to produce a successful weight loss program
false
T/F obesity decreases a person's risk for premature death
true
T/F poverty is associated with obesity
false
T/F pregnancy would be a time when a person should be sure to maintain a negative energy balance
false
T/F the diagnosis of obesity should be base primarily on overall body weight
true
T/F the location of fat storage is strongly influenced by genetics
The Set Point Theory of weight maintenance proposes that ...
The body closely regulates the body weight and body fat content, humans have a genetically predetermined body fat content and body weight
Which statement about protein is/are true?
The distinguishing feature of protein, as compared with the other macronutrients, is nitrogen
Definition of bio-electrical impedance
The method to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current. The more fat storage a person has, the more impedance (resistance) to electrical flow will be exhibited.
What is lower-body obesity?
The type of obesity in which fat storage is primarily located in the buttocks and thigh area.
Definition of Upper-body obesity
The type of obestiy in which fat is stored primarily in the abdominal area; defined as a waist circumference more than 40 in. (102 centimeters) in men and more than 35 in. (89 centimeters) in woman
Which of the following components of energy expenditure is analogous to a sales tax?
Thermic effect of food
A person who needs fewer calories and stores fat more readily than the average human may have inherited a(n) _____ metabolism.
Thrifty
What recommendations have been made regarding dietary intake of fats and cholesterol?
Total fat 20-35% intake, saturated fat <10% intake, cholesterol <300 mg/day
True/False: A weight-loss program that promises a rapid weight loss is unreliable.
True
True/False: Health history and lifestyle should be major contributions when establishing a healthy weight for a person.
True
True/False: The Set Point Theory of weight management proposes that humans have a genetically predetermined body-fat content.
True
True/False: The location of fat storage is strongly influenced by genetics.
True
What is a common method used to estimate body volume?
Underwater weighing
Hyperthyroidism, fat malabsorption, and cancer are some medical reasons a person may become ...
Underweight
Less than 18 BMI
Underweight
What kind of obesity interferes with the liver's ability to use insulin and negatively affects lipoprotein metabolism by the liver?
Upper-body obesity
All of the following are reliable treatments for obesity except:
Using diet pills
Rapid weight loss at the beginning of a weight loss program is a result of ...
Water loss and lean muscle mass depletion
healthy
a BMI reading of 23 kilograms per meter squared falls within the ____ weight region
A high ratio of LDL to HDL suggests
a net flow of cholesterol into arterial plaque
lowering calorie intake is essential for weight loss, moderate physical activity (greater than 10 minutes) is necessary to any weight loss plan, and lifelong behavior changes are necessary for long-term weight maintenance
a weight loss regimen on the Internet claims that 10 minutes of physical activity each day is all you need to lose weight. this is false because
A pedometer monitors:
activity as steps
Which component of energy expenditure encompasses fidgeting and shivering?
adaptive thermogenesis
A person who undergoes lipectomy to reduce body weight will have ___ surgically removed.
adipose tissue
The amount and location of ... in the body are important predictors of cardiovascular disease risk.
adipose tissue
The amount and location of ___ in the body are important predictors of cardiovascular disease risk.
adipose tissue
male gender
all of the following increase the risk for overweight or obesity except
Select the measures that signal a re-evaluation of diet and lifestyle is in order.
an increase of 2 inches or more in waist circumference and gaining more than 10 pounds
Which of the following would be the most desirable situation and would be the most likely to reduce your risk of heart disease?
an increased intake of saturated fat
Which of the following would be the most desireable situation and would be the most likely to reduce your risk of heart disease?
an increased level of HDL cholesterol in your blood
24
angela weighs 54 kg and is 1.5 meters tall. her BMI will be
The strongest evidence of a causal relationship between dietary fat intake and the development of cancer comes from
animal studies
Based on what you know from this class, which eating disorder is most likely to have lowered metabolism as a consequence?
anorexia nervosa
Which is most likely to involve a dramatic loss of body weight?
anorexia nervosa
Which of the following does the body recognize as a foreign protein?
antigen
Which of the following is recognized by the body as a foreign protein?
antigen
The candidates for obesity medications include the following except..
anyone who desires to lose weight
Upper-body obesity resembles the shape of an...
apple
upper-body obesity resembles the shape of a..
apple
Which type of body fat distribution is at greatest risk of heart disease, type II diabetes, and hypertension?
apple shape
Eicosanoids
are formed from long-chain polyunsaturated acids
Eicosanoids
are regulatory compounds
Lean body mass is the most important factor that increases...metabolism.
basal
What determines the number of calories needed by the body for involuntary activities only?
basal metabolic rate
The largest component of energy expenditure is more typically:
basal metabolic rate (bmr)
Which is likely to be the best source of saturated fat?
beef
Which has the fewest points of unsaturation?
beef fat
The terms such as chain-breaking, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, and self-monitoring are components of...modification.
behavior
In which eating disorder are you most likely to see arthritis as a complication?
binge eating disorder
Which has NOT been known to produce cardiac arrhythmias through electrolyte imbalance?
binge eating disorder
The method used to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current is known as..
bioelectric impedance
Direct calorimetry measures
body heat
The Set Point Theory often refers to the close regulation of..
body weight
The Set Point Theory often refers to the close regulation of...
body weight
What must be known to measure body fat content accurately?
body weight and body volume
An ___ ___ is the instrument used to determine the calorie content of a food.
bomb calorimeter
Measures the heat given off by a food as it is burned...
bomb calorimeter
80% chance of obesity
both parents are obese, kid is at
The specialized form of tissue that produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy-yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body is known as:
brown adipose tissue
Based on what we've said in class, which condition carries with it the highest risk of dental problems?
bulimia nervosa
Reading food labels, writing down everything you eat and drink, and using diet analysis software to adjust calorie intakes are all ways to monitor ___ during a weight-loss program.
caloric intake
Which vegetable oil is the best source of omega-3 fatty acids?
canola
When you generate and use energy, which two materials are primarily being metabolized?
carbohydrate and fat
Very-low-fat diets, such as Pritikin Diet and the "Eat More, Weight Less" plan are most useful for reducing risk for..
cardiovascular disease
Evidence from the Nurses Health Study suggests that saturated fat promotes
colon cancer
Identify which of the following is a typical body response to extend severe energy deprivation:
conserves energy by lowering basal metabolism
Identify which of the following is a typical body response to extended severe energy deprivation:
conserves energy by lowering basal metabolism
Higher intakes of dietary cholesterol will generally ___ the body's own synthesis of cholesterol
decrease
If height, weight, and physical activity level are held constant, energy requirements ... as an adult ages.
decrease
Over time, weight loss that results from a calorie-restricted diet can lead to...basal metabolic rate.
decreased
As body weight decreases, assuming daily routine and exercise patterns do not change, what happens to energy expenditure?
decreases
Which is NOT useful in losing body fat?
decreasing muscle mass
Soluble fiber affects blood cholesterol by
decreasing total cholesterol
All of the factors below increase basal metabolism except..
dieting
All of the factors below increase basal metabolism except:
dieting
body heat released by a person
direct calorimetry measures the amount of
heat
direct calorimetry measures the amount of body ____ released by a person
Which is NOT an example of disordered eating?
eating when hungry
Rank protein-rich foods from highest to lowest
egg, milk, fish, beef, soybean, whole wheat
metabolism, digestion, physical activity
energy balance is thought of as energy input minus energy output. identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation
Each additional pound of weight is harder to lose than the previous pound.
energy expenditure decreases
What hormones promote lower-body obesity?
estrogen + progesterone
The need for women to have a higher body fat when compared to men is to maintain...
estrogen production and reproductive functions
What increases HDL fraction of blood lipids?
exercise, moderate alcohol consumption, estrogen, and weight loss
A diet too high in protein (and therefore low in carbohydrate) might result in ..
extra burden on kidneys to excrete nitrogen
A diet too high in protein might result in
extra burden on kidneys to excrete nitrogen
childhood obesity, excess weight gain during pregnancy, and periods of stress and boredome
factors leading to female adulthood obesity include
If your diet provides more than enough kcals to meet your energy needs and also more than enough protein for growth and repair, in what form is the excess protein stored?
fat
The conventional "3500-kcal rule" was based on the amount of energy stored in one pound of...
fat
Which nutrient would be the best to restrict in order to facilitate weight loss?
fat
The energy needs of the body are met by
food intake
Obesity caused by nature would be...and obesity caused by nurture would be due to ... factors.
genetic, environmental
Obesity caused by nature would be ___ and obesity caused by nature would be due to ___ factors.
genetic; environmental
Which is NOT a potential effect of an eating disorder?
greater speed and strength
Positive energy balance occurs when energy input is ___ energy output.
greater than
progesterone and estrogen promote
gynoid obesity
Which phrases relate to the indicated condition?
heart attack: myocardial infarction, obstruction from clot
Direct calorimetry measures the amount of body...released by a person.
heat
Which dietary modification is most likely to produce cancer in animals?
high in polyunsaturated fat
Which of the following are ways that nurture, rather than nature, may promote obesity?
high-fat diets and physical activity
The dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the low-fat, ... approach.
high-fiber
25-40%
how much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism
What part of the body closely monitors and regulates body fat?
hypothalamus
leisure time is spent in front of the television and computer and jobs demand less physical activity
identify some of the reasons overweight and obesity are increasing in north america
built-in safeguard against starvation, body requires fewer calories/day and stores fat more readily
identify the characteristics of the Thrifty Metabolism Theory
dieting, loss of lean tissue, and low calorie intake
identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism
hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and stroke
identify the health problems associated with excess weight
adoption of westernized diets, high-calorie diets, and affluence
identify the reasons for the increase in global obesity
negative
in order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in ____ energy balance
Which is most likely to result from consuming an incomplete protein as a sole protein source?
inadequate protein synthesis
increases in lean body mass will_____ basal metabolic rate
increase
Identify those factors that increase basal metabolism
increase in lean mass, pregnancy, caffeine and tobacco use
As lean muscle mass increases as a result of physical activity, metabolic rate
increases
As lean muscle mass increases as a result of physical activity, metabolic rate...
increases
Ghrelin is a hormone that ___ hunger
increases
What effect does estrogen have on blood cholesterol?
increases HDL
identify the health risks that are caused by fat storage in abdominal adipose cells
increases blood vessel restriction, increases insulin resistance, in creases inflammation
nature
influences body weight through the metabolic rate, fuel use, and brain chemistry
Which of the following is NOT synthesized from cholesterol?
insulin
The reason Body Mass Index is the preferred weight-for-height standard is because it..
is the clinical measurement most closely related to body fat content
An amino acid is considered essential if
it cannot be made in the body
An amino acid is considered essential is
it cannot be made in the body
A limiting amino acid interrupts protein synthesis because
it is the first amino acid in the protein's amino acid sequence to run out
Weight loss gimmicks come and go and are likely to resurface again. The best way to feel confident about a weight loss program is to look for ___
its analysis in a peer-reviewed journal
To prevent heart disease, the recommendation most applicable to normal, relatively healthy adults is
keep saturated fat <10% of kcals and dietary cholesterol <300mg/day
Which of the following are characteristics of unreliable weight-loss programs?
lacks scientific support, recommends the use of expensive supplements, promotes quick weight loss
If Craig desires to increase his basal metabolic rate (BMR), he can modify his..
lean body mass
A vegan can best complement grain products in the diet by eating..
legumes; vegans growing rapidly
A 150-pound person with 30% body fat will weigh ___ hydrostatically compared to a 150-pound person with 20% body fat.
less
BMI for underweight
less than 18
distinguish between fat mass and lean mass, associate lean tissue with better health, and indicate the healthiest body weight
limitations associated with using weight-for-height tables include that it does not
Orlistat partially blocks fat digestion and subsequent absorption. Name the fat-digesting enzyme that is inhibited by orlistat.
lipase
Surgical removal of fat tissue is termed...
lipectomy
In what form do lipids circulate in the blood stream?
lipoproteins
Fat released directly from abdominal adipose tissue is transported directly to the:
liver
Much of the initial weight loss seen with low-carbohydrate diets is due to..
loss of body water
Much of the initial weight loss seen with low-carbohydrate diets is due to....
loss of body water
Treatment for overweight and obesity should involve healthy, active living with acceptable diet modifications that will promote weight ___ and late, weight ___
loss; maintenance
The dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the ___ approach
low fat; high-fiber
Asian and Mediterranean peoples have a low incidence of chronic disease. American have a high incidence. What is different in American lifestyles? Americans practice:
low fruit/vegetable, low fiber, low exercise
High levels of whicih one are most closely associated with greater
low-density lipoproteins
The dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the _____ approach
low-fat, high-fiber
Who is more prone to upper-body obesity?
men
A behavioral strategy that involves becoming aware of and enjoying the entire eating experience - from the origins of the food to the effects it has on the body - is called...
mindful eating
A behavioral strategy that involves becoming aware of and enjoying the entire eating experience-from the origins of the food to the effects it has on the body-is called
mindful eating
Three key components of a sound weight-loss program are control of calorie intake, increased physical activity, and behavior...
modification
Which of the following is likely to improve the LDL/HDL ratio, in terms of prevention of atherosclerosis?
monounsaturated fats
In order to lose weight, energy balance must be
negative
In order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in ___ energy balance
negative
In order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in...energy balance.
negative
When energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ... energy balance.
negative
When energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ___ energy balance.
negative
10% chance of obesity
no obese parents, kid is at
Novelty diets that exclude a food group or include only one or two foods are based on ___
no scientific merit
novelty diets exclude a food group or include only one or two foods are based on____
no scientific merit
Men with 24% body fat and women over 37% body fat are considered...
obese
The public, private, and non-profit organizations are currently working together to find a solution to the public health crisis of ___, now considered an epidemic in the United States.
obesity
The public, private, and non-profit organizations are currently working together to find a solution to the public health crisis of..., now considered an epidemic in the United States.
obesity
Which of the dietary fats below affects the body by altering the type of eicosanoids produced, resulting in a prolonged blood-clotting time?
omega-3 fatty acids
Which reduces the blood's tendency to clot and thus may help prevent heart attacks?
omega-3 fatty acids
Which fatty acid decreases both LDL & HDL?
omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid
40% chance of obesity
one obese parent, kid is at
1. protein 2. carbs 3. fat
order the nutrients below in decreasing order of the energy needed for the thermic effect of foods
indirect calorimetry measures
oxygen consumption
Very short chains of amino acids are called
peptides
the components of the weight-loss triad include
performing regular physical activity, controlling problems behaviors, controlling caloric intake
Which of the following accounts for 25-30% of the daily energy the average person expends?
physical activity
Based on what we've said in lecture, which eating disorder in this list cannot be placed on a behavioral continuum with the others?
pica
Which fatty acids are clear liquids at cold temperatures?
polyunsaturated oils
If Carlos consumes more calories than he expends, his net energy balance will be...
positive
When energy input is greater than energy output, the person is in...energy balance.
positive
Positive energy balance is normal and healthy during
pregnancy, infancy, childhood
Which groups of vegans should take special care in planning their diets?
pregnant women and very young children
Which is NOT a function of lipid?
primary source of energy for the brain
For diagnostic purposes, the American Psychological Association defines eating disorders as:
psychological disorders
If total body weight does not change, an increase in lean tissue
raises basal metabolism
Recognizing high-risk situations and planning ways to cope with occasional setbacks throughout a weight management program will help to prevent...
relapse
"Yo-yo" dieting refers to...
repeated cycles of weight loss followed by weight regain
Which of the following is the best indication of an effective weight-loss aid?
research reviewed in a scientific journal
The ___ metabolic rate is calculated instead of a basal metabolic rate if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.
resting
The...metabolic rate is calculated instead of a basal metabolic rate if the individual has not fasted or rested for 12 hours.
resting
Foods that are high in fiber and water promote
satiety
foods that are high in fiber and water promote
satiety
Regarding cancer, which nutritional factor has been observed in human studies to promote colon cancer?
saturated fat
Which will likely elevate blood total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to the greatest extent?
saturated fat
They Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend limited time spent in
sedentary activities
eat less, increase physical activity, and change problematic eating behaviors
select the most logical approaches to weight loss
decreased calorie intake, behavior modification and increased physical activity
select the most reliable treatments for the condition of overweight or obesity
prevention of an overweight condition in the first place is the most successful approach to maintaing a healthy body weight, healthy weight leads to a long and healthy life, and approximately 65% of adults are overweight
select the true statements concerning body weight among north american adults
Weight-loss aids found on the Internet or in over-the-counter medications can lead to..
serious health problems
The body's resistance to dramatic fluctuations in weight, especially to weight loss, causes it to have a:
set point
opponents of the ___ argue that weight does not remain constant throughout adulthood
set-point theory
What plant protein has protein quality similar to that of an animal protein?
soy
When absolute amounts of fat (number of grams) are considered, fat consumption in the US is
staying the same
The use of a pedometer to monitor activity enables the achievement of the recommended goal of 10,000 ... per day.
steps
The use of a pedometer to monitor activity enables the achievement of the recommended goal of 10,000 ___ per day
steps
The first chemical challenge to proteins during digestion occurs in the
stomach
Complementary proteins
supplement each other's limiting amino acids
A recently-approved weight-loss medication, lorcaserin hydrochloride, assists weight loss by
suppressing appetite
Other considerations for bariatric surgery in addition to patient selection criteria include
surgical expenses might not be covered by medical insurance, the need to plan small frequent meals after surgery, follow-up surgery may be needed to correct stretched skin
Functions of lipids include all but the following:
synthesis of glucose
There are fewer opportunities to expend calories because of the increased prevalence of...
technology
humans have a genetically predetermined body weight and body fat content and the body closely regulates the two
the Set Point Theory of weight maintenance proposes that
body weight
the Set Point Theory refers to the close regulation of
thrifty
the ____ metabolism theory proposes that some people store fat more readily to guard again starvation
fat
the amount and location of ____ stores in the body are important predictors of health risk
Why is linoleic acid considered an Essential Fatty Acid?
the body can't synthesize omega-6 bonds
The Set Point Theory of weight maintenance proposes that
the body closely regulates the body weight and body fat content, humans have a genetically predetermined body fat content, humans have a genetically predetermined body weight
fat
the body components that make up weight loss include both lean tissue and ____ tissue
carbohydrates, protein, and fat
the body satisfies energy requirements by consuming
changing of eating and exercise habits over the lifetime, reducing intake by 250 kcal and increasing expenditure by about 250 kcal daily, controlling calorie intake, and increasing physical activity
the components of a sound weight-loss program include
thermic effect of food
the energy needed for the digestion, absorption, and processing of nutrients is called the
remaining physically active, regularly eating a healthy diet, and learning to follow the body's hunger cues
the factors that help one to maintain an appropriate height/weight value include which of these
Which is NOT a function of an amino acid or protein?
the major storage form of energy in the body
which group is most likely to respond to external cues to eat, rather than internal cues?
the obese
Basal metabolism consists of..
the reactions that sustain key involuntary life processes
Basal metabolism is
the reactions that sustain key life processes
fat
the reason Body Mass Index is the preferred weight-for-height standard is because it is the clinical measurement most closely related to body ____ content
3500
there are approximately ____ calories in one pound of fat tissue
The energy used for digestion, absorption, and processing of food is called the..
thermic effect of food
The energy used for the digestion, absorption, and processing of food is called the....
thermic effect of food
Which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body?
thermogenesis
What is true about omega-3 fatty acids?
they are named after the location of their first double bond
Which best describes high-fiber foods?
they promote satiety due to their higher volume with respect to low-fiber foods
A person who needs fewer calories and stores fat more readily than the average human may have inherited....metabolism.
thrifty
A person who needs fewer calories are stores fat are more readily than the average human may have inherited a ___ metabolism.
thrifty
loss;maintenance
treatment for overweight and obesity should involve healthy, active living with acceptable diet modification that will promote weight ____ and later, weight ____
Which is the most common form of naturally occuring fats we consume
triglycerides
The major form of lipid in foods is ___, comprising approximately ___ of the lipid in foods.
triglycerides; 95%
Which is NOT a health risk associated with obesity discussed in lecture?
ulcers
The technique used to measure the difference between the weight on a standard scale and that during submersion in water is called...
underwater weighing
Which is the most accurate and reliable measurement of body composition?
underwater weighing
A BMI of 18.1 is classified as...
underweight
male
upper body obesity is generally more predominant among the ____ gender
40
upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds ____ inches
A person with a "thrifty metabolism"
uses energy very efficiently
All of the following are reliable treatments for obesity except:
using diet pills
What is not a reliable treatment for obesity
using diet pills
The liver initially ships out triglyceride as:
very low density lipoprotein
The liver transports triglyceride in:
very low density lipoprotein
A liquid diet that supplies about 400 to 800 kcal per day, mostly in the form of protein and carbohydrates, is known as..
very-low-calorie diet
A person who uses orlistat for weight management should take a multivitamin and mineral supplement because the drug limits absorption of
vitamin A, D and K
obesity, high blood glucose, and hypertension
weight-related diseases that would indicate a need to lose weight include
positive
when energy input is greater than energy output, the person is in ____ energy balance
negative (this means the person is losing weight)
when energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ____ energy balance
The main insight that was gained by the study of identical twins was..
when raised apart, they have similar weight and body fat patterns
slower metabolism, excess food intake, and limited physical activity
which factors contribute to adult weight gain
thermogenesis
which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body
lean body mass
which of the following plays the biggest role in increasing the basal metabolic rate
Based on what we discussed in lecture, which of these organisms is most likely to have its cell membrane composed primarily of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids?
winter wheat (wheat planted in fall that remains in the ground over the winter)
The continuous gain and loss cycle of dieting is called..
yo-yo dieting
Which group needs the most protein per unit of body weight?
young children
Your basal (or resting) metabolic rate is most reliably and directly related to
your lean body mass
